Configuration optimization of laser guide stars and wavefront correctors for multi-conjugation adaptive optics

Multi-conjugation adaptive optics(MCAOs) have been investigated and used in the large aperture optical telescopes for high-resolution imaging with large field of view(FOV).The atmospheric tomographic phase reconstruction and projection of three-dimensional turbulence volume onto wavefront correctors,such as deformable mirrors(DMs) or liquid crystal wavefront correctors(LCWCs),is a very important step in the data processing of an MCAO's controller.In this paper,a method according to the wavefront reconstruction performance of MCAO is presented to evaluate the optimized configuration of multi laser guide stars(LGSs) and the reasonable conjugation heights of LCWCs.Analytical formulations are derived for the different configurations and are used to generate optimized parameters for MCAO.Several examples are given to demonstrate our LGSs configuration optimization method.Compared with traditional methods,our method has minimum wavefront tomographic error,which will be helpful to get higher imaging resolution at large FOV in MCAO.     

Large aperture phase-coded diffractive lens for achromatic and 16° field-of-view imaging with high efficiency

Diffractive lenses (DLs) can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size. Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations, which significantly limits their practical applications. Although many achromatic methods have been proposed, most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs, which have low diffraction efficiencies. In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses, increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues. Here, a novel phase-coded diffractive lens (PCDL) for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally, and it also possesses wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging at the same time. The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens (DL) is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL. The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm, a focal length of 100 mm, and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π. Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16° with over 8% focusing efficiency, which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic, wide FOV, and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.     

大视场激光接收机设计

 介绍激光指令制导和激光驾束制导的大视场激光接收机的设计原理,给出接收光场的数学模型,由斜入射平行光的衍射光场推出探测光学系统的视场角公式,根据1064nm大视场激光接收机技术要求,以聚光物镜型探测光学系统为例,探讨接收光学系统既须具备特大相对孔径,又须具备无晕接收性能的设计特点,采用窄带干涉滤光镜进行光学滤波降噪。给出一种适用于高重频(200kHz)工作的低噪声放大器的设计实例,介绍了低噪声放大电路的设计原理。测试结果表明：设计的大视场激光接收机的接收视场角≥±10°,、动态范围≥40dB,当放大器输出信号信噪比等于4时接收灵敏度Pmin=5.38×105W。     

高分辨率超低畸变航天光学成像系统设计

在航天空间交会、对接等高精度定位应用中需要光学成像系统具有高分辨率、低畸变、大视场的特点，为此设计了一种满足上述要求的航天物镜。采用复杂化的双高斯结构形式进行准像方远心光路设计，系统由9片透镜组成，并采用耐辐射玻璃材料减少离子辐射的腐蚀性；采用滤光片避免短波辐射对系统的影响，引入非球面提高成像精度，最后对成像物镜进行了公差分析。设计的系统焦距为24 mm，相对孔径为F/2.2，工作波段600 nm~800 nm，全视场角为35°。设计结果表明，采用该方法设计的物镜在128 lp/mm处各视场传递函数值均大于0.3，畸变值为0.007 2%，达到设计指标要求。     

均匀背景中的动态小目标光谱数据获取方法研究

光谱是一种可以表征物质特性的光学信息,利用光谱成像仪可以获取处于视场范围内的物质的光谱图像,成熟的光谱成像技术均需要通过多次采集才能够获取完整的光谱图像数据立方体,相应系统的时间分辨率比较低,不适用于动态目标的光谱获取。快照式光谱成像在动态目标光谱成像方面具有较大的优势,其中编码孔径快照光谱成像技术是一种将压缩感知计算方法融入到光谱成像过程和图谱重构过程中的光谱成像技术,在采样过程中完成数据压缩,具有高通量优势,可以利用单次曝光的混叠数据,重构出目标光谱数据立方体,实现快照式成像,使得对动态的目标进行监测成为可能。实现监测需要目标的信息满足稀疏性的假设,实际目标很难满足这样的条件,重构误差比较大,不利于对动态的小目标进行监测和识别。针对均匀背景中动态小目标的光谱数据获取,提出一种双色散通道的编码孔径光谱成像方法,系统由两个通道组成,每个通道均包含一个光谱仪,其色散方向互相垂直,并共用一个前置望远镜系统和编码孔径。该系统可以实时观测均匀背景区域中的动态小目标。由于两个通道的色散方向互相垂直,可以从背景中分离出小目标的位置和相对应的编码。假设目标出现在视场中前后,背景的辐射特性变化很小,利用目标出现前的数据计算出背景光谱;目标出现后,通过帧间差分运算,消除背景辐射的影响,提取出目标位置对应色散区域中数据,利用约束最小二乘算法,重构运动小目标的光谱数据立方体。进行光谱数据重构,进行背景光谱补偿后,获得完整的动态小目标光谱数据。文章对成像过程建立了数学模型,并对重构方法进行了仿真验证,结合编码孔径的统计特征,使目标随机出现在不同的位置,统计重构光谱的峰值信噪比概率分布,并调整目标尺寸,分析目标尺寸对重构精度的影响,最后与编码孔径成像系统的两步软阈值迭代算法重构结果进行了对比。结果表明,这种方法在均匀背景中,采用随机编码矩阵进行编码,目标尺寸小于5×5个像元时,相对于编码孔径成像系统,提高了目标的信息重构精度和概率,并且极大的减小了运算量,可以实现对运动目标的实时监测。     

Genetic algorithms applied to neutron penumbral imaging

Penumbral imaging is a technique for imaging of neutrons or other penetrating radiations. The technique uses the fact that spatial information can be recovered from the shadow or penumbra that an unknown source casts of a simple large circular aperture. The limitation is that the straightforward image reconstruction will introduce some significant distortion for a large field of view because of non-isoplanaticity of the aperture point spread function. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed for reconstruction of penumbral images and the technique allows distortion-free reconstruction over a large field of view. Furthermore, because in GA the complicateda priori constraints can be easily incorporated by appropriate modification of the cost function, the algorithm is also very tolerant of the noise.     

利用相位差异技术校准非共光路静态像差

提出了一种用相位差异(PD)技术对自适应光学(AO)系统的非共光路静态像差进行校准的方法。相位差异技术通过采集焦面和离焦面的单帧或多帧短曝光图像来估算波前相位畸变,同时对目标图像进行恢复。在闭环工作条件下,自适应光学系统利用相位差异算法在线检测成像光路的静态像差,并将得到的像差系数转化为变形镜的初始化面形,从而补偿非共光路的静态像差。实验结果表明,校准后的成像质量显著提高,目标半峰全宽降低了约14%,系统残差降低了约72%。成像光路在线检测得到的系统残差与闭环回路实测残差的水平趋于一致,证实了相位差异技术应用于光学检测的能力。该方法具有在无需改变原有自适应光路以及高信噪比条件下便可精确解算系统像差的优点,是大口径光电成像系统较为理想的光学检测技术之一。     

Adaptive optics dioptric scanning ophthalmoscope with a wider field of view similar to those of normal ophthalmoscopes

We introduce a newly developed adaptive optics dioptric scanning ophthalmoscope (AO-DSO) in which all powered optical parts were refractive lenses instead of concave or convex mirrors. By designing dioptric optics, we were able to achieve a compact instrument with a 10 deg field of view (FOV10) and 1.5 deg field of view (FOV1.5) high-resolution imaging. Although the resolution of FOV10 was sacrificed because of the variation of aberrations of the eye over the 10 deg field, our system works with AO in the case of FOV1.5 and can be used as a scanning laser ophthalmoscope with good optical slicing in the case of FOV10. To test the ability of the AO-DSO, we performed imaging on a normal subject and on a patient with occult macular dystrophy.     

Effect of field of view on the accuracy of camera calibration

A long focal length lens can improve the spatial resolution and capture more detailed information, so it has been considered for three-dimensional (3D) vision reconstruction. However, the field of view (FOV) will narrow with a long focal length lens. It is a general concept that it is extremely difficult to achieve high-accuracy calibration of a narrow FOV camera because of paraxial imaging. In this paper an in-depth study on this issue is conducted from the aspect of perspective deformation. First, the perspective deformation of a point is divided into three parts. Then, the noise immunity of each part under different FOVs is discussed to reveal the root cause of the difficulty in the calibration of narrow FOV cameras. It is found that the calibration accuracy could be generally maintained at the same level if the image noise is inversely proportional to the focal length. Simulations verify the correctness of the inferences of this study that are hoped to be helpful in overcoming this disadvantage of narrow FOV cameras.     

光栅成像的锥束相位CT重建算法

X射线相位衬度成像对弱吸收物质有着独有的高密度分辨率,在医学、生物学、材料学等领域显示出良好的应用前景.但是其中的干涉成像法、衍射增强成像法和同轴成像法具有一定局限性,难以被广泛应用.光栅成像克服了以往相位衬度成像的缺陷,也使相位衬度成像向锥束成像发展成为可能.本文致力于锥束相位X射线计算机断层摄影术(CT)重建算法的研究,根据基于光栅的锥束相位成像的特点,利用吸收CT中FDK (Feldkamp-Davis-Kress)重建算法的思想,发展出适用于锥束相位成像的CT重建方法.该方法为滤波反投影类型,以相位一阶导数像为投影值,直接重建物体的相位项.通过仿真验证了算法的正确性.     

双视场米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶

介绍了自行研制的用来探测对流层大气气溶胶消光特性的双视场米散射激光雷达.该激光雷达采用两个具有独立接收视场的探测通道分别接收高低层532 nm的大气回波信号,可以兼顾低层大视场角低探测盲区和高层小视场角高探测高度的要求.叙述了该雷达系统的总体结构和技术参量以及数据处理方法,给出了合肥地区(东经117.16°,北纬31.90°)大气气溶胶消光系数廓线和对流层光学厚度的探测结果.测量结果表明,该雷达具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好地反映气溶胶粒子的时间和空间分布特征.      

像方扫描技术研究

基于显微摄影的成像原理,研究了像方扫描以扩大视场的途径,并建立了一个二次成像的设计模型,包括一个大视场的固定前置物镜组和一个运动轨迹为球面的中继透镜组。物镜组所成的一次像面优化了场曲,中继透镜组则根据该场曲进行运动,对一次像面不同区域成像,并采用光学被动消热差以保证不同温度的像质。该模型的相对孔径1∶3,波长3.7 m~4.8 m,焦距90 mm,瞬时凝视视场为4,扫描视场达24,采用7片透镜3个非球面,在全视场范围内具有接近衍射限的像质。     

Wide-field imaging through scattering media by scattered light fluorescence microscopy

To obtain images through scattering media, scattered light fluorescence (SLF) microscopy that utilizes the optical memory effect has been developed. However, the small field of view (FOV) of SLF microscopy limits its application. In this paper, we have introduced a re-modulation method to achieve wide-field imaging through scattering media by SLF microscopy. In the re-modulation method, to raster scan the focus across the object plane, the incident wavefront is re-modulated via a spatial light modulator (SLM) in the updated phase compensation calculated using the optimized iterative algorithm. Compared with the conventional optical memory effect method, the re-modulation method can greatly increase the FOV of a SLF microscope. With the phase compensation theoretically calculated, the process of updating the phase compensation of a high speed SLM is fast. The re-modulation method does not increase the imaging time. The re-modulation method is, therefore, expected to make SLF microscopy have much wider applications in biology, medicine and physiology.     

Anisotropic field-of-view shapes for improved PROPELLER imaging

The Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction (PROPELLER) method for magnetic resonance imaging data acquisition and reconstruction has the highly desirable property of being able to correct for motion during the scan, making it especially useful for imaging pediatric or uncooperative patients and diffusion imaging. This method nominally supports a circular field of view (FOV), but tailoring the FOV for noncircular shapes results in more efficient, shorter scans. This article presents new algorithms for tailoring PROPELLER acquisitions to the desired FOV shape and size that are flexible and precise. The FOV design also allows for rotational motion which provides better motion correction and reduced aliasing artifacts. Some possible FOV shapes demonstrated are ellipses, ovals and rectangles, and any convex, pi-symmetric shape can be designed. Standard PROPELLER reconstruction is used with minor modifications, and results with simulated motion presented confirm the effectiveness of the motion correction with these modified FOV shapes. These new acquisition design algorithms are simple and fast enough to be computed for each individual scan. Also presented are algorithms for further scan time reductions in PROPELLER echo-planar imaging (EPI) acquisitions by varying the sample spacing in two directions within each blade.     

Off-Axis Imaging in Keel-Edge Pinhole Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography System Based on Monte Carlo Simulation

Monte Carlo simulation is applied to investigate the off-axis effect in keel-edge pinhole single photon emission computed tomography imaging.Aiming at finding the effective Geld of view(FOV) for imaging,we simulate point source in off-axis imaging(0,4,8 and 12 mm from the central rotation axis) of different collimator designs(channel height with 1.38,1 and 0.5 mm) with a fixed aperture diameter.Tradeoff curves of rms resolution and sensitivity are plotted to determine the effective FOV for different channel height pinhole collimators.The parameterized model can be further incorporated into image reconstruction algorithms,which compensates for the off-axis effect and is used as a reference for multi-pinhole design.     

Interference of a four-hole aperture for on-chip quantitative two-dimensional differential phase imaging

We present a novel on-chip method for quantitative two-dimensional differential phase imaging. This technique uses four circular holes (600 nm diameter, 1.2 mum spacing) arranged in a 'plus' pattern that are fabricated in a layer of metal above a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imaging sensor. The interference pattern of the aperture shifts position with respect to the differential phase of the incident light. By imaging the interference pattern with the CMOS sensor, this method measures amplitude and differential phase (1 degrees /microm sensitivity for signal-to-noise ratio >/=16 dB) of the incident light field simultaneously. An application to optical beam profiling is presented; we show the amplitude and differential phase profiles of a Gaussian laser beam and an optical vortex.     

水下微光摄影物镜的设计和研究

增大视场角和相对孔径是提高水下微光摄影物镜性能的重要手段。介绍大视场大相对孔径水下微光摄影物镜的设计方法和特点。基于反摄远结构采用11片镜片设计了相对孔径为1/1.4,水下全视场角66°,焦距11.8mm的水下微光摄影物镜。质量评价结果表明:设计的摄影物镜成像质量优异,在空间频率为42lp/mm时0.7ω的MTF值高于0.5,且达到各项性能指标,能够满足水下微光摄影物镜对大视场大相对孔径的需求。     

Single-shot and lensless complex-amplitude imaging with incoherent light based on machine learning

We present a single-shot incoherent light imaging method for simultaneously observing both amplitude and phase without any imaging optics, based on machine learning. In the proposed method, an object with a complex-amplitude field is illuminated with incoherent light and is captured by an image sensor with or without a coded aperture. The complex-amplitude field of the object is reconstructed from a single captured image using a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network, which is trained with a large number of input and output pairs. In experimental demonstrations, the proposed method was verified with a handwritten character database, and the effect of a coded aperture printed on an overhead projector film in the reconstruction was examined. Our method has advantages over conventional wavefront sensing techniques using incoherent light, namely simplification of the optical hardware and improved measurement speed. This study shows the importance and practical impact of machine learning techniques in various fields of optical sensing.     

非相干照明条件下的ptychographic iterative engine成像技术

在传统多波长相干衍射成像理论的基础上提出适用于 X-射线和电子束等非相干光源照明成像的改进多波长ptychographic iterative engine 方法, 同时将小孔形状和照明光谱信息用于叠代计算, 可以在非相干照明条件下精确重建出物体的强度透射像和相位透射像, 并对光源带宽对重建精度的影响进行了分析, 对于解决如何在非相干照明条件下对大尺寸物体进行精确相位成像的问题具有较好的科研和实用价值.     

折/反混合式长波红外成像光谱仪光学系统设计

为了实现遥感目标的长波红外高光谱成像,满足目标探测对多信息量的需求,设计了高光谱分辨率长波红外(8~12 μm)成像光谱仪。前置望远系统采用离轴三反系统,以实现无遮拦、大口径及宽视场成像设计;光谱分光系统分别采用折射式和反射式结构进行优化设计。设计结果显示,采用折射式结构,可得到通光孔径为100 mm,F数为2,光谱分辨率16 nm,空间分辨率150 μrad,冷光阑效率100%,成像质量接近衍射极限的光学系统;采用反射式结构,为了保证光学系统无挡光,需采用多片离轴反射镜,增加了系统的非对称性,使得系统的像散、彗差和场曲难以校正到最佳状态。设计结果表明：折/反混合式成像光谱系统具有光谱分辨率高、成像质量好和结构合理等优点,点斑均方根直径与国内现有探测器像素尺寸匹配。