Apodized fully-etched surface grating coupler using subwavelength structure for standard silicon-on-insulator waveguide

We design and demonstrate the fully-etched apodized grating couplers based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform using subwavelength structure for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes operation. The subwavelength grating (SWG) is used to engineer the refractive index using second-order effective medium theory (EMT). The whole designing procedure is given in details, especially a feasible and programmable method is developed to precisely manipulate the coupling strength of each grating cycle. A perfect Gaussian output beam can be synthesized for the TE mode operation, achieving a field overlap up to 98.3% with the Gaussian fiber mode. The simulated peak coupling losses are ?4.63 and ?2.99 dB for the TE mode and the TM mode, respectively, which are comparable with conventional shallowly etched grating couplers, realizing a fabrication simplification without performance penalty. The measured peak coupling loss is ?7.6 dB for the TE mode coupler with a 1 dB bandwidth of 45 nm, and ?6.1 dB for the TM mode coupler with a 1 dB bandwidth of 34 nm.     

硅基光栅耦合器的研究进展

硅基光子集成芯片的研究近年来发展迅速, 已成为信息技术领域中最热门的研究方向之一, 光通信、光互连、光传感等相关研发应用机构高度关注其发展, 并积极介入. 硅基光子集成芯片中, 光栅耦合器作为光信号的输入和输出装置受到极大重视, 尤其在封装和测试等环节体现出极具价值的技术优势. 本文主要分析了光栅耦合器的工作原理、基本特性及国内外的发展现状和趋势, 同时也概括了本课题组近期在该方向上的研究成果. 关键词： 光栅耦合器 耦合效率 绝缘体上硅 光子集成     

High efficiency and broad bandwidth grating coupler between nanophotonic waveguide and fibre

A high efficiency and broad bandwidth grating coupler between a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanophotonic waveguide and fibre is designed and fabricated. Coupling efficiencies of 46\% and 25\% at a wavelength of 1.55~μ m are achieved by simulation and experiment, respectively. An optical 3~dB bandwidth of 45~nm from 1530~nm to 1575~nm is also obtained in experiment. Numerical calculation shows that a tolerance to fabrication error of 10~nm in etch depth is achievable. The measurement results indicate that the alignment error of ±2~μ m results in less than 1~dB additional coupling loss.     

一种制作超高频全息光栅的新方法

为了满足测量的高分辨率和灵敏度，基于光栅为关键元件的光学测量方法要求光栅有很高的频率。在已有的高折射率介质制栅方法的基础上提出了一种新的制作超高频全息光栅的方法，该方法制栅准确、简单、方便，其特点是所制光栅的频率与激光波长及介质的折射率无直接关系，而是等于制栅光路所得频率与两倍母栅频率之和。实验表明，利用该方法制得１００００线／ｍｍ的光栅是完全可能的     

利用光衍射效应探测周期极化微结构晶体

以光栅衍射理论为基础，从理论上分析研究了微结构晶体衍射效率与占空比和折射率的关系.采用波长为532nm，最大功率为80mW 的连续激光为光源，分别对周期极化掺镁铌酸锂微结构晶体和周期极化同成分铌酸锂微结构晶体的占空比及极化反转引起的折射率变化进行了测试.测试结果表明，掺镁铌酸锂晶体周期极化反转所引起的折射率改变量大于同成分铌酸锂晶体极化反转所引起的折射率变化. 关键词： 光栅衍射 占空比 折射率变化     

Spectral modulation and supercontinuum generation assisted by infrared femtosecond plasma grating

Spectral modulation and supercontinuum generation of a probe pulse is investigated by using the plasma grating induced by the interference of two infrared femtosecond laser pulses. The dependences of the supercontinuum generation from the probe pulse on the time delay, the relative polarization angle between the probe pulse and the two-pump pulses, and the input probe pulse energy are investigated. The far-field spatial profiles of the three pulses are measured with different time delays and relative polarization angle, and the core energy of the probe pulse as functions of the time delay and relative polarization angle are also shown.     

超声光栅实验中声致折射率变化的研究

为了研究声光效应中声致折射率变化情况,以超声光栅实验为基础,用CCD结合光强分析软件,分析了衍射光的强度分布;通过数值计算衍射光相对强度,比较得到了在超声场频率为10.27 MHz时,介质中的声光相位延迟Δ=1.2855 rad,声致折射率变化量Δn=3.014×10-6;进而讨论了电声换能器的机电耦合效率与超声频率的关系,给出当超声频率为10.33 MHz时,耦合效率最高,介质中折射率变化量最大;结果表明,在超声光栅实验中,引入这些测量内容,不仅能丰富实验内容,更能加深学生理解声光效应,扩展学生的知识面.     

长周期光纤光栅的折射率敏感特性

利用光波导的耦合模理论分析了长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的折射率传感特性,给出了LPFG 的谐振波长相对于环境折射率变化时的漂移量解析表达式.对 LPFG 的折射率传感特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在光栅周期不变的情况下,当包层折射率小于且接近外界环境折射率时,波长的漂移量增大,且对应的模次越高、包层半径越小、包层折射率越小,波长漂移量越大,即 LPFG 对应于外界折射率传感灵敏度得到显著提高;当外界环境折射率大于包层折射率时,光栅的谐振波长将近似不变.     

对称结构光纤光栅耦合器及其应用

光纤光栅耦合器(FGC)具有光纤光栅良好的波长选择特性和光纤耦合器的多端口特点，易于实现全光纤的光波分插复用。光纤光栅耦合器主要有4种结构：基于M Z干涉仪的分离型、基于100％耦合器的非对称型、基于0耦合器的非对称型和基于100％耦合器的对称型。着重介绍对称结构光纤光栅耦合器的结构、工作原理和研究现状。提出了测试方案，并探讨了这种器件在大规模波分复用光纤传感器阵列中的应用。     

Demonstration of an all-optical switching operation using an optical fiber grating coupler

An optical fiber grating coupler (FGC) is a fused optical fiber coupler with a tapered region in which refractive index-modulated gratings are written. In the FGC, the light with specific wavelength satisfying the Bragg condition of the grating can be dropped to one output port and other lights are transmitted to another output port when lights with various wavelengths are launched into the input port. The FGC can operate as an all-optical switch by controlling the Bragg wavelength of the grating using a third order nonlinear optical effect caused by a control light that are launched with a signal light. In this paper, an all-optical switching operation due to a third order nonlinear optical effect in an FGC is first demonstrated for a signal light with 1.55 μm-wavelength to be changed from one port of the FGC to another one by the 720 W peak of a control light from a Nd:YAG laser with 1.06 μm-wavelength. The switching efficiency obtained was 7%. It was clarified that a longer pulse length of the control light compared to the grating length is required to obtain a large Bragg wavelength shift for the switching. It was also clarified that the Bragg wavelength shift is caused by a third order nonlinear effect and a photothermal effect. A contribution of the photothermal effect was estimated. We also estimated the switching efficiency for pump power in the FGC switch.     

Design of a coated thinly clad chalcogenide long-period fiber grating refractive index sensor based on dual-peak resonance near the phase matching turning point

A novel method for designing chalcogenide long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors based on the dual-peak resonance effect of the LPFG near the phase matching turning point (PMTP) is presented. Refractive index sensing in a high-refractive-index chalcogenide fiber is achieved with a coated thinly clad film. The dual-peak resonant characteristics near the PMTP and the refractive index sensing properties of the LPFG are analyzed first by the phase-matching condition of the LPFG. The effects of film parameters and cladding radius on the sensitivity of refractive index sensing are further discussed. The sensor is optimized by selecting the appropriate film parameters and cladding radius. Simulation results show that the ambient refractive index sensitivity of a dual-peak coated thinly clad chalcogenide LPFG at the PMTP can be 2400 nm/RIU, which is significantly higher than that of non-optimized gratings. It has great application potential in the field of chemical sensing and biosensors.     

High‐efficiency single etch step apodized surface grating coupler using subwavelength structure

Grating couplers are key elements enabling the coupling of light between planar waveguide circuits and optical fibers. In this work, it is demonstrated using simulations and experiments that a high coupling efficiency can be achieved for an arbitrary buried oxide thickness by judicious adjustment of the grating radiation angle. The coupler strength is engineered by subwavelength structure, allowing straightforward apodization and single etch step fabrication. The design has been implemented using Fourier‐eigenmode expansion and finite difference time domain methods. The measured coupling loss of a continuously apodized grating is −2.16 dB with a 3 dB bandwidth of 64 nm, therefore opening promising prospects for low‐cost and high‐volume fabrication using 193 nm deep‐ultraviolet lithography. It is also shown by simulations that a coupling loss as low as −0.42 dB is predicted for a modified coupler structure with bottom mirror.     

High-efficiency focusing grating coupler with optimized ultra-short taper

A novel high-efficiency focusing non-uniform grating coupler is proposed to couple light into or off silicon photonic chips for large-scale silicon photonic integration. This kind of grating coupler decreases the transition length of the linking taper between the grating and the single-mode waveguide by at least 80%. The radian of the grating lines and the size of the taper are optimized to improve the coupling efficiency. An experimental coupling efficiency of ~ 68% at 1556.24 nm is obtained after optimization and the whole size of the grating is 12 μm × 30 μm, with a very short taper transition of ~15 μm long.     

新型结构波导光栅耦合器的耦合特性分析和数值模拟

针对一种新型结构的波导光栅耦合器,通过求解波在直角坐标系下电场分量的亥姆霍兹方程获得了TE导模和TE辐射模的电场。运用模耦合理论分析了光束通过光栅被耦合到波导当中的情况。数值模拟了在不同的波导和光栅结构参数下耦合系数的变化情况。     

High-resolution liquid refractive-index sensor using reflective arrayed-waveguide grating

A high-resolution sensor for measuring the refractive index of liquids using a reflective arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) is proposed. The refractive index of a liquid placed in the groove of the arrayed region is measured via the shift of the maximum intensity in the imaging plane of the AWG owing to the phase change in the region. The refractive index can be monitored in real time by measuring the power ratio between two output waveguides of the AWG with a narrow-band source. A mathematical model based on Fourier optics and wave optics is established. A fitting formula for the relationship between the power ratio and the refractive index of liquid is derived. The results of the study show that the proposed method can eliminate the effects of instability of the light source and the inner loss of the system and provide a refractive index resolution of 10⁻⁷.     

利用线阵CCD测定液体折射率

采用几何光学与波动光学相结合的方法,利用CCD图像测量技术实现了透明液体折射率的自动化测量.     

全息光栅在光学测量中的应用

本文介绍了全息光栅在各种光学系统焦距、截距、像散、单透镜折射率，以及会聚光束曲率半径和位移测量中的应用，并给出了部分实验结果。     

Non-destructive collimation technique for measuring glass constants using a Ronchi grating shearing interferometer

A non-destructive liquid immersion collimation technique in combination with a Ronchi grating shearing interferometer has been used for determining the constants of a transparent glass material, especially when it is in the form of a lens. Due to its simplicity and the fact that it will work equally well at any wavelength, the technique is superior to existing methods for determining the various glass constants (refractive index, Abbe number or v-value, partial dispersion factor etc).The shearing fringes appearing inside a Ronchi-gram are adequate to locate the exact position of the point source which has been treated as the target in the present communication. The fringe-free space in the overlapping region between the two laterally displaced spherical wavefronts indicates the sharply focused position of the target which corresponds to zero defocusing. In this way the target displacements with different liquids are determined.     

Apodized fibre Bragg grating with modulated refractive index change for transmissive gain equalization

This paper presents a new enhanced design of fibre Bragg grating for flattening the gain profile of an erbium-doped fibre amplifier in transmission configuration. This grating has modulation of refractive index change and constant chirp rate, wherein both profiles of the parameters are properly apodized. The design utilizes an alternative approach to the renowned inverse scattering method, yet produces a similar spectral response quality and conceptually simpler. Moreover, it offers precise control over all parameters of the grating structure. It is shown that the design approach could produce gain-flattening filters of satisfactory quality through simulations using the accurate transfer matrix method.     

Coherently induced grating in refractive index enhanced medium

We demonstrate a scheme for coherently induced grating based on a mixture of two three-level atomic species interacting with two standing-wave fields. As a result of interaction between the absorptive and amplified Raman resonances, the refractive index of the medium can be enhanced and modulated periodically. Then a sinusoidal grating, which can diffract the probe field into high-order directions, is coherently formed in the medium. The proposed scheme is theoretically investigated in a mixture of atomic isotopes of rubidium. The results show that the diffraction efficiency depends strongly on the two two-photon detunings of the two Raman transitions and the intensities of the two driving standing-wave fields.The proposed electromagnetically induced grating scheme may be applied to the all-optical switching and beam splitting in optical networking and communication.