基于极化旋转超表面的圆极化天线设计

本文通过设计出一种反射型极化旋转超表面,在8—12 GHz频域内实现高效的极化旋转,并将其加载于微带缝隙天线下方构成新型的极化旋转超表面天线,利用超表面的90°极化旋转效应,成功实现了天线的圆极化辐射调制.仿真与实验结果表明:圆极化天线的中心工作频率为GHz,阻抗带宽为8.3—10 GHz.当微带缝隙天线与极化旋转超表面的间距H=4.5mm时,天线在8.3—8.8 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射;当mm时,天线在8.8—9.3 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射;当=8mm时,天线在9.3—10 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射.实验结果与仿真结果相符,证明了此种设计方法的有效性,也为微带缝隙天线的圆极化设计提供了一种新的途径.     

Ultra-wideband reflective polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface

In this paper, we propose an ultra-wideband reflective linear cross-polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface. Its unit cell is composed of a square-shaped resonator with intersectant diagonal and metallic ground sheet separated by dielectric substrate. Simulated results show that the converter can generate resonances at four frequencies under normal incident electromagnetic(EM) wave, leading to the bandwidth expansion of cross-polarization reflection. For verification,the designed polarization converter is fabricated and measured. The measured and simulated results agree well with each other, showing that the fabricated converter can convert x- or y-polarized incident wave into its cross polarized wave in a frequency range from 7.57 GHz to 20.46 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 91.2%, and the polarization conversion efficiency is greater than 90%. The proposed polarization converter has a simple geometry but an ultra wideband compared with the published designs, and hence possesses potential applications in novel polarization-control devices.     

A broadband cross-polarization conversion anisotropic metasurface based on multiple plasmon resonances

A compact broadband cross-polarization conversion metasurface functioning in the microwave regime is realized and experimentally demonstrated. The metasurface consists of a two-dimensional periodic arrangement of anisotropic doubleslit split-ring-resonator-based unit cells printed on top of a dielectric substrate, backed by metallic cladding. The proposed metasurface converts an x- or y- polarized wave into its orthogonal polarization over a fractional bandwidth of 100% from 5-15 GHz, both for normal as well as oblique incidence. Moreover, the sub-wavelength unit-cell size, thin dielectric substrate,and unique unit-cell design collectively make the response of the metasurface same for both polarizations and insensitive to the incidence angle. The designed structure is fabricated and tested. The measurement and simulation results are found to be consistent with each other.     

基于十字变形结构的高效超宽带线性极化转换超表面

提出了一种基于十字变形结构超表面的极化转换器,在反射模式下获得了高效超宽带的交叉极化反射.在8.4到20.7GHz频段内交叉极化反射率大于-0.2dB,而共极化反射率小于-12dB,在谐振频率点处交叉极化反射率大于-0.03dB,而共极化反射率达到-60dB,即在谐振点处几乎可实现完全的交叉极化转换;相对带宽达84.5%,交叉极化的平均转换效率为96.7%;此外,利用电路板刻蚀制备了此极化转换器样品,实验测试其交叉极化反射率在工作频段内大于-1dB,而共极化反射率小于-10dB,实验结果与模拟结果吻合,验证了此超表面可以在超宽的频带内实现线极化电磁波的交叉极化转换.本文设计的超宽带极化转换超表面具有转换效率高和几何结构简单的优点,可被扩展到太赫兹甚至是可见光频段.     

一种宽角域散射增强超表面的研究

提出并验证了一种基于超表面相位梯度设计以实现宽角域后向雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)增强的设计思路.宽角域RCS增强超表面包含两个区域,分别设计大小相等方向相反的相位梯度,控制-45?和45?方向上的入射电磁波沿入射方向返回;电磁波垂直入射时,在一个区域内耦合为表面电磁波,传播至另一区域再次解耦为垂直反射的自由空间波,分别在-45?, 0?, 45?方向上形成散射峰,实现了在-45?—45?的宽角域范围内的RCS增强.仿真了宽角域RCS增强超表面在电磁波以不同角度入射时的电场分布和单站RCS,测试了加工样品在9—12 GHz频带内不同频点处的单站RCS,和仿真结果基本一致.结果表明:设计的宽角域RCS增强超表面在9—12 GHz的宽带频率范围内,在-45?—45?的宽角域范围内对于x和y极化入射波均有良好的RCS增强效果.     

Dual-broadband and near-perfect polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface

A novel dual-broadband and near-perfect reflective polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface is presented and analyzed in this paper. The unit cell of the proposed converter is composed of a double-cut slotted metallic split-ring and a metallic ground sheet separated by an F4B-2 substrate. Both numerical analysis and measured results demonstrate that the proposed converter has five plasmon resonance frequencies, and can near-completely convert the x- or y-polarized incident wave to its orthogonal counterpart in two frequency bands (9.5–12.9 GHz, 16.1–20.2 GHz). The corresponding polarization conversion ratio is more than 98.3% in the first frequency band and 99.7% in the second one. In addition, the bandwidths and central frequencies of the two frequency bands can be effectively tuned over a wide range by adjusting the geometrical dimensions of the metasurface, while the high conversion efficiency is preserved. The proposed polarization converter may have great potentials in electromagnetic polarization control applications.     

单层超薄高效圆极化超表面透镜

针对超表面在透镜方面的应用, 本文设计了一种交叉极化透射聚焦超表面, 实现了将圆极化波转化为交叉极化波的同时聚焦电磁波的功能. 设计了一款旋转型单元, 单元为一层且厚度仅为1.5 mm, 分析了旋转型单元提供不同相移的原理并设计了相邻单元相移差为60°的相位梯度超表面, 在中心频率f=15 GHz附近发生奇异折射, 折射角与理论计算结果一致, 验证了设计单元的有效性, 基于该单元设计了尺寸为90 m mm×90 mm、单元数为15×15 的透射型聚焦超表面, 在中心频率f=15 GHz附近, 左旋圆极化平面波照射时, 透射波聚焦于L=40 mm 的实焦点且透射波为照射波的交叉极化波. 该超表面透镜效率高、厚度薄且为单层, 易于加工, 相对于传统透镜, 优势明显, 在操控电磁波、改善透镜性能方面有潜在应用价值.     

宽频带雷达散射截面缩减相位梯度超表面的设计及实验验证

针对相位梯度超表面在隐身技术中的应用,提出通过表面波耦合和异常反射两种机制复合实现宽频带后向雷达散射截面(RCS)缩减,采用开口谐振环进行相位梯度设计,实现了一种二维极化无关相位梯度超表面,在10 GHz附近,超表面通过将垂直入射电磁波耦合为表面波实现RCS缩减,而在大于11 GHz的频率范围内,相位分布的不均匀性使垂直入射的电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射,降低后向RCS,制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品,测试了其反射率曲线和后向RCS,并与相同尺寸的金属板进行了对比,实验结果表明,在宽频段内(9.5—17.0 GHz),超表面在垂直入射情况下可将后向RCS缩减至少10 dB,由于厚度薄、重量轻、频带宽,RCS缩减超表面在隐身新材料和新技术方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface using Pancharatnam—Berry phase for radar cross-section reduction

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface is designed for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The design process is presented in detail, in which a polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is first proposed. The proposed PCM can realize ultra-wideband circular polarization (CP) maintaining reflection. Moreover, Pancharatnam—Berry (PB) phase will be generated in the co-polarized reflection coefficient by rotating the metallic patches in its unit cells. Thus, based on the PCM, the four coding elements of a 2-bit coding metasurface are constructed using PB phase, and an ultra-wideband PB 2-bit coding metasurface is proposed according to an appropriate coding sequence. The simulated and experimental results show that the coding metasurface has obvious advantages of wideband and polarization-insensitivity. Compared to a metallic plate of the same size, it can achieve more than 10 dB RCS reduction in the frequency band from 9.8 GHz to 42.6 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 125.2% under normal incidence with arbitrary polarizations.     

二维宽带相位梯度超表面设计及实验验证

针对圆极化波, 通过同极化反射超表面结构单元的空间排布, 设计实现了一种二维非色散高效相位梯度超表面. 同极化反射相位可以通过同极化反射超表面结构单元金属线的面内旋转来自由调控. 实现的相位梯度超表面可对左右旋入射波产生相反的相位梯度. 当线极化波入射到超表面上时, 反射波被分为两束向相反方向传播的圆极化波. 仿真了线极化波垂直入射时的反射功率密度谱, 仿真结果与理论上设计的异常反射方向一致. 制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品, 测试了其镜面反射率曲线. 实验结果表明, 线极化波垂直入射时, 超表面在9.5-19.0 GHz的镜面反射率降至-5 dB以下.     

An ultra-wideband coding polarizer for beam control and RCS reduction

Pancharatnam−Berry (PB) phase metasurface, as a special class of gradient metasurfaces, has been paid much attention owing to the robust performance for phase control of circularly polarized waves. Herein, we present an element-based polarizer for the first step, which enables the incident electromagnetic waves into the cross-polarized waves with the relative bandwidth of 71%, and the polarization conversion ratio exceeds 90% at 6.9−14.5 GHz. Then an eight-elements coding polarizer based on the PB phase is presented for the applications on beam control and radar cross section reduction. The simulated values indicate that the reduction of radar cross section is more than 10 dB at 6−16 GHz. Our work reveals the availability of manipulating the waves, beamforming in communication systems and electromagnetic stealth, and so on.     

Transmissive 2-bit anisotropic coding metasurface

Coding metasurfaces have attracted tremendous interests due to unique capabilities of manipulating electromagnetic wave. However, archiving transmissive coding metasurface is still challenging. Here we propose a transmissive anisotropic coding metasurface that enables the independent control of two orthogonal polarizations. The polarization beam splitter and the orbital angular momentum (OAM) generator have been studied as typical applications of the anisotropic 2-bit coding metasurface. The simulated far field patterns illustrate that the x and y polarized electromagnetic waves are deflected into two different directions, respectively. The anisotropic coding metasurface has been experimentally verified to realize an OAM beam with l = 2 of right-handed polarized wave, resulting from both contributions from linear-to-circular polarization conversion and the phase profile modulation. This work is beneficial to enrich the polarization manipulation field and develop transmissive coding metasurfaces.     

Ultra-wideband circular-polarization converter with micro-split Jerusalem-cross metasurfaces

An ultrathin micro-split Jerusalem-cross metasurface is proposed in this paper, which can efficiently convert the linear polarization of electromagnetic(EM) wave into the circular polarization in ultra-wideband. By symmetrically employing two micro-splits on the horizontal arm(in the x direction) of the Jerusalem-cross structure, the bandwidth of the proposed device is significantly extended. Both simulated and experimental results show that the proposed metasurface is able to convert linearly polarized waves into circularly polarized waves in a frequency range from 12.4 GHz to 21 GHz, with an axis ratio better than 1 d B. The simulated results also show that such a broadband and high-performance are maintained over a wide range of incident angle. The presented polarization converter can be used in a number of areas, such as spectroscopy and wireless communications.     

基于单层反射超表面的宽带圆极化高增益天线设计

基于Pancharatnam-Berry相位原理, 设计了一种宽带圆极化反射聚焦超表面并将其应用到提高天线增益中. 首先提出了一种变形十字超表面单元, 在11-16 GHz频带范围内能够实现高效同极化转换, 并基于该单元构建了宽带反射聚焦超表面. 仿真结果表明, 垂直入射的右旋圆极化平面波宽带聚焦效果明显. 然后利用单向阿基米德螺旋天线对超表面进行照射, 其辐射的球面波经超表面反射后得到了近平面波, 有效地提高了天线的增益. 最终对所设计的天线系统进行加工并测试, 结果表明系统的-1 dB增益带宽达到25% (12.5-16 GHz), 在该频带范围内峰值增益均高于19 dBc且轴比小于3 dB. 此外, 在12-15.5 GHz范围内天线口径效率均超过50%.     

超薄宽带平面聚焦超表面及其在高增益天线中的应用

针对相位梯度超表面在灵活操控电磁波与提高天线增益中的潜在应用,提出一种新型的宽带超表面单元,实现了在较宽频带范围内操控电磁波波前与提高天线增益.本文首先设计了一种圆环十字形对称单元来控制反射波的相移量,单元厚度为1 mm,尺寸为0.3λ_0(λ_0=20 mm),工作频段15—18 GHz,而后验证了由该单元组成的相位梯度超表面在15—18 GHz范围内对电磁波的奇异反射与聚焦特性.最后将设计的反射聚焦超表面应用于提高天线增益中,仿真与测试结果均表明,天线最高增益在15—18 GHz内平均增加了11 d B且-1 dB增益带宽为15—18 GHz(相对带宽为18.2%).由于厚度薄、重量轻、频带宽,设计的该单元拓展了相位梯度超表面在微波领域的应用,有望为高增益天线的实现提供新的方法.     

基于交叉极化旋转相位梯度超表面的宽带异常反射

设计实现了一种基于双圆弧形金属结构的宽带反射型极化旋转超表面, 在7.9–20.1 GHz的宽频带范围内交叉极化转换率达到99%, 通过改变其结构参数可实现在保持高效的交叉极化转换率的条件下对交叉极化反射相位的自由调控. 基于六种不同结构参数极化旋转超表面结构单元的空间排布设计实现了一维宽带相位梯度超表面, 在宽频带内, 实现了异常反射. 测试了其镜面交叉极化反射率, 与仿真结果基本一致. 仿真计算了x-极化波入射时的电磁场分布和异常反射角度, 与理论计算结果基本一致. 仿真与测试结果均表明这种相位梯度超表面在8.9–10 GHz 和10.0–18.1 GHz的两个宽带频率范围内可分别实现高效的表面波耦合和异常反射.     

基于开口椭圆环的高效超宽带极化旋转超表面

电磁波的极化态在信号传输和灵敏度测量中有非常重要的应用价值. 本文设计、仿真并实验验证了微波频段基于开口椭圆环谐振器的极化旋转超表面. 理论上, 将多阶表面等离子谐振和高阻抗表面相结合, 解释了多谐振点、高效率极化旋转的物理机理. 数值上, 通过对结构参数的仿真分析, 给出了运用开口椭圆环结构设计多频段、超宽带高效极化旋转超表面的方法. 所设计和制作的超表面能够在相对带宽104.5%的频率范围内实现大于85%的极化旋转效率. 这些工作将为极化操控超表面的设计和应用提供重要帮助.     

Broadband cross-circular polarization carpet cloaking based on a phase change material metasurface in the mid-infrared region

In view of the fact that most invisibility devices focus on linear polarization cloaking and that the characteristics of mid-infrared cloaking are rarely studied, we propose a cross-circularly polarized invisibility carpet cloaking device in the mid-infrared band. Based on the Pancharatnam–Berry phase principle, the unit cells with the cross-circular polarization gradient phase were carefully designed and constructed into a metasurface. In order to achieve tunable cross-circular polarization carpet cloaks, a phase change material is introduced into the design of the unit structure. When the phase change material is in amorphous and crystalline states, the proposed metasurface unit cells can achieve high-efficiency cross-polarization conversion, and reflection intensity can be tuned. According to the phase compensation principle of carpet cloaking, we construct a metasurface cloaking device with a phase gradient using the designed unit structure. From the near- and far-field distributions, the cross-circular polarization cloaking property is confirmed in the broadband wavelength range of 9.3–11.4 µm. The proposed cloaking device can effectively resist detection of cross-circular polarization.     

High gain and circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide cavity antenna array based on metasurface

Two substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity antenna arrays based on metasurface are proposed in this paper. By rotating the metasurface element, circularly polarized and high gain antennas are achieved respectively. Firstly, multi-mode resonance theory is employed to broaden the bandwidth of the slot antenna. And then, an SIW cavity composed of 4×4 cornercut elements is added on the top of the slot antenna to achieve the circular polarization and improve the front-to-back ratio. Thirdly, the metasurface elements are sequentially rotated and a high gain antenna with 2-dBi enhancement on average in the operation band is obtained. Based on the two antenna units, two 2×2 antenna arrays are designed. The circularly polarized and high gain antenna arrays are both fabricated to verify the correctness. Furthermore, the novel wideband phase shifter is employed in the circularly polarized antenna to obtain an operating bandwidth of 38% (4.05 GHz-5.95 GHz) and AR bandwidth of 24.9% (4.4 GHz-5.65 GHz). The bandwidth of the high gain antenna can reach 42.7% (3.95 GHz-6.1 GHz) and with the gain enhancement of 2 dBi compared with that of the circularly polarized antenna. The gain remains steady in most of operating band within a variation of 1 dBi. It is remarkable that the rotating of the metasurface element has a great influence on the antenna performance, which provides a new explication for the multi-function antenna design.     

基于复合超构表面的宽带圆极化双功能器件设计

多功能器件的设计是推动新一代电磁系统发展的重要力量,而超构表面因其对电磁波的幅度、相位和极化等特性的灵活调控在多功能器件领域备受关注.传统的多功能超构表面是利用各向异性单元对相互正交的线极化波具有不同响应的特性,从而设计出适用于线极化的多功能器件.本文提出了一种缝隙加载的环I形复合超构表面单元,通过单元臂长和旋转角度的调整实现了对圆极化电磁波传输和几何相位的独立控制.利用上述两种相位的共同作用,打破了左旋和右旋圆极化电磁波操控中存在的固有关系,为圆极化双功能器件的设计提供了新的思路.在此基础上,利用复合超构表面分别设计了异面偏折器和定向/涡旋光束产生器,实验结果表明,本文设计的两种反射型圆极化双功能器件在9—13 GHz的宽频带范围内均能良好工作.