A new model for the formation of contact angle and contact angle hysteresis

The formation mechanism of the contact angle and the sliding angle for a liquid drop on a solid surface plays an important role in producing hydrophobic surfaces. A new half soakage model is established in this paper as a substitute for Wenzel (complete soakage) and Cassie (no soakage) models. The model is suited to many solid surfaces, whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic, or even superhydrophobic. Based on the half soakage model, we analyse two surfaces resembling lotus, i.e. taper-like surface and corona-like surface. Furthermore, this new model is used to establish a quantitative relationship between the sliding angle and the parameters of surface morphology.     

微管道内两相流数值算法及在电浸润液滴控制中的应用

叙述了一种模拟电介质电润湿(electrowetting on dielectric，EWOD)下的微液滴的运动的数值方法. 采用二阶投影法求解N-S方程和level set 函数，并利用零level set函数俘获液滴运动界面，在液体与固体接触的边界上，通过引入动态接触角表征电介质表面润湿性随电势的改变. 数值计算基于MAC网格，模拟了2维微管道内与固体壁面接触的变润湿性的两种液体的分界面形状、平板上的微液滴在不同电势作用下处于不同湿润性的形态，以及微管道内改变接触角液滴的运动变形过程等算例. 关键词： 电浸润 接触角 level set函数 投影法     

论小接触角下实现滴状冷凝的可能性

通过分析液滴在临界态及后续冷凝过程中化学势的变化，解释了冷凝器混合冷凝的形成机理 ，并证明了如果降低壁面过冷度以及采用适当措施降低壁面液滴的脱落半径的话，实现稳定 的小接触角的滴状冷凝是可能的. 关键词： 混合冷凝 接触角 化学势     

气体栓塞现象中的接触角迟滞效应

以接触角迟滞观点分析了气体栓塞的发生过程及形成条件,并提出几个今后有待进一步研究的问题。     

The constancy of the contact angle in viscous liquid motions with pinned contact lines

Consider motion initiated in a viscous liquid in a smooth walled container. The liquid is initially at rest under uniform pressure from an inert gas of negligible inertia. We show that if the contact line is pinned and the interface is single valued, the contact angle has to remain constant throughout the motion. This is true even for motions of finite amplitude. Some implications of the result are discussed.     

Exposure and temperature dependences of contact angle of liquid crystals on photoaligning surface

We report on first studies of wetting of liquid crystal on photoaligning surface. We observed strong light-induced variations of a contact angle of a liquid LC 5CB on a photoaligning surface of fluoro-polyvinyl-cinnamate (PVCN-F) and we connected these variations with changes of PVCN-F polarity. We also present drastic changes of the contact angle of a nematic liquid crystal (MLC-6080) on the PVCN-F surface in a vicinity of temperature anchoring transition of liquid crystal from homeotropic orientation to planar one. We did not find any peculiarities in temperature dependence of the contact angle of isotropic liquid (glycerol) on PVCN-F and of nematic liquid crystal on pure glass in the same temperature range. It allows us to suggest that rearrangement of LC molecules and flexible fragments in the LC-polymer interface are responsible for the change of surface tensions both of LC and polymer and the observed jump of the contact angle.     

平衡接触角对受热液滴在水平壁面上铺展特性的影响

壁面温度是影响壁面润湿性的重要外部条件. 为解决液滴铺展中三相接触线处应力集中问题, 已有研究多采用预置液膜假设, 但无法探究壁面温度对润湿性的影响. 本文针对受热液滴在固体壁面上的铺展过程, 基于润滑理论建立了演化模型, 通过数值模拟, 从平衡接触角角度分析了温度影响壁面润湿性及铺展过程的内部机理. 研究表明: 随温度梯度增大, 液滴所受Marangoni效应增强, 致使液滴向低温区的铺展速率加快; 铺展过程中, 位于高温区的接触线与液滴主体部分间形成一层薄液膜, 重力与热毛细力先后主导该区域的铺展; 当液-固或气-液界面张力对温度的敏感度高于另两个界面时, 低温区方向的平衡接触角不断增大, 使壁面润湿性恶化, 导致液滴铺展减慢; 而当气-固界面张力对温度的敏感度高于其他两个界面时, 低温区方向上的平衡接触角将减小, 由此改善壁面润湿性, 加快液滴铺展; 在温度影响壁面润湿性和液滴铺展过程中, 平衡接触角起关键作用.     

A mesh-dependent model for applying dynamic contact angles to VOF simulations

Typical VOF algorithms rely on an implicit slip that scales with mesh refinement, to allow contact lines to move along no-slip boundaries. As a result, solutions of contact line phenomena vary continuously with mesh spacing; this paper presents examples of that variation. A mesh-dependent dynamic contact angle model is then presented, that is based on fundamental hydrodynamics and serves as a more appropriate boundary condition at a moving contact line. This new boundary condition eliminates the stress singularity at the contact line; the resulting problem is thus well-posed and yields solutions that converge with mesh refinement. Numerical results are presented of a solid plate withdrawing from a fluid pool, and of spontaneous droplet spread at small capillary and Reynolds numbers.     

冷凝器滴状冷凝的动态描述及接触角的选择

从化学势变化的角度对液滴的冷凝过程进行了动态描述;给出了实现持续的Brown凝并的条件;结合冷凝器壁面液滴的脱落半径与接触角的关系,求出了滴状冷凝时液滴接触角的最优选择范围. 关键词： 化学势 临界体积 Brown凝并 接触角脱落半径     

基于分水岭算法的电润湿特性研究

采用一种改进的分水岭变换算法研究导电液滴在微流控芯片表面介质上电润湿效应,获得了一个单像素宽度、连续的液滴边缘轮廓,得到了导电液滴在芯片表面的接触角随外加电势的变化规律,进而计算了导电液体的表面张力。相关结论为新型微流控光学变焦透镜阵列器件的设计和研制提供了依据。     

接触角与液固界面热阻关系的分子动力学模拟

本文利用分子动力学方法模拟了液体在固体表面的 接触角及液固界面热阻, 并探讨了二者之间的关系. 通过分别改变液固结合强度和固体的原子性质来分析接触角和界面热阻的关系及变化趋势. 模拟结果显示增强液固间相互作用时, 接触角减小的同时界面热阻也随之单调减小; 而改变固体原子间结合强度和原子质量时, 接触角几乎保持不变, 但界面热阻显著改变. 固体原子间结合强度和原子质量影响界面热阻的原因是其改变了固体的振动频率分布, 导致液固原子间的振动耦合程度发生变化. 本文的结果表明界面热阻不仅与由接触角所表征的液固结合强度有关, 还与液固原子间的振动耦合程度有关. 接触角与界面热阻间不存在单值的对应关系, 不能单一地将接触角作为液固界面热阻的评价标准. 关键词： 液固界面 接触角 界面热阻 分子动力学模拟     

Evaluation of a bioluminescence method, contact angle measurements and topography for testing the cleanability of plastic surfaces under laboratory conditions

Detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by bioluminescence is used, for instance, in the food industry and in hospitals to assess the hygiene status of surfaces. The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate the feasibility of the ATP method for estimating the cleanability of resilient floor coverings from biological soil. The surfaces were worn using a Soiling and Wearing Drum Tester, and soiled and cleaned with an Erichsen Washability and Scrubbing Resistance Tester. In the laboratory test carried out with the bioluminescence method, most of the new and worn floor coverings that were biologically soiled were cleaned efficiently. According to this study, the semiquantitative ATP screening method can be used for hygiene monitoring of flooring materials. No correlation was found between cleanability and contact angles or surface topography measured using a profilometer. However, by revealing local irregularities and damage on surfaces, scanning electron micrographs appeared useful in explaining differences in cleanability.     

基于介质上电润湿的微流体变焦透镜的研究进展

近年来,微流体变焦透镜的研究已展示出其在光学系统中的应用前景,其中基于介质上电润湿(Electrowet-ting on dielectric,EWOD)的微流体变焦透镜只需改变外加电压便能快速调节透镜焦距,并且具有尺寸小、结构灵活、功耗低、焦距调节范围广等许多突出优点而日益受到注目。在介绍EWOD机理的基础上,综述了目前基于EWOD的微流体变焦透镜的研究进展。     

Visual angle model for car-following theory

The vast majority of car-following models are lack of the consideration of human drivers’ characteristics. Based on the fact that each driver of a following vehicle perceives closing-in or shying-away a leading vehicle in front of him/her, primarily due to changes in the apparent size of the leading vehicle, we improved the full velocity difference (FVD) model and presented a visual angle car-following model. This model is in view of the stimulus-response framework and uses the visual angle and the change rate of the visual angle as stimulus. Results from linear analysis showed that the neutral stability line is asymmetry and the width of the leading vehicle has a great impact on the stability of traffic flow. Numerical simulations obtained the same results as theoretical analysis clearly such as density wave, shrinking hysteresis, asymmetry and wide scattering. Thus, the introducing of the visual angle can explain some complex nature of traffic flow and contribute to the design of more realistic car-following models.     

Limiting phenomena for the spreading of water on polymer films by electrowetting

This paper is about fundamental limitations in electrowetting, used as a tool for spreading water solutions on hydrophobic surfaces, like the surface of a polymer film. Up to which point can an electric voltage decrease the contact angle? The first limitation comes when using pure water, above a threshold voltage, little droplets are emitted at the perimeter of the mother drop. We present an analysis of the drop contour line stability, involving competition between electrostatic and capillary forces, which is compatible with observations. The use of salted water solutions suppresses this instability, then one faces a second limitation: the evolution of the contact angle saturates before complete wetting. We show that this saturation is caused by ionisation of the air in the vicinity of the drop edge. We analyse the luminescence induced by gas ionization and measure the related electrical discharges. We explain how air ionization suppresses the driving force for electrowetting and how it induces the formation of an hydrophillic ring around the drop.     

Threshold and saturation properties of the field-induced twist cell with two parameters weak anchoring boundaries

On the basis of two-parameter formula of weak surface coupling anchoring energy of nematic liquid crystals proposed by Zhao et al recently, the general torque equilibrium equation and boundary conditions of the director have been obtained and the threshold field as well as the saturation field of the field-induced twist cell have been analysed for three kinds of configurations, i.e. homogeneous, splay and Pi cells formed by different rubbing conditions and pretilt angles. The results indicated that the polar anchoring has no effect on the threshold field. It is determined only by the twist anchoring and pretilt angle. But, the polar anchoring and twist anchoring are coupling with each other and have a great influence on the saturation field. The formulae for calculating the threshold field and saturation field are given. These results will be very useful in understanding surface physics and the design of liquid crystal cells.     

Studies on electrowetting of room temperature ionic liquids

This paper reports experimental investigations on the electrowetting behavior of ionic liquids in comparison with aqueous electrolytes, which is one of the important research topics in optofluidics. The effect of applied voltage on the contact angle is reported in detail. In addition, the liquid–solid material interfacial tension and the thickness of insulating layer are estimated under certain conditions. Related conclusions are valuable in the field of future electrowetting applications.     

A device model for thin silicon-on-insulator SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors with saturation effects

In this paper, we describe the saturation effect of a silicon germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) fabricated on a thin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) with a step-by-step derivation of the model formulation. The collector injection width, the internal base—collector bias, and the hole density at the base—collector junction interface are analysed by considering the unique features of the internal and the external parts of the collector, as they are different from those of a bulk counterpart.     

接触电阻对碳纳米管场发射的影响

基于改进的悬浮球模型,计算了碳纳米管和衬底间的接触电阻存在时碳纳米管顶端的局域电场, 并结合Fowler-Nordheim (F-N)场发射规律研究了接触电阻对碳纳米管场发射的影响.研究表明,接触电阻的存在,在高电场区域接触电阻抑制了碳纳米管的电子场发射,导致在高电场区域出现电流饱和及FN直线偏折现象.其原因可归结为接触电阻使得在碳纳米管顶端的局域电场相对于没有接触电阻时相对地减少. 关键词： 碳纳米管 场发射 接触电阻 电流饱和