Kinetic investigations on the carbonylation of aromatic nitro compounds to isocyanates in the presence of rhodium carbonyl complexes

The kinetics of carbonylation of aromatic nitro compounds to isocyanates have been studied at 100°C and 1 atm CO in the presence of Rh₂Cl₂(CO)₄ and MoCl₅. The rate is first order in the nitro compounds as well as in MoCl₅ and 1/2 order in Rh₂Cl₂(CO)₄; the rate is independent of the carbon monoxide pressure. Large substituents in position 2 of the nitro compound increase the reaction rate.

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100°C 1 CO Rh₂Cl₂(CO)₄ MoCl₅. MOCl₅, 0,5 Rh₂Cl₂(CO)₄. . 2 .

     

Microdetermination of aromatic nitro compounds

Conclusion A method was proposed for the microdetermination of nitro compounds, which is based on their reduction to amines by heating with potassium iodide and orthophosphoric acid.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 658–659, March, 1971.     

Catalytic reductive carbonylation of aromatic nitro compounds to urethanes promoted by supported palladium activated with 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives

A simple catalytic system, involving supported Pd and a phenanthroline in equimolar ratio, has been shown to be very active and selective in reductive carbonylation of nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding urethanes when the reaction is conducted in anhydrous ethanol and in the presence of a catalytic amount of a weak non-esterifiable, Brönsted acid. The chelating nitrogen donor ligand plays the role taken in other systems by large amounts of Lewis acids involving activation of the supported metals, probably to favour a fragmentation process which gives active homogeneous species. The system works best at 170–190°C and CO pressures as low as 40 bars, with turnover numbers of up to 125 cycles per hour.     

The reduction of aromatic nitro compounds by oxiranes

Aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to the corresponding amines by epoxides at elevated temperatures (>170 °C).Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1491–1494, August, 1994.The authors are grateful to Prof. Yu. N. Belokon' for his participation in the discussion of the results of the work.This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (code No. 93-03-18044).     

Bromination of deactivated polycyclic aromatic nitro compounds

Bromination of 2,7-dinitro-9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 2,5-dinitro-9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone with bromine in concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of acetic acid gave, respectively, 4-bromo-2,7-dinitro-9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 2-bromo-4,7-dinitro-9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and 5-bromo-2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone. No bromination occurred in the absence of nitric acid. The same brominated polynitro compounds can be obtained under analogous conditions directly from unsubstituted 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and fluorenone.     

Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with phosphine

The reduction of 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene and of some mono- and dinitro-biphenyls with phosphine was carried out under the conditions described by Buckler.¹ Reduction of 1-nitro-naphthalene did not yield any crystalline product while reduction of 2-nitronaphthalene yielded benzo[f]naphtho[2,1-c]cinnoline-N-oxide together with 2,2′-azoxynaphthalene. The mononitro-biphenyls and 4,4′-dinitrobiphenyl were readily reduced to azoxy compounds, while reduction of 2,2′-dinitrobiphenyl gave benzo[c]cinnoline-N,N′-dioxide.     

Synthesis of azo compounds by nanosized iron-promoted reductive coupling of aromatic nitro compounds

Treatment of a variety of aromatic nitro compounds with the active-iron based reducing system composed of FeCl₂·4H₂O, an excess of lithium powder and a catalytic amount of 4,4′-di-tert-butylbiphenyl (DTBB, 5 mol %) in THF at room temperature, led to the formation of the corresponding symmetrically substituted azo compounds in good yield, resulting from a reductive coupling process. Some other functionalities including carbonyl, halogen, amino and hydroxyl groups, demonstrated to be compatible with the reaction conditions, giving none reduced or coupled by-products. In all cases, the azo compounds formed have not experienced over-reduction to the corresponding hydrazo or amino derivatives even upon prolonged heating or using an excess of the reducing system.     

The Raman spectra of some aromatic nitro compounds

The paper provides a re-appraisal of the analytical value of Raman spectroscopy in the investigation of aromatic nitro compounds. Correlations are found between the frequencies of the NO vibrations and the electron-donating and -withdrawing effects of substituents on the phenyl rings. Further, relations are discussed between the highest-frequency CH stretching mode and the electron density and number of nitro groups. The paper contains a large number of spectra of typical aromatic nitro compounds.     

Determination of non-aminoid nitrogen by the micro-Kjeldahl method I. aromatic nitro compounds

Summary A program has been initiated to evaluate the various modifications of the micro-Kjeldahl method and study their application and limitations for the determination of nitrogen in non-aminoid compounds. This paper describes a procedure for aromatic nitro compounds. The sample (3 to 8 mg) is weighed directly into a 30-ml micro-Kjeldahl flask, dissolved in 1 ml acetic acid and 1.5 ml methanol, and reduced with 100 mg zinc metal and 0.4 ml hydrochloric acid. Two drops of concentrated sulfuric acid are added and the organic solvents are removed by heating. The product is then incinerated with 2 ml sulfuric acid, 700 mg potassium sulfate, and 25 mg selenium catalyst. Regular micro-Kjeldahl distillation follows, the ammonia being absorbed in 2% boric acid and titrated with 0.01N potassium biniodate using methyl red-bromcresol green mixed indicator. More than 100 mono- and poly-nitro compounds have been tested by this method; no difficulty has been encountered. Precision and accuracy are within ± 0.3% nitrogen.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde begonnen, die verschiedenen Ausführungsformen der Mikro-Kjeldahl-Bestimmung für Stickstoff in nichtaminoider Bindung zu prüfen. Diese Mitteilung beschreibt ein Verfahren für die Behandlung aromatischer Nitroverbindungen. Die Probe von 3 bis 8 mg wird unmittelbar in einen 30-ml-Kjeldahlkolben eingewogen, in 1 ml Essigsäure und 1,5 ml Methyl-alkohol gelöst und mit 100 mg metallischem Zink und 0,4 ml Salzsäure reduziert. Zwei Tropfen konz. Schwefelsäure werden zugesetzt und hierauf die organischen Lösungsmittel abgedampft. Zur Verbrennung der organischen Substanz werden 2 ml konz. Schwefelsäure, 700 mg Kaliumsulfat und 25 mg Selenkatalysator zugefügt. Bei der dann folgenden üblichen Kjeldahl-Destillation wird 2%ige Borsäurelösung vorgelegt, die dann mit 0,01-nKaliumbijodatlösung gegen eine Mischung von Methylrot und Bromkresolgrün titriert wird.Die Anwendung auf mehr als 100 Mono- und Polynitroverbindungen begegnete keinerlei Schwierigkeiten. Präzision und Genauigkeit liegen innerhalb ± 0,3% Stickstoff.

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Résumé Mise au point d'un programme de travail pour évaluer les différentes modifications de la méthode de Kjeldahl, étudier leur application et leurs limitations dans le cas du dosage de l'azote dans les composés non aminoides. Dans la présente communication on décrit un mode opératoire pour les composés aromatiques nitrés. L'échantillon (3 à 8 mg) est directement pesé dans un micro-matras de Kjeldahl de 30 ml, dissous en 1 ml d'acide acétique et 1,5 ml de méthanol et réduit par 100 mg de zinc métallique et 0,4 ml d'acide chlorhydrique. On ajoute deux gouttes d'acide sulfurique concentré et élimine les solvants organiques par chauffage. Le produit est alors attaqué par 2 ml d'acide sulfurique en présence de 700 mg de sulfate de potassium et 25 mg de sélénium catalyseur. On effectue ensuite une distillation classique de micro-Kjeldahl, absorbe l'ammoniac dans une solution d'acide borique à 2% et titre avec du biiodate de potassium 0,01 N en présence de l'indicateur mixte rouge de méthyle vert de bromocrésol. Plus de cent dérivés mono et polynitrés ont été analysés par cette méthode sans difficulté apparente. La précision et l'exactitude correspondent à moins de ± 0,3% d'azote.

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To Prof. Dr.Hans Lieb at his 70th birthday.     

Spectrophotometric determination of reducing sugars with aromatic nitro compounds

Summary It has been found that mononitro-aromatic compounds can be used as quite sensitive reagents for determination of reducing sugars, and use of 2-, 3- and 4-nitrobenzoic and 3-nitrobenzenesulphonic acids has been investigated. Reduction of these reagents with sugars gives a yellow product which can be determined spectrophotometrically. The sugar (0.5–7 mg) is heated with fixed concentrations of reagent, base and sodium potassium tartrate for a prescribed time, at 100° C. The method can also be used for determination of the number-average molecular weight of dextran fractions if the molecular weight is not too high.

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Spektrophotometrische Bestimmung reduzierender Zucker mit aromatischen Nitroverbindungen

Zusammenfassung Aromatische Mononitroverbindungen lassen sich als ziemlich empfindliche Reagenzien zur Bestimmung reduzierender Zucker verwenden. 2-, 3-und 4-Nitrobenzoesäure und 3-Nitrobenzolsulfonsäure wurden zu diesem Zweck verwendet. Die Reduktion dieser Reagenzien durch Zucker gibt eine Gelbfärbung, die spektrophotometrisch ausgewertet werden kann. Der Zucker (0,5-7 mg) wird mit einer bestimmten Menge Reagens sowie mit einer Base und Seignettesalz für eine bestimmte Zeit auf 100° C erhitzt. Das Verfahren kann auch für die Bestimmung des durchschnittlichen Molekulargewichtes von Dextranfraktionen verwendet werden, soferne diese nicht zu hochmolekular sind.

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Presented at the 8th International Microchemical Symposium, Graz, August 25–30, 1980.     

Identificatini and determination of aromatic nitro compounds by electron spin resonance spectrometry

Aromatic nitro compounds are quantitatively converted to the corresponding anion-radical form by electron tranfer at the surface of thermally activated magnesium oxide. The radicals are stable in the absorbed state, and the reaction is useful for the identification and determination of the parent compound. The method is applied to detect and quantify various nitrobenzenes, nitrotoluenes and teryl by electron spin resonance spectrometry. For 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), the detection limit was ca. 10 ng; the r.s.d. at the 2 μg level was ± 1.8%. The analysis of hand-swab extracts that contained TNT at the trace levels demonstrateds a potentially important application of the method.