空气中声源激发水下声场的水平纵向相关性

声场的空间相关特性是声场的重要特征,对水下探测、水声通讯等各种设备在实际海洋环境中应用的参数选择具有重要意义,是水声工程技术研究的重要基础之一。相比于水中声源激发声场的相关特性研究,空气中声源的相关研究很少。本文推导了空气中声源激发水下声场的水平纵向相关的简正波表达式,并通过数值仿真分析,比较了声源分别位于空气中和水中时水下声场的水平纵向相关特性。对南海海域进行的一次悬挂汽笛空气声源、海底水平阵接收信号海上实验获得的数据进行分析,结果表明:空气中声源位于不同距离时,其发射的声信号激发水下声场的水平纵向相关均存在明显的起伏结构,基于本文提出的空气中声源激发水下声场的水平纵向相关系数的简正波表达式能够较好地解释该现象.      

空气中声源的水下匹配场定位

通过水下布放的垂直线列阵采集空中声源在水下激发的测量声场,采用声场波数积分模型(OASES模型)对空中声源激发的水下声场建模,计算出拷贝声场,将二者进行匹配处理从而对空中声源目标定位。首先通过数值仿真验证了匹配场处理技术对空中声源的测距能力,并通过引入宽带匹配场处理器平滑掉距离上的周期性旁瓣。最后分析南海某海域的空气声试验数据,采用常规匹配场方法对700 m以内的32组空中声源目标进行定位,测距结果与GPS计算的收发间实际距离相比,大多数情况下是一致的,在较远距离由于信噪比降低,测量结果容易出现偏差。      

Intensity and space-time characteristics of the sound field in the underwater sound channel of the Black Sea

Experimental data are presented on the intensity and space-time characteristics of the sound field generated by explosions in underwater and surface sound channels of the Black Sea. The fine field structure is studied as a function of distance and positions of the source and the receiver. The discreteness of the field structure governed by the deterministic nature of the waveguide is revealed, and the destruction of this structure under the effect of the instability of the waveguide parameters is demonstrated. The effect of the rough sea surface on the sound field in the surface channel is studied, and the diffraction-caused propagation loss is estimated. The mechanism of the forerunner formation is considered. The experimentally observed sound field features are compared with the calculations. A possibility for solving the inverse problem is indicated, and the main parameters that are used in the ray method of determining the source coordinates in the underwater channel (i.e., the method earlier proposed by the author on the basis of the intrinsic structure of the sound field) are pointed out.     

水下水平阵对空中运动声源的线谱探测

由于空气、海水介质声阻抗差异巨大,空中声源辐射的噪声透射入水的能量损失很大,加之水中声源目标的干扰,从水下探测空中声源相对困难。海试数据分析表明,空中高速运动声源噪声透射入水后信号较弱,在频繁存在干扰的水下声场环境中,常规宽带波束形成方法难以生效.针对空中声源普遍存在线谱的特点,首先利用线谱识别、提取与跟踪以及线谱加密技术对水下水平阵接收信号进行线谱分析,再通过剔除强干扰目标的线谱,成功分离出包含空中声源的线谱信号,实现对空中运动声源的探测,最远距离达16.8 km。通过理论和实验数据分析,验证了探测结果的正确性.      

In search of a noncontact underwater acoustic source

The history of studies of the photoacoustic effect in liquids and its applications to the development of a “virtual” source of underwater acoustic signals is briefly reviewed. The problem of the efficiency of the photoacoustic conversion is considered. The modes of laser generation of sound, i.e., the thermooptical, nonlinear surface, and nonlinear bulk modes of operation, are discussed taking into account the real features of the marine environment, the most important of them being the surface waves. A review of the publications concerned with the problem of a moving photoacoustic source is presented. Advances in the photoacoustic underwater remote sensing technology are described.     

水下对空中声源的运动参数估计

为了解决传统的交互式多模型目标跟踪算法中马尔可夫概率转移矩阵固定不变,造成的模型切换缓慢、跟踪精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于后验信息修正的时变转移概率自适应交互式多模型跟踪算法。算法定义了一种新的修正因子,利用后验信息对概率转移矩阵进行实时修正,提高匹配模型的概率,减小非匹配模型的影响,使得系统模型能够及时、准确地切换到匹配模型。蒙特卡洛仿真实验表明,该自适应交互式多模型算法能够应用于水下目标跟踪中,相比传统交互式多模型算法,模型匹配度更高,滤波效果也更好。     

基于联合波叠加法的浅海信道下圆柱壳声辐射研究

针对浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射预报尚无高效可靠的研究方法,提出了一种浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射快速预报的联合波叠加法.该方法结合了浅海信道传输函数、多物理场耦合数值计算法和波叠加法理论,运用该方法可对浅海信道下弹性结构辐射声场进行快速预报.经数值法和解析解法验证后,从信道下辐射源、环境影响和辐射声场测量的角度研究分析了浅海信道下弹性圆柱壳的声辐射特性,阐释了进行浅海信道下结构声辐射研究的必要性.研究结果表明,仅在低频浅海信道下弹性结构可近似等效为点源,信道上下边界对声场产生显著的耦合影响,高频段的空间声场指向性分布尤为明显,垂直线列阵进行信道下结构辐射声功率测量时,测量结果受到信道环境边界和潜深的影响较大.     

Analysis of acoustic communication by ants

An analysis is presented of acoustic communication by ants, based on near-field theory and on data obtained from the black imported fire ant Solenopsis richteri and other sources. Generally ant stridulatory sounds are barely audible, but they occur continuously in ant colonies. Because ants appear unresponsive to airborne sound, myrmecologists have concluded that stridulatory signals are transmitted through the substrate. However, transmission through the substrate is unlikely, for reasons given in the paper. Apparently ants communicate mainly through the air, and the acoustic receptors are hairlike sensilla on the antennae that respond to particle sound velocity. This may seem inconsistent with the fact that ants are unresponsive to airborne sound (on a scale of meters), but the inconsistency can be resolved if acoustic communication occurs within the near field, on a scale of about 100 mm. In the near field, the particle sound velocity is significantly enhanced and has a steep gradient. These features can be used to exclude extraneous sound, and to determine the direction and distance of a near-field source. Additionally, we observed that the tracheal air sacs of S. richteri can expand within the gaster, possibly amplifying the radiation of stridulatory sound.     

内部体积源作用下的圆柱壳内外声场特性

圆柱壳内各型体积源辐射噪声特性研究是声场建模和声场预报的前提.为了研究具有指向性的大尺度体积源特性对水下航行器结构内外声场的影响,本文结合薄壳理论、等效源和柱腔Green函数构造了体积源激励下的壳体振动耦合方程,研究了体积源表面声散射作用和指向性强弱对圆柱壳内外声场的影响.数值计算结果表明,体积源构造的准确性与其等效源位置有关,等效源配置在体积源几何中心与其结构表面之间0.4—0.6时,可以提高声场计算结果的准确性;大尺度体积源表面的声散射作用会导致壳体内部声场结构发生改变,内声场声腔共振峰发生偏移,并且在部分频段引起较强的声透射现象;此外,体积源指向性变化对壳体内外声场强弱影响较小,其显著作用表现在改变了外辐射声场的远场指向性.该研究结果对噪声预报和控制有一定的参考价值.     

基于波导不变量的空中和水下声源分辨方法

波导不变量反映了水下声场多途传播的干涉结构特征。将波导不变量的提取分析应用于空气中声源产生的水下声场,通过数值仿真分析了波导不变量分布随深度的变化,提出了利用小深度接收声场提取的波导不变量分布来分辨空中和水下声源的方法。分析了空气中声速和风速剖面对该方法的影响,指出在实际海上环境条件下,当出现逆温现象或者当接收器在声源下风方向时,该方法是有效的。      

由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场

采用一级小斜率近似方法处理空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场问题,导出了透射场及其相干分量的表达式。假定海面高度一维变化且频谱满足PM谱,采用小斜率近似方法计算了相应的透射场。对于空气中的线源,小斜率近似与积分方程方法结果一致。当水下测量点距离较远且深度较浅时,平均声强随海面均方根高度增加而增加至一极限值,相干声强则随海面均方根高度增加而一致减小。对于空气中的点源,小斜率近似计算表明,水下平均声强还依赖于测量点相对于声源的方位,而相干声强则与测量点的方位无关。      

由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场（英文）

The first-order small slope approximation is applied to the problem of the sound transmission from an airborne source into deep ocean through a rough sea surface,and expressions are derived for the transmitted sound field and its coherent component.Numerical calculations are performed.The sea surface is assumed to be random rough with a PiersonMoskowitz spectrum and to have height variations in only one dimension.For the case of the airborne line source,the small slope approximation results are in good agreement with those from integral equations,and show that the mean of sound intensity at observation direction with shallow depression angle increases and approaches a limit as the root-mean-square surface height increases,while the coherent field intensity consistently decreases.For the case of the point source,the small slope approximation results show that the mean of sound intensity depends significantly on the source-receiver bearing angle,but the coherent field intensity is independent of this angle.     

利用宽带声场频率—掠射角干涉结构的深海直达声区目标深度估计方法

针对典型深海环境中宽带声源的深度分辨问题,通过研究深海声场随频率起伏的干涉结构与垂直线阵频域波束输出图中的干涉结构,给出一种直达声区内可区分多水下目标的宽带声源深度估计方法.该方法以近水面目标的射线声场模型为基础,推导出近海面宽带声源接收声场的波束输出表达式,阐明了频域波束输出图中干涉结构与声源深度的对应关系.然后利用...     

Radiation from finite cylindrical shell with irregular-shaped acoustic enclosure

In practical situations, large machinery is usually placed in an underwater vessel and changes the acoustic enclosure shape into an irregular one. The existence of machinery causes the difficulties in expressing sound transmission and radiation analytically. In this study, the sound radiation of a cylindrical shell excited by an internal acoustic source is modeled and analyzed. The cylindrical shell contains a machine modeled as a rectangular object, which is attached to a shell with a spring-mass system. The acoustic field of the cavity is computed by the integro-modal approach. The effect of object size on the coupling between acoustic mode and structural mode is investigated. The relationship between object volume and sound radiation is also studied. Numerical results show that the existence of objects inside vessels leads to a more effective coupling between the structure and acoustic enclosure than the existence of no objects in a regular-shaped cavity(i.e. empty vessel).     

浅海周期起伏海底环境下的声传播

海底粗糙对水下声传播及水声探测等应用具有重要影响.利用黄海夏季典型海洋环境,分析了同时存在海底周期起伏和强温跃层条件下的声传播特性,结果表明:由于海底周期起伏的存在,对于低频(<1 kHz)、近程(10 km)的声信号,传播损失可增大5—30 dB.总结了声传播损失及脉冲到达结构随声源深度、海底起伏周期及起伏高度等因素变化的规律.当海底起伏周期不变时,起伏高度越大引起的异常声传播的影响随之变大;当起伏高度不变时,随着起伏周期变大,其对声传播的影响逐渐变小.用射线理论分析了其影响机理,由于海底周期起伏改变了声波与海底的入射和反射角度,使得原本小掠射角入射到海底的声线变为大掠射角,导致海底的反射损失增大;另一方面,声线反射角度的改变会使得原本可以到达接收点的声能量,由于与海底作用次数增加或变为反向传播而大幅度衰减.在浅海负跃层环境下,声源位于跃层上比位于跃层下对声传播影响更大.周期起伏海底对脉冲声传播的影响表现在引起不同角度的声线(或简正波号数)之间的能量发生转化,一些大角度声线能量衰减加大,多途结构变少.多途结构到达时间及相对幅度的变化进而影响声场的频谱,会使得基于匹配场定位的方法性能受到影响.所以,声呐在实际浅海环境中应用时,应对起伏海底的影响予以重视.此外,研究结果对海底地形测绘空间精度的提高也具有重要参考意义.     

深海大深度声传播特性及直达声区水下声源距离估计

深海大深度声传播特性对在深海近海底进行水声目标探测和定位具有重要意义。利用一次南海中南部深海不完全声道中的脉冲声传播实验数据,分析了海底附近大深度声传播损失及脉冲多途传播特性,并根据直达波和海底-海面反射波的时延差与收发距离的关系,提出一种利用深海直达声区脉冲多途到达时间进行水下声源距离估计的方法。结果表明:当接收器深度位于南海深海海底附近而声源深度较浅时,直达声区水平宽度可达30 km,传播损失相对影区来说较小,有利于水下声源探测;直达声区的直达波与海底-海面反射波的到达时延差随着收发距离的增大单调减小,可被用于水下声源距离估计。得到水下声源的距离估计结果与实验GPS测量结果较为一致,距离估计均方误差为0.28 km。      

The influence of finite cavities on the sound insulation of double-plate structures

Lightweight walls are often designed as frameworks of studs with plates on each side--a double-plate structure. The studs constitute boundaries for the cavities, thereby both affecting the sound transmission directly by short-circuiting the plates, and indirectly by disturbing the sound field between the plates. The paper presents a deterministic prediction model for airborne sound insulation including both effects of the studs. A spatial transform technique is used, taking advantage of the periodicity. The acoustic field inside the cavities is expanded by means of cosine-series. The transmission coefficient (angle-dependent and diffuse) and transmission loss are studied. Numerical examples are presented and comparisons with measurement are performed. The result indicates that a reasonably good agreement between theory and measurement can be achieved.     

Ray escape from a range-dependent underwater sound channel

The problem of sound propagation in a spatially inhomogeneous underwater sound channel is considered. The effect of ray escape, i.e., the ray incidence on the absorbing bottom due to the chaotic swing of rays, is studied. With the use of the Poincaré map and maps of escape, the relation of ray escape to the properties of the phase space of the set of ray equations is demonstrated. It is found that the maximum escape occurs under the vertical resonance conditions, i.e., at the resonance of the ray oscillations in the waveguide with the vertical oscillations of the sound velocity perturbation. A qualitative theory of the vertical resonance is developed. It is shown that the ray escape considerably shortens the time spreading of the signal.     

可变参数水声发射系统

本文给出了一种完整的供水声通信、数传、遥测、遥控以及水声传播研究用的水声发射系统，包括可编程信号源，高效功率放大器和宽带高效发射换能器等部分，具有良好的功能和实用价值。