A high precision phase reconstruction algorithm for multi-laser guide stars adaptive optics

Adaptive optics(AO) systems are widespread and considered as an essential part of any large aperture telescope for obtaining a high resolution imaging at present.To enlarge the imaging field of view(FOV),multi-laser guide stars(LGSs) are currently being investigated and used for the large aperture optical telescopes.LGS measurement is necessary and pivotal to obtain the cumulative phase distortion along a target in the multi-LGSs AO system.We propose a high precision phase reconstruction algorithm to estimate the phase for a target with an uncertain turbulence profile based on the interpolation.By comparing with the conventional average method,the proposed method reduces the root mean square(RMS) error from 130 nm to 85 nm with a 30% reduction for narrow FOV.We confirm that such phase reconstruction algorithm is validated for both narrow field AO and wide field AO.     

Wide-field imaging through scattering media by scattered light fluorescence microscopy

To obtain images through scattering media, scattered light fluorescence (SLF) microscopy that utilizes the optical memory effect has been developed. However, the small field of view (FOV) of SLF microscopy limits its application. In this paper, we have introduced a re-modulation method to achieve wide-field imaging through scattering media by SLF microscopy. In the re-modulation method, to raster scan the focus across the object plane, the incident wavefront is re-modulated via a spatial light modulator (SLM) in the updated phase compensation calculated using the optimized iterative algorithm. Compared with the conventional optical memory effect method, the re-modulation method can greatly increase the FOV of a SLF microscope. With the phase compensation theoretically calculated, the process of updating the phase compensation of a high speed SLM is fast. The re-modulation method does not increase the imaging time. The re-modulation method is, therefore, expected to make SLF microscopy have much wider applications in biology, medicine and physiology.     

Differential focal anisoplanatism in laser guide star wavefront sensing on extremely large telescopes

Laser guide stars (LGSs) aim at increasing the sky coverage of adaptive optics (AO) as this is highly restricted when using only natural guide stars. With such three-dimensional extended objects, spot elongation may limit the measurement accuracy of wavefronts. We evaluate the effect of differential focal anisoplanatism, induced solely by the longitudinal extension of a side-launched LGS, on the slope measurements performed by a Shack-Hartmann for a 40?m class telescope. We also take this effect into account in the wavefront reconstruction and derive estimations of the resulting wavefront error in a multi-LGS AO system. We find an error of 100?nm in the worst case at the subaperture level and a small error of the order of 10?nm for six LGSs after wavefront reconstruction.     

自适应光学波前校正器技术发展现状

波前校正器是自适应光学系统中的关键部件,相关技术已得到了多年的积累与发展。本文介绍了多种目前常用的波前校正器件,包括分离促动器连续表面变形镜、拼接子镜变形镜、薄膜变形镜、双压电片变形镜、微电子机械系统变形镜以及基于液晶技术的空间光调制器和自适应次镜等,给出了它们的实现方式及其基本工作原理,并从空间校正频率和校正速度等方面对各校正器的性能进行了比较。最后,总结了在新应用的需求下,波前校正器件的技术创新及发展趋势。     

自适应光学波前校正器

报告了自适应光学波前校正器——多元分立式压电变形反射镜和两维高速压电倾斜镜的研究工作。讨论了这两类波前校正器的主要性能及其检测方法等，并给出了若干典型的检测结果。研制的１９单元度形镜已成功用于ＩＣＦ驱动器的波前校正，而２１单元变形镜已成功用于天文观测星体成像校正     

用于活体人眼视网膜观察的自适应光学成像系统

利用自适应光学技术,研制了两套活体人眼视网膜高分辨力成像系统,在实时校正人眼波前误差的基础上,实现活体人眼视网膜细胞尺度的高分辨力成像。这两套系统分别采用19和37单元小型压电变形反射镜作为波前校正元件,哈特曼-夏克(Hartmann-Shack)波前传感器测量波前误差,用眼底反射的半导体激光作为波前探测的信标。在用计算机控制自适应光学系统实现人眼波前误差校正后,触发闪光灯照明视网膜,用CCD相机记录视网膜的高分辨力图像。校正后的残余波前误差的均方根值已分别小于1／6和1／10波长,相当于视网膜上成像分辨力分别为3．4μm和2．6μm,接近衍射极限。试验表明37单元系统的成像质量更好。     

大气湍流三维波前探测模式层析算法分析

大气湍流三维波前探测是实现多层共轭自适应光学技术的关键和前提. 对湍流三维波前探测中最常用的模式法层析技术进行理论研究与分析, 提出该算法存在原理性限制, 并基于此对模式法层析技术产生误差的原因展开分析, 最后针对不同类型的模式层析重构误差给出数值仿真实验结果.分析表明, 模式层析重构中使用了Zernike分解基的一部分作为新的分解基进行波面拟合, 从而引入模式混淆和模式耦合两个方面的误差; 部分Zernike分解基不相关是避免模式混淆误差的必要条件, 模式耦合误差则无法避免. 最后结合仿真结果提出大视场探测、小区域重构的方法, 很好地抑制了模式耦合误差. 关键词： 三维波前探测 大气层析 模式法 误差分析     

像方扫描技术研究

基于显微摄影的成像原理,研究了像方扫描以扩大视场的途径,并建立了一个二次成像的设计模型,包括一个大视场的固定前置物镜组和一个运动轨迹为球面的中继透镜组。物镜组所成的一次像面优化了场曲,中继透镜组则根据该场曲进行运动,对一次像面不同区域成像,并采用光学被动消热差以保证不同温度的像质。该模型的相对孔径1∶3,波长3.7 m~4.8 m,焦距90 mm,瞬时凝视视场为4,扫描视场达24,采用7片透镜3个非球面,在全视场范围内具有接近衍射限的像质。     

Flexible reduced field of view magnetic resonance imaging based on single-shot spatiotemporally encoded technique

In many ultrafast imaging applications, the reduced field-of-view(r FOV) technique is often used to enhance the spatial resolution and field inhomogeneity immunity of the images. The stationary-phase characteristic of the spatiotemporallyencoded(SPEN) method offers an inherent applicability to r FOV imaging. In this study, a flexible r FOV imaging method is presented and the superiority of the SPEN approach in r FOV imaging is demonstrated. The proposed method is validated with phantom and in vivo rat experiments, including cardiac imaging and contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging. For comparison, the echo planar imaging(EPI) experiments with orthogonal RF excitation are also performed. The results show that the signal-to-noise ratios of the images acquired by the proposed method can be higher than those obtained with the r FOV EPI. Moreover, the proposed method shows better performance in the cardiac imaging and perfusion imaging of rat kidney, and it can scan one or more regions of interest(ROIs) with high spatial resolution in a single shot. It might be a favorable solution to ultrafast imaging applications in cases with severe susceptibility heterogeneities, such as cardiac imaging and perfusion imaging. Furthermore, it might be promising in applications with separate ROIs, such as mammary and limb imaging.     

Scan time reduction with an adaptive field of view

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there is always a drive toward reducing the acquisition time. In volume imaging, time is often spent in acquiring data where there exists no signal because the imaging volume is larger than the object. In this paper, a method is presented for scan time reduction using an adaptive field of view (FOV). Multislice images are acquired with the FOV in the phase encoding direction of each slice determined by measurements made on the initial localization survey scan. Depending on the region of interest, an optimized FOV is also determined so that scan time is reduced in comparison to a normal scan while improving image resolution. The method is simple to implement and requires no additional hardware. Typical reductions in scan time are on the order 9-14%.     

Modal liquid crystal wavefront correctors

The results of the development of modal liquid crystal wavefront correctors are reviewed. The modal principle of control is described. Characteristics and examples of application of electrically and optically controlled lenses and multichannel correctors with a tunable response function in different systems are reported.     

Wavefront formation using modal liquid-crystal correctors

Results of experiments on wavefront formation using multichannel modal correctors in an adaptive optical system with feedback are reported. Two types of correctors, one based on a glass substrate with a high-resistance layer deposited onto it and the other based on a high-permittivity ceramic substrate, are developed and investigated. The results show that it is expedient to use the correctors in applications that do not require a high speed of response.     

Anisotropic field-of-view shapes for improved PROPELLER imaging

The Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction (PROPELLER) method for magnetic resonance imaging data acquisition and reconstruction has the highly desirable property of being able to correct for motion during the scan, making it especially useful for imaging pediatric or uncooperative patients and diffusion imaging. This method nominally supports a circular field of view (FOV), but tailoring the FOV for noncircular shapes results in more efficient, shorter scans. This article presents new algorithms for tailoring PROPELLER acquisitions to the desired FOV shape and size that are flexible and precise. The FOV design also allows for rotational motion which provides better motion correction and reduced aliasing artifacts. Some possible FOV shapes demonstrated are ellipses, ovals and rectangles, and any convex, pi-symmetric shape can be designed. Standard PROPELLER reconstruction is used with minor modifications, and results with simulated motion presented confirm the effectiveness of the motion correction with these modified FOV shapes. These new acquisition design algorithms are simple and fast enough to be computed for each individual scan. Also presented are algorithms for further scan time reductions in PROPELLER echo-planar imaging (EPI) acquisitions by varying the sample spacing in two directions within each blade.     

宽视场高分辨率闭路监控系统监控镜头设计

为了满足新形势下闭路监控系统（CCTV）对拍摄视场和高清分辨率的要求,设计了一款复杂化的反摄远型全球面结构的CCTV镜头。该镜头的全视场为80,F#为3,焦距为5 mm,光谱范围为486 nm~656 nm。采用像元尺寸为7.5 m7.5 m,1.27 cm(1/2英寸)的CCD成像。该镜头在奈奎斯特频率67 lp/mm处,全视场MTF接近0.65;在1/2奈奎斯特频率处调制传递函数（MTF）大于0.85;在220 lp/mm处,全视场MTF大于0.3,已经接近衍射极限。镜头像面波前PV值为0.077 9,RMS为0.015 9,达到了瑞利判据的要求。设计评价结果表明,该镜头像差校正满足CCTV监控镜头的成像质量要求。     

500万像素手机镜头设计

 利用ZEMAX光学工程设计软件,设计了一款500万像素的手机镜头。该镜头由4片塑料非球面透镜和1片红外滤光片组成,其光圈值F为2.85,视场2ω为60°,采用Aptina公司的一款500万像素7.94mm(1/3.2)英寸CMOS作为该镜头的图像传感器,该图像传感器的像素颗粒大小为1.75μm,截止频率为285lp/mm,即为奈奎斯特频率。设计结果显示,该镜头在奈奎斯特频率处,0.7视场以内的MTF值大于0.3,在奈奎斯特频率1/2处视场的MTF值均大于0.5,波前均方差(RMS wavefront error)小于0.1,畸变小于1%。     

纯相位液晶空间光调制器拟合泽尼克像差性能分析

纯相位液晶空间光调制器作为波前校正器构成的高分辨率、低能耗、价格低廉、易于控制的自适应光学系统受到越来越多的关注.作为一种新型波前校正器件,它对波前像差的校正能力是反映其在自适应光学系统中应用的一个重要的指标,因此有必要仔细地研究它对各种像差的校正能力,以确定其可能的应用范围.波前校正器对各阶泽尼克像差的拟合效果有效地反映了该器件对不同像差的校正能力.利用256×256像素的纯相位液晶空间光调制器(LC-SLM)产生不同系数的前36项泽尼克像差分析LC-SLM对不同像差的校正能力.讨论了填充因子、离散像素 关键词： 液晶空间光调制器 相位调制 自适应光学 泽尼克多项式     

A design study of a triple field of view 8–12 μm waveband airborne FLIR

In this work, a design study of a three field-of-view (FOV) optical system for 8–12 μm imaging using a 288×4 focal plane array detector is presented. The detector pixel size is 25 μm×28 μm. The f/# of the detector is 1.76. In order to switch the FOVs, three different optical configurations are superimposed and all three configurations are optimized. The narrow and medium FOV switching is based on movement of the second negative lens of the afocal system, whereas the wide FOV is selected by inserting a mirror between the 4th and 5th lenses of the afocal system. By inserting a switching mirror, the objective part of the first configuration is blocked out; nevertheless the afocal of the wide FOV is activated. The imager part of the layout is common for all FOVs. Diffractive and aspheric surfaces are utilized to control chromatic and all other kinds of aberrations, reducing the total lens number. The final optical designs, together with their modulation transfer function (MTF) plots, are illustrated, exhibiting excellent performance in all three FOVs. More specifically, the paper emphasizes how the displacement of compensating lenses effect the MTF of the system and how automatic movements of the lenses are used to eliminate the defocusing problem under changing environmental conditions.     

Large aperture phase-coded diffractive lens for achromatic and 16° field-of-view imaging with high efficiency

Diffractive lenses (DLs) can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size. Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations, which significantly limits their practical applications. Although many achromatic methods have been proposed, most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs, which have low diffraction efficiencies. In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses, increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues. Here, a novel phase-coded diffractive lens (PCDL) for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally, and it also possesses wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging at the same time. The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens (DL) is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL. The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm, a focal length of 100 mm, and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π. Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16° with over 8% focusing efficiency, which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic, wide FOV, and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.     

Characteristics of geometric distortion correction with increasing field-of-view in open-configuration MRI

Open-configuration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems are becoming increasingly desirable for musculoskeletal imaging and image-guided radiotherapy because of their non-claustrophobic configuration. However, geometric image distortion in large fields-of-view (FOV) due to field inhomogeneity and gradient nonlinearity hinders the practical applications of open-type MRI. We demonstrated the use of geometric distortion correction for increasing FOV in open MRI. Geometric distortion was modeled and corrected as a global polynomial function. The appropriate polynomial order was identified as the minimum difference between the coordinates of control points in the distorted MR image space and those predicted by polynomial modeling. The sixth order polynomial function was found to give the optimal value for geometric distortion correction. The area of maximum distortion was < 1 pixel with an FOV of 285 mm. The correction performance error was increased at most 1.2% and 2.9% for FOVs of 340 mm and ~ 400 mm compared with the FOV of 285 mm. In particular, unresolved distortion was generated by local deformation near the gradient coil center.     

Limited field of view spin echo MR imaging

Several groups have reported using a method of limiting the field of view (FOV) where the slices excited by the 90 and 180 degree pulses are perpendicular. However, only one slice can be excited during each repetition time, so multislice imaging is not possible. We present a modification of this method that allows multislice imaging. The slices excited by the 90 degrees and 180 degrees pulses are at a small angle; the field of view is limited and multislice imaging is possible. The modifications also allow the center of the FOV to be offset to any position. We describe the conditions that yield optimal images for the given FOV, slice thickness, and interslice gap. Representative images demonstrating the features of the technique are presented. The technique can be used to reduce the number of phase-encoding steps resulting in reduced imaging time, or it can be used to increase the spatial resolution without increasing the imaging time.