On the problem of calculating the optical film parameters from the measured transmission spectra

The procedure for calculating the dispersion of the refractive and absorption indices and thickness of an optical film, based on measurements of spectral dependence of the transmittance, is described. The film parameters are calculated using a solution of the approximation problem. The effect of the film model on the calculated values of the refractive and absorption indices is analyzed.     

基于微面斜率法的粗糙表面半透明介质层光谱散射特性分析

对具有一维高斯分布粗糙表面的半透明介质层光谱散射,基于微面斜率法建立了考虑遮蔽效应的粗糙表面光谱辐射传递概率模型,采用蒙特卡罗法模拟光谱辐射能束在粗糙表面、半透明介质层介质与镜反射基底之间的多次反射、折射和吸收等传递过程。通过数值模拟,分析了介质层表面粗糙度、光谱光学厚度、折射率和基底反射率对介质层双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的影响。结果表明,表面粗糙程度不同时,反射峰值随入射角度呈现不同的变化趋势;表面粗糙度增加或折射率增大都将导致漫反射份额增大;介质层光谱光学厚度和基底反射率主要影响BRDF的数值大小,而对BRDF的分布形态影响很小。     

Optical Spectra of Metal-Dielectric Nanocomposites with a Layered Subwave Structure

The results of theoretical and experimental investigations of the optical spectra of layer-periodic nanocomposites consisting of alternating tightly packed monolayers of silver nanoparticles and separating KCl layers of subwave thickness are presented. The characteristic features of the spectral dependence of the transmission and reflection coefficients of this type of nanocomposites have been analyzed for the case where the photon forbidden bands are located near the plasmon-absorption band. Experimental samples were prepared by successive thermal evaporation of silver and KCl in vacuum. Theoretical calculations were carried out using the quasi-crystalline approximation of the theory of multiple scattering of waves. It is shown that the spectral position, shape, and intensity of absorption and reflection bands can be regulated by changing the optical thickness of the intermediate dielectric films in a layered metal-dielectric composite.     

A study of optical absorption in amorphous hydrogenated silicon thin films of varied thickness

We report results obtained from optical absorption studies carried out on amorphous silicon thin films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) from silane plasma. The influence of the film thickness was studied on the two series of samples deposited from undiluted silane and under moderate hydrogen dilution of silane. Spectral refractive indices and absorption coefficients were determined from transmittance spectra. The spectral absorption coefficients were used to determine the Tauc optical band-gap energies E_g, the B factors of the Tauc plots, the iso-energy values E₀₄ (energy at which the absorption coefficient is equal to 10⁴ cm⁻¹). The results were correlated with volume fractions of the amorphous phase and voids and with the film thickness.     

Manifestation of quantum size effects in optics of ultrathin niobium films

The optical properties of ultrathin (～nm) niobium films enriched with oxygen are studied by the methods of phase spectroscopy of surface electromagnetic waves (in the far-IR spectral region), IR absorption (in the mid-IR spectral region), and ellipsometry (in the visible spectral region). The films were deposited onto crystal calcium fluoride substrates by the method of high-frequency cathode sputtering. The complex permittivity of the films is calculated from the experimental data. The dependences of both the imaginary and real parts of the permittivity on the film thickness exhibit oscillations with a period of 9 Å, the real part sign being changed during oscillations.     

The photoacoustic spectroscopic investigations of the surface preparation of ZnSe crystals with the use of the optimization methods

This paper shows results of the photoacoustic (PA) spectral studies, with the microphone detection, of a series of ZnSe crystals with differently prepared surfaces. All samples exhibited the surface absorption connected with defects states located on their surfaces. The quality of the surface preparation is expressed by the surface absorption coefficient spectra of the samples times the thickness of a damaged layer. In this paper both theoretical and experimental photoacoustic amplitude and phase spectra as also the corresponding computed surface and volume optical absorption coefficient spectra of the samples with differently prepared surfaces are presented and discussed. The procedure of computations of the volume and surface absorption spectra with the use of the optimization method is presented in the paper too.     

Formation of a spectral line contour with asymmetric self-reversal

Features characteristic of the formation of spectral line contours with asymmetric self-reversal are investigated. Four parameters are used to describe the complex asymmetric contour; it is shown that these parameters are related to the optical thickness and inhomogeneity of the radiating layer, to Voigt's parameter, and also to the shifts and half-widths of emission and absorption lines. New effects characteristic of the first stage of self-reversal are predicted.     

椭偏精确测定透明衬底上吸收薄膜的厚度及光学常数

椭偏仪难以精确测量透明衬底上吸收薄膜光学常数的原因:1)衬底的背面反射光为非相干光, 它的存在会极大的增加拟合难度; 2)衬底光学常数(折射率和消光系数)的差异会影响测量的准确性, 而且会在吸收薄膜的光学常数中表现出来, 需要单独测量其光学常数; 3)厚度与光学常数之间呈现强烈的关联性. 针对以上三个问题, 选择石英玻璃、载玻片、盖玻片和普通浮法玻璃作为研究对象. 采用折射率匹配法消除上述衬底背面反射光的影响. 结果显示, 折射率匹配法能够有效消除折射率在1.43-1.64、波长范围为190-1700 nm波段的石英、浮法玻璃等透明衬底的背面反射光. 之后, 通过拟合椭偏参数ψ和垂直入射时的透过率T₀ 分别得到以上衬底的折射率和消光系数. 拟合得到的结果与文献报道的趋势一致. 最后, 采用椭偏参数和透过率同时拟合的方法(SE+T法)得到类金刚石薄膜(沉积在石英玻璃上)和非晶硅薄膜(沉积在载玻片、盖玻片上)光学常数和厚度的准确解.     

硅基有机太阳能电池光学性能分析

采用传输矩阵法的光学模型以及MATLAB软件模拟了硅基有机太阳能电池对入射光的吸收率和各层厚度的关系。模拟表明活性层对入射光的吸收率主要受其自身厚度影响,且由于微腔效应,这种结构的电池可以很大程度上优化活性层厚度;另外通过调节折射率匹配层厚度和传输层厚度也可以优化活性层对入射光的吸收率。在本文所讨论的厚度中,最佳传输层厚度为10 nm左右,最佳匹配层厚度为30 nm ZnS或者60 nm Alq₃。     

超二代微光像增强器多碱光电阴极膜厚测量研究

介绍了多碱光电阴极的光学性能和光谱反射率特性,测量了多碱阴极的光谱反射率曲线.该曲线与普通光学膜层光谱反射率曲线相比,形状较不规则,原因是多碱阴极膜层存在光吸收.光谱反射率曲线上的干涉峰是入射光在玻璃与阴极膜层界面反射和在阴极膜层与真空的界面反射的两束光发生干涉的结果.根据干涉的原理,如果阴极膜层所反射的两束光的光程差为二分之一波长的偶倍数时,光谱反射将出现干涉加强峰;如果阴极膜层所反射的两束光的光程差为二分之一波长的奇倍数时,光谱反射将出现干涉减弱峰.根据超二代像增强器光谱反射干涉峰对应的波长,可以计算出其阴极膜层的厚度约为191 nm,比二代像增强器阴极膜层的厚度增加了38％.多碱阴极膜层厚度是影响多碱阴极灵敏度的一个关键参量,仅仅靠人眼观察阴极膜层颜色的方法不准确.实践证明,利用光谱反射的方法来计算阴极膜层厚度的方法简单有效.如果在多碱阴极的制作过程中进行光谱反射率的监控,那么将可以精确控制阴极膜层的厚度,对多碱阴极的研究将会更加深入,多碱阴极的灵敏度也将会得到进一步的提升.     

The photoacoustic spectroscopic investigations of the surface preparation of ZnSe crystals

This paper presents results of the photoacoustic (PA) spectral studies of a series of ZnSe crystals with differently prepared surfaces. All samples exhibited the surface absorption connected with defects states located on their surfaces. The quality of the surface preparation is expressed by the surface absorption coefficient spectra of the samples times the thickness of a damaged layer. In this paper both theoretical and experimental photoacoustic amplitude and phase spectra as also the corresponding computed surface and volume optical absorption coefficient spectra of the samples with differently prepared surfaces are presented and discussed. This is the first attempt of the quantitative evaluation of the surface quality of the samples from the photoacoustic experimental spectra.     

Dielectric and optical properties of C60 material studied by ellipsometry and quantitative IR and UV/VIS spectroscopy

Optical properties in the spectral range from 0.06 to 5.5 eV of fullerite films on different substrates, C₆₀ powder, and dissolved fullerene material are investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry and optical transmission and reflection measurements. Depolarization effects are taken into account during determination of the dielectric function of fullerite films by ellipsometry. The optical gap for C₆₀ films is found to be 1.63 eV. Three optical absorption bands are observed at 2.69, 3.53, and 4.49 eV.The dielectric function in the infrared shows the four characteristic infrared vibrational modes. The interference pattern seen in UV/VIS reflection measurements are used for high-precision thickness determination of the films. The Clausius-Mossotti formula is successfully applied to reproduce the experimental optical data measured in C₆₀/dichlormethane solutions. Deviations between theory and experiments provide interesting information about the intermolecular interaction of the C₆₀ molecules. A tentative interpretation of the measured absorption bands is presented.     

Determination of optical functions of very thin tantalum pentoxide films on platinum substrate by genetic algorithm approach

We study the optical characteristics of tantalum pentoxide films, deposited by reactive sputtering. These films, as many other metal oxide layers, are promising candidates for optical devices in the spectral region where they have no absorption. Besides applications in modern optics, they are also investigated as high-kappa materials for the needs of nano-electronics, i.e. design of dynamic random access memories, etc. Herein, we present results on optical functions of Ta₂O₅ films with physical thickness of ~15 nm. The spectral range of evaluation covers 210–750?nm. We have estimated the Ta₂O₅ optical functions from spectro-photometric data. The Tauc–Lorentz–Urbach parametric model was used in the fitting procedure, which was based on the stochastic genetic algorithm.     

基于传输矩阵法的聚合物太阳能电池光学性能分析

采用基于传输矩阵法的光学模型及Matlab软件,模拟了以聚合物P3HT:PCBM为活性层的倒装太阳能电池,并分析了模拟电池的吸光率及其内部光电场分布。探讨了厚度、入射角度以及新结构对电池光学性能的影响。模拟结果表明,电池的光吸收主要由活性层厚度决定,分别随着电子传输层和空穴传输层厚度的增加而下降。当光入射角度增大时,由于光程的增加电池的吸光率随之增加,在40°入射角时达到最大;由于其他光学作用,器件吸光率在40°入射角以后反而降低;证明了光斜入射时电场在整个器件中分布是不连续的。通过在基本结构的适当位置插入一层薄膜构成的微腔器件,由于光学共振效应能够有效提高电池的光吸收。     

Optical limiting and its mechanism in potash alum

Optical power limiting is the increase of optical absorption with light intensity. Pure crystalline potash alum was grown and optical absorption in dependences of the light intensity and thickness of the crystal was studied using laser light. The transmission of the crystals was found to increase with increasing light intensity. However, at higher light intensity, an increase of optical absorption with intensity was observed. The power limiting characteristics, e.g. linear transmission/dynamic range and saturation point, were found to be varied with thickness of the crystal. The findings resulting from this investigation might have potential applications in optical limiting.     

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪光谱定标技术研究

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪用于遥感监测痕量气体的全球分布。该载荷探测地球大气或表面反射、散射的紫外/可见光辐射,利用差分吸收光谱算法来解析痕量污染气体成分的分布和变化。光谱定标是仪器遥感数据定量化的前提和基础,定标的精度直接决定了仪器研制和应用水平的高低。针对星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪视场大、波长宽、空间分辨率和光谱分辨率高的特点,提出了相应的光谱定标方法,建立了定标装置,通过寻峰和回归分析计算光谱定标方程,实现了对载荷的全视场光谱定标工作。并利用太阳光的夫琅禾费线对定标精度进行了检验。     

Nanocomposite-based ultrathin polarization beamsplitter

In terms of the effective medium approximation, the optical properties of heterogeneous composite materials with disordered nanosized metal inclusions of spheroidal shape with plasmon resonances lying in the visible spectral range are studied. The conditions are analyzed under which the optical characteristics of the composite with axial symmetry of the inclusion orientation distribution with respect to a certain preferential direction significantly depends on the electric field direction in the electromagnetic wave. It is shown that, in the vicinity of the plasmon resonance of inclusions, the composite layer of subwavelength thickness may exhibit a high polarization selectivity in both reflection and transmission with moderate absorption. The effect of the orientational disorder of inclusions on the optical characteristics of a polarization splitter of this kind is discussed. The predictions based on equations of quasi-electrostatic effective-medium model agree well with the results of exact numerical solution of the Maxwell equations.     

The optical constants of indium antimonide at 1.5K in the near millimeter wavelength region

The results of a determination of the optical constants of n-type indium antimonide at 1.5K in the spectral region between 4 and 40 cm^–1 are presented. The absorption spectrum was determined by the two thickness method, while the refraction spectrum was determined both by an extension of the two thickness method and by an analysis of a channel spectrum. The errors involved in the application of these approximate methods are discussed. The material measured was of detector quality and, therefore, the results are relevant to the design of near millimetre wavelength detectors with optimised performance.Gong Ya-Qian is on leave of absence from Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics     

Radiation output of a spherical homogeneous plasma: Analytical models of computing the spectral brightness of plasma objects with various configurations

Analytical relationships between the photon-emission probability from a surface and the optical thickness along with analytical relationships between the spectral brightness of a homogeneous plasma of spherical geometry are derived with taking into account the radiation absorption. The photon-emission probability and the spectral brightness are also obtained for a plasma of cylindrical geometry and a plasma consisting of spherical layers. The relationships are given in the integral form, while attempts to find them analytically, i.e., to calculate the integrals, failed. However, they can be computed numerically. The formula for spectral brightness is derived for the case of radiation of two flat layers, which differ by the structure, thickness, and thermodynamic and spectral characteristics. The expressions for the spherical and flat layers are compared. The ratio of the dimensions permitted to approximate the flat case by the spherical case is found. The criteria of applicability and accuracy of such approximation have been elaborated. As examples of the application of the expressions derived, the radiation spectra of the aluminum, carbon, copper, and oxygen plasmas were calculated and plotted. __________ Translated from Preprint No. 33 of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow (2006).     

On equivalent diffuse conditions for an internal layer in multislab atmospheric radiation

This paper reports on new discrete ordinates conditions for efficiently solving a set of multislab atmospheric radiation problems characterized by an optically stationary internal layer, i.e. an internal layer whose optical (absorption/scattering) properties and optical thickness do not change from one problem to another in the set. The discrete ordinates conditions reported here are founded in a recently developed spectral nodal method for solving multislab atmospheric radiation problems with anisotropic scattering. We suitably use the optically discretized equations of our recently developed spectral nodal method to derive discrete ordinates diffuse conditions, which model the response—diffuse radiation leaving the layer—of an internal layer to an anisotropic inner source and to diffuse radiation that is incident upon the layer at top and bottom. These conditions can be used to replace an optically stationary internal layer in multislab atmospheric radiation computations, while saving computer resources and without degrading the numerical results.