Infrared study of hydrogen up to 310 GPa at room temperature

We observed a strong difference of the pressure dependence of the infrared (IR) active molecular vibron of hydrogen in phase IV in the 200–310 GPa pressure range in comparison with the Raman vibrons. While the Raman vibron strongly splits (～250 cm^?1) at the transition from phases III to IV at 220 GPa, the IR vibron nearly does not change. This small spitting of IR vibron is not described by the graphene-like structure proposed for phase IV. The combined pressure dependence of Raman and IR vibrons provides a sensitive test for further theoretical models of phase IV.     

Raman spectroscopy of hot dense hydrogen

High P-T Raman measurements of solid and fluid hydrogen to above 1100 K at 70 GPa and to above 650 K in 150 GPa range, conditions previously inaccessible by static compression experiments, provide new insight into the behavior of the material under extreme conditions. The data give a direct measure of the melting curve that extends previous optical investigations by up to a factor of 4 in pressure. The magnitude of the vibron frequency temperature derivative (dnu/dT)(P) increases by a factor of approximately 30 over the measured pressure range, indicating an increase in intrinsic anharmonicity and weakening of the molecular bond.     

Synchrotron infrared measurements of dense hydrogen to 360 GPa

Diamond-anvil-cell techniques have been developed to confine and measure hydrogen samples under static conditions to pressures above 300 GPa from 12 to 300 K using synchrotron infrared and optical absorption techniques. A decreasing absorption threshold in the visible spectrum is observed, but the material remains transparent at photon energies down to 0.1 eV at pressures to 360 GPa over a broad temperature range. The persistence of the strong infrared absorption of the vibron characteristic of phase III indicates the stability of the paired state of hydrogen. There is no evidence for the predicted metallic state over these conditions, in contrast to recent reports, but electronic properties consistent with semimetallic behavior are observed.     

Nonlinear carbon dioxide at high pressures and temperatures

A nonlinear molecular carbon dioxide phase IV was discovered by laser heating CO2-III (Cmca) between 12 and 30 GPa, followed by quenching to 300 K. The Raman spectrum of quenched CO2-IV exhibits a triplet bending mode nu2(O = C = O) near 650 cm (-1), suggesting a broken inversion symmetry because of bending. The 650 cm (-1) bending modes soften with increasing pressure, indicating an enhanced intermolecular interaction among neighboring bent CO2 molecules. At 80 GPa, the low-frequency vibron collapses into high-frequency phonons, and CO2-IV becomes an extended amorphous solid.     

Coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy of highly compressed solid deuterium at 300 K: evidence for a new phase and implications for the band gap

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy has been used to study deuterium at ambient temperature to 187 GPa, the highest pressure this technique has ever been applied. The pressure dependence of the nu1 vibron line shape indicates that deuterium has a rho direct=0.501 and rho exciton=0.434 mol/cm3 for a band gap of 2omega P=4.66 eV. The extrapolation from the ambient pressure band gap yields a metallization pressure of 460 GPa, confirming earlier measurements. Above 143 GPa, the Raman shift data provide clear evidence for the presence of the ab initio predicted I' phase of deuterium.     

Raman spectra for hydrogen hydrate under high pressure: Intermolecular interactions in filled ice Ic structure

Raman studies of a high-pressure structure of hydrogen hydrate, a filled ice Ic structure, were performed using a diamond anvil cell in the pressure range 3.2-44.1 GPa. The Raman spectra of a vibron revealed that extraction of hydrogen molecules from the filled ice Ic structure occurred above 20 GPa. In addition, the Raman spectra of a roton revealed that a rotation of hydrogen molecules in the filled ice Ic structure was suppressed at around 20 GPa and then the rotation recovered, and the rotation of hydrogen molecules was suppressed again above 35.5 GPa. These results indicate that intermolecular interactions increased between guest hydrogen molecules and host water molecules at around 20 and 35.5 GPa. These intermolecular interactions were considered to be induced to stabilize the filled ice Ic structure. Above 40 GPa, symmetrization of hydrogen bond was considered to contribute to the stability of hydrogen hydrate.     

Elastic properties study of single crystal NH3 up to 26 GPa

Single crystal Brillouin and Raman scattering measurements on NH₃ in a diamond anvil cell have been performed under pressures up to 26 GPa at room temperature. The pressure dependencies of acoustic velocity, adiabatic elastic constants, and bulk moduli of ammonia from liquid to solid III and solid IV phase have been determined. All the nine elastic constants in orthorhombic structure phase IV were presented for the first time, each elastic constant grows monotonously with pressure and a crossover of the off‐diagonal moduli C₁₂ and C₁₃ was observed at around 12 GPa because of their different pressure derivative values. We also performed ab initio simulations to calculate the bulk elastic moduli for orthorhombic ammonia, the calculated bulk moduli agree well with experimental results. In Raman spectra the very weak bending modes ν₂ and ν₄ for orthorhombic ammonia are both observed at room temperature, a transition point near 12 GPa is also found from the pressure evolution of the Raman bands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SiP化合物结构和电子特性的第一性原理研究

应用第一性原理方法研究了SiP化合物的结构和电子特性,并且将研究推广到其他第四族元素磷化物(IV-P).在研究的各种结构中,SiP单斜晶体结构是能量最低、最稳定的结构.SiP的体弹性模量比CN和CP化合物以及相对应的第三族元素氮化物和磷化物要小.SiP不同的结构间能发生相变,其单斜晶体结构(monoclinic)在压强为6.2 GPa, 15.0 GPa, 19.3 GPa, 20.0 GPa 和 10.3 GPa时分别转变成GeP型结构、Rhom.型结构、β-InS型结构、 CsCl型结构和NaCl型结构.能带计算结果显示SiP单斜晶体结构(monoclinic)和GaSe型结构是间接带隙分别为1.123 eV 和 0.123 eV的半导体,SiP其他结构则显示出金属特性.其他化学比为1:1的第四族元素磷化物(IV-P)具有相同的性质.     

The hydrogen‐bond effect on the high pressure behavior of hydrazinium monochloride

The first high pressure study of solid hydrazinium monochloride has been performed by in situ Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD) experiments in diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 39.5 and 24.6 GPa, respectively. The structure of phase I at room temperature is confirmed to be space group C2/c by the Raman spectral analysis and Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern. A structural transition from phase I to II is observed at 7.3 GPa. Pressure‐induced position variation of hydrogen atoms in NH₃⁺ unit during the phase transition is attributed to the formation of N―H…Cl hydrogen‐bonds, which play a vital role in the stability and subsequent structural changes of this high energetic material under pressure. This inference is proved from the abnormal pressure shifts and obvious Fermi resonance in NH stretching mode of N₂H₅⁺ ion in the Raman experiment. Finally, a further transition from phase II to III accompanied with a slight internal distortion in the N₂H₅⁺ ions occurs above 19.8 GPa, and phase III persists up to 39.5 GPa. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman spectroscopy of hot compressed hydrogen and nitrogen: implications for the intramolecular potential

Raman measurements of molecular hydrogen ( and ) and nitrogen () have been made under simultaneous conditions of high temperature and high static pressure. Measurements have been made on H2 and D2 to 50 GPa and 1600 K, and on to 50 GPa and 2000 K. In all three materials the familiar molecular stretching mode (vibron) is accompanied in the high-temperature Raman spectra by one or more lower-frequency peaks due to transitions from excited vibrational states. We find that the frequency differences between these bands decreases with pressure, implying that the anharmonicity of the corresponding part of the intramolecular potential also decreases. This is accompanied by an increase in the measured linewidths of the bands that is consistent with a decrease of the depth of the potential and an approaching molecular dissociation.     

Megabar-pressure infrared study of hydrogen deuteride

Solid hydrogen deuteride (HD) has been studied to a pressure of 159 GPa and to low temperatures using near infrared spectroscopy. Of the two high pressure phases observed in hydrogen and deuterium, known as the BSP (broken-symmetry phase) and the A phase, only the BSP had been observed in the lower pressure region of the phase line of HD and it was unusually different from the homonuclear diatomic species with a reentrant behavior. In this Letter the BSP phase line is identified to its maximum pressure of 159 GPa. Infrared absorption reveals a transition to the A phase, observed for the first time in HD with onset at 157+/-3 GPa. A new phase of electric dipolar order that should occur at low temperature is discussed.     

静态超高压下氢的晶体结构实验研究

在极端条件下,固态氢会经历一系列相变,理论预测其在足够高的压力下会演变为金属。由于金属氢被预测具有室温超导和超流等特性,其研究受到了学界的极大关注。然而,研究金属氢存在巨大的技术挑战:一方面,达到氢金属化的压力条件极为苛刻,至今对冷压下是否已制备出金属氢仍未达成共识;另一方面,超高压下氢的精确表征十分困难,特别是表征固态氢晶体结构的技术手段更是严重滞后。晶体结构作为了解一种材料的最基本信息,对其认知的匮乏阻碍了理解氢在高压下如何逐步演化为金属氢的过程。为此,着眼于超高压氢的晶体结构测量,发展了一套先进同步辐射X射线衍射方法,在室温下将氢的晶体结构测量扩展至254 GPa,将相关压力记录提高了一倍。介绍了相关的技术突破,探讨了在超高压下对氢进行晶体结构测量的方法以及存在的问题,以期为在更高压力条件下测量氢的结构信息做好铺垫。     

Phonon spectrum of a naphthalene crystal at a high pressure: Influence of shortened distances on the lattice and intramolecular vibrations

The Raman spectra of a naphthalene crystal have been measured at room temperature in the pressure range up to 20 GPa. The pressure shift and Grüneisen parameters for intermolecular and intramolecular phonons have been determined. The maximum rate of the pressure shift for intermolecular phonons is 44 cm^?1/GPa, and the rate of the pressure shift for intramolecular phonons lies in the range from 1 to 11 cm^?1/GPa for different modes. The pressure dependence of the phonon frequencies for direct and inverse pressure variations has a hysteresis in the pressure range from 2.5 to 16.5 GPa. It has been shown that the linear dependence of the intermolecular phonon frequency on the crystal density has a peculiarity, which indicates a possible phase transition at a pressure of 3.5 GPa. The pressure dependence of intramolecular phonons related to the stretching vibrations of hydrogen atoms exhibits features that are characteristic of intermolecular phonons, which is associated with the influence of shortened distances between the hydrogen atoms of the neighboring molecules on the intermolecular interaction potential.     

高压下正戊醇的构象和氢键研究

压力是一个重要的物理参量,通过调节物质内部分子、原子间距离和相互作用力,可以引起物质结构和构象变化。正醇是一种最简单的羟基代替烷基链末端氢原子的有机物,通过氢键和烷基链之间的作用力结合在一起,被称为氢键液体。氢键的键能较小,在外部压力作用下,氢键容易被压缩而断裂或网络重排,从而导致晶体结构和对称性的改变,对材料的性能产生重要影响。正戊醇是一种短链正醇,结构虽然简单,却可以作为烷基链结构有机物的典型代表。然而,高压下正戊醇的性质研究较少,尤其压力作用下其构象变化和氢键研究尚未见报道,因此正戊醇高压研究有待进一步深入。拉曼光谱和红外光谱是高压研究中常用的谱学测量技术,能够原位探测压力作用下分子内部基团变化,是研究结构、构象和氢键作用的有效手段。基于此,利用金刚石对顶砧装置(DAC),结合拉曼光谱和红外光谱,在0~12.0 GPa压力范围对正戊醇进行了高压研究。实验结果分三部分讨论:(1)研究了压力作用下正戊醇的结构相变行为。压力在3.2 GPa时,拉曼特征峰变锐变窄,同时有特征峰劈裂和新特征峰出现的现象,说明在该压力点发生一次液固相转变。(2)揭示了正戊醇在高压下的构象变化。正戊醇存在两种构象:反式构象和扭曲构象。通过分析两种构象特征峰随压力的变化,发现正戊醇发生液固相转变的过程伴随有构象变化,液态时以扭曲构象为主,固态时以反式构象为主。(3)探究了高压对正戊醇氢键的影响。羟基的特征峰随压力的增加发生红移,说明在加压过程中氢键作用增强。伴随液固相变,羟基特征峰劈裂成多个峰,形成新的氢键网络或团簇,且随压力的增加氢键网络或团簇逐渐增大,说明氢键对压力非常敏感,且对正戊醇晶体结构的稳定起着促进作用。该研究不仅为正戊醇生产应用提供重要的指导作用,同时为其他同类或复杂分子体系的物理和化学特性研究提供参考。     

Mixed molecular and atomic phase of dense hydrogen

We used Raman and visible transmission spectroscopy to investigate dense hydrogen (deuterium) up to 315 (275) GPa at 300 K. At around 200 GPa, we observe the phase transformation, which we attribute to phase III, previously observed only at low temperatures. This is succeeded at 220 GPa by a reversible transformation to a new phase, IV, characterized by the simultaneous appearance of the second vibrational fundamental and new low-frequency phonon excitations and a dramatic softening and broadening of the first vibrational fundamental mode. The optical transmission spectra of phase IV show an overall increase of absorption and a closing band gap which reaches 1.8 eV at 315 GPa. Analysis of the Raman spectra suggests that phase IV is a mixture of graphenelike layers, consisting of elongated H2 dimers experiencing large pairing fluctuations, and unbound H2 molecules.     

固氢金属化转变压力的理论计算

 利用简单金属的赝势理论方法计算了固氢的金属转变压力,并探讨了金属氢可能的晶体结构及力、热物性。计算结果表明,在绝对零度条件下,分子态固氢（HCP结构）向原子相金属氢（FCC结构）的转变压力p_t=465.95 GPa。     

硫酸氢铵高压下相变研究

由于铁电材料在科学研究领域的重要应用,功能铁电材料的设计和机理研究一直是国内外的研究热点。材料的性能离不开结构研究,为了更好的认识和理解一种典型铁电材料-硫酸氢铵的结构和相行为,研究了17GPa压强下硫酸氢铵的高压拉曼光谱。在压力作用下,绝大多数的拉曼谱线向高波数方向移动,并且有两个特征拉曼谱带的强度发生很大的变化(1 018和3 183cm~(-1)),表明硫酸盐与铵离子正四面体的电子云密度发生重构。根据频移-压强曲线关系,得出了硫酸氢铵在6和10.5GPa附近分别存在一阶相变。根据高压下S=O伸缩振动谱带的变化规律,发现了不同相区间氢键的相反作用规律。为AHSO_4系列铁电材料压力作用下结构变化规律提供一定的研究基础。     

Structure and SHG of the high pressure phase IV of HgBr2

Angle dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments on mercuric bromide (HgBr₂) under high pressure up to 11.0 GPa were carried out at room temperature using synchrotron radiation. In addition to the already known four different phases of HgBr₂ in the pressure-temperature range of p<4.5 GPa, 90<T<600 K our observations show the existence of a new phase (V) above 9.0 GPa and, together with published material, support the phase transition sequence: (I) orthorhombic-(II) orthorhombic-(III) monoclinic-(IV) trigonal-(V) trigonal/hexagonal. The structure of phase IV with space group symmetry P3 has been determined from powder diffraction data. The observation of second-harmonic-generation signals confirms the absence of an inversion center. The structure of phase IV is a commensurately modulated variant of the CdI₂ type layer structure, where part of the Hg atoms are displaced from the centers of the HgBr₆ octahedra by a much as 0.76 Å in the direction perpendicular to the layers.     

New phase transition into the b.c.c. structure in antimony at high pressure

X-ray diffraction study of Sb has been made under the pressure of up to 43 GPa. A new phase transition from the Sb(III) into a b.c.c. phase occurs at about 28 GPa. The b.c.c. phase is found to be stable for the wide range of pressure from 28 GPa to at least 43 GPa.     

Metastable Conducting Crystalline Hydrogen at High Pressure

The quantum molecular dynamics method within the density functional theory has been used to calculate the equation of state, pair correlation function, and static electrical conductivity of solid hydrogen in the region of formation of a conducting phase. Hysteresis has been revealed on the density dependence of the pressure at a temperature of 100 K under compression and subsequent tension. The overlapping of branches of the isotherms of the molecular and nonmolecular phases of solid hydrogen corresponds to the region of existence of metastable states. The width of this region is 275 GPa. It has been shown that conducting crystalline nonmolecular hydrogen with P2₁/c symmetry can exist at extension to a pressure of 350 GPa.