Fiber-based multiple-access frequency synchronization via 1f–2f dissemination

Considering the reference frequency dissemination requirements of the Square Kilometre Array telescope(SKA)project,on the basis of the 1f–2f precision frequency synchronization scheme,we propose and demonstrate a fiber-based multiple-access frequency synchronization scheme.The dissemination reference frequency can be recovered at arbitrary nodes along the entire fiber link.It can be applied to antennas close proximity to the SKA central station,and will lead to a better SKA frequency synchronization network.As a performance test,we recover the disseminated 100-MHz reference frequency at an arbitrary node chosen as being 5 km away from the transmitting site.Relative frequency stabilities of2.0×10~(-14)/s and 1.6×10~(-16)/10~4 s are obtained.We also experimentally verify the feasibility of a frequency dissemination link with three access points.     

200 km沙漠链路高精度光纤时频传递关键技术研究

针对沙漠环境实地链路存在的温度变化大、室外风力、地表振动等多种复杂噪声来源,通过对系统反馈补偿带宽、反馈补偿强度、光功率等时频传递系统关键参数的优化配置,研究了不同反馈补偿参数下复杂链路噪声的有效抑制技术.全链路的频率传递稳定度8×10~(-14)@1s,1×10~(-16)@1000 s,千秒尺度下时间信号传递的时间方差仅为1.2 ps.实现了氢钟信号在200 km量级沙漠环境实地链路的无损传输.该验证实验在基于短基线干涉测量的卫星测轨系统中发挥了重要作用.     

基于光纤的光学频率传递研究

随着光钟研究的发展, 光钟的稳定度和不确定度均达到10^-18量级. 通过光纤可以实现光钟频率信号的高精度传输, 有望用于未来“秒”定义的复现. 演示了百公里级实验室光纤上的光学频率传递. 对于在实验室70 km光纤盘上实现的光频传递, 光纤相位噪声抑制在1-250 Hz傅里叶频率范围内均接近于光纤延时极限, 对应传输稳定度(Allan偏差)为秒级稳定度1.2×10^-15, 10000 s稳定度为1.4×10^-18. 实验室100 km光纤的光频传递秒级稳定度也达到了5×10^-15. 提出了光纤噪声用户端补偿的方案, 可以简化星形传递网络中心站的复杂度. 在25 km光纤上演示了该传递方案, 实现的传输稳定度接近传统前置补偿传递方案.     

用于光频传递的通信波段窄线宽激光器研制及应用

通信波段窄线宽激光器在基于光纤的光学频率传递中有着重要应用. 本文报道了1550 nm超窄线宽光纤激光器的研制及其在光学频率传递中的初步应用结果. 利用一台激光光源, 分别锁定到两个参考腔上(精细度分别为344000和296000), 锁定后经拍频比对测得单台激光线宽优于1.9 Hz, 秒级频率稳定度为1.7×10^-14, 优于国内同类报道. 将研制的超窄线宽激光器用于光纤光学频率传递, 在50 km光纤盘上实现了 7.5×10^-17/s的传递稳定度, 较采用商用光纤激光器提高了3.2倍.     

Modeling of cascaded high isolation bidirectional amplification in long-distance fiber-optic time and frequency synchronization system

We propose a physical model of estimating noise and asymmetry brought by high isolation Bi-directional erbiumdoped fiber amplifiers(Bi-EDFAs), no spontaneous lasing even with high gain, in longdistance fiber-optic time and frequency(T/F) synchronization system. It is found that the Rayleigh scattering noise can be suppressed due to the high isolation design, but the amplified spontaneous emission(ASE) noise generated by the high isolation Bi-EDFA and the bidirectional asymmetry of the transmission link caused by the high isolation Bi-EDFA will deteriorate the stability of the system.The calculated results show that under the influence of ASE noise, the frequency instability of a 1200 km system composed of 15 high isolation Bi-EDFAs is 1.773 × 10-13/1 s. And the instability caused by asymmetry is 2.6064 × 10-16/30000–35000 s if the total asymmetric length of the bidirectional link length is 30 m. The intensity noises originating from the laser and detector, the transfer delay fluctuations caused by the variation in ambient temperature and the jitter in laser output wavelength are also studied. The experiment composed of three high isolation Bi-EDFAs is done to confirm the theoretical analysis. In summary, the paper shows that the short-term instability of the T/F synchronization system composed of high isolation Bi-EDFAs is limited by the accumulation of ASE noise of amplifiers and the laser frequency drift, while the long-term instability is limited by the periodic variation in ambient temperature and the asymmetry of the amplifiers.The research results are useful for pointing out the direction to improve the stability of the fiber-optic T/F synchronization system.     

Negative thermal expansion and photoluminescence in solid solution(HfSc)_(0.83)W_(2.25)P_(0.83)O_(12-δ)

A solid solution of(HfSc)_(0.83)W_(2.25)P_(0.83)O_(12-δ)is synthesized by the high-temperature, solid-state reaction and fastquenching method. It is shown that it possesses an orthorhombic structure with space group Pmmm(47) and exhibits negative thermal expansion(NTE) property with low anisotropy in thermal expansion. The coefficients of thermal expansion(CTEs) for a, b, and c axes are-1.41 × 10~(-6) K~(-1),-2.23 × 10~(-6) K-1, and-1.87 × 10~(-6) K-1, respectively. This gives rise to volume and linear CTEs of-3.10 × 10-6 K-1 and-1.03 × 10-6 K-1, respectively. Besides, it exhibits also intense photoluminescence from 360 nm to about 600 nm. The mechanism of NTE and the correlation of the PL with axial thermal expansion property are discussed.     

基于微波相位补偿的56 km高精度光纤微波频率传递

报道了实验室内56 km光纤微波频率传递的实验研究,在56 km的传递距离上实现了1.8×10-15/s,4×10-18/104s的传递稳定度.系统通过环回法比较往返传递的微波信号相位获得链路上的相位扰动量,并实时控制本地发射端的微波发射信号相位实现预补偿.在环回往返传递的不同方向上,系统方案采用不同频率的微波调制信号...     

小型化10 MHz恒温晶体振荡器设计

设计了用于高精度铷原子频标的一种小型化恒温压控晶体振荡器.振荡电路采用了稳定性好的并联型皮尔斯电路方案,采用2级?型LC级联滤波器抑制谐杂波,利用互补对称式金属-氧化物-半导体(CMOS)反相器实施隔离.振荡和放大电路选用了低噪声晶体管.晶体的温度控制在频率-温度曲线拐点处.实现了体积为4 mL晶振样件.晶振的短期频率稳定度为1.8?10-12/s,相噪对铷频标频率稳定度的贡献仅为3.2?10-13-1/2.     

高Yb3+/Er3+掺杂的磷基有源光纤材料的光谱性质

研究了Yb³⁺/Er³⁺共掺60P₂O₅-15BaO-10Al₂O₃-5ZnO-10R₂O（R=Na,K）以P₂O₅为主体的磷基有源光纤材料的光谱性质,以及不同Yb³⁺/Er³⁺掺杂浓度对光谱性质的影响规律。当Er³⁺浓度为9.100×10¹⁹/cm³、Yb³⁺的掺杂浓度为5.407×10²⁰/cm³、Yb³⁺/Er³⁺浓度比为6：1时,玻璃样品在1 531 nm处的受激发射截面最大,为6.17×10^-21 cm²。同时,其荧光寿命为9.73 ms,荧光半高宽为53.16 nm,发射截面与半高宽的乘积为3.28×10^-32 m³,综合性能最佳。     

锐钛矿金红石的高温原位X射线衍射研究

对TiO₂粉末进行了空气和真空条件下从室温到1200℃的加热原位X射线衍射实验, 得到了空气和真空条件下微米级锐钛矿颗粒转变为金红石的起始温度分别为850℃ 和855℃; 分别修正了空气条件下锐钛矿在(27–850℃)范围和金红石在(900–1200℃) 范围内的晶胞参数和真空条件下锐钛矿在(27–850℃)范围和金红石在(950–1200℃) 范围的晶胞参数, 从而得到了晶胞参数随温度变化的关系, 得到了锐钛矿和金红石在空气中和真空中的热膨胀系数, 并总结了热膨胀系数随温度变化的规律. 室温下锐钛矿在空气条件下的热膨胀系数为 α_a=4.55063×10^-6/℃, α_c=7.7543×10^-6/℃, β=16.85836×10^-6/℃; 真空下为 α_a=4.69429×10^-6/℃, α_c=9.02850×10^-6/℃, β=18.69688×10^-6/℃. 室温下, 金红石在空气条件下的热膨胀系数为 α_a=6.81243×10^-6/℃, α_c=8.71644×10^-6/℃, β=22.22178×10^-6/℃; 真空条件下为 α_a=6.05834×10^-6/℃, α_c= 8.39280×10^-6/℃, β=20.52362×10^-6/℃. 关键词： 2')" href="#">TiO₂ 原位X射线衍射 相转变 热膨胀     

ZBLAN玻璃中Pr3+掺杂离子3P0和1D2能级的发光特性和寿命

对ZBLAN氟锆酸盐玻璃中Pr³⁺掺杂离子³P₀和¹D₂能级的寿命和发光特性进行了较详细的光谱学研究。首先测量了两种掺杂浓度(质量分数分别为1×10^-3,5×10^-3)的Pr³⁺:ZBLAN玻璃的吸收光谱,然后运用时间分辨激光光谱技术测量了³P₀和¹D₂能级在激光单光子共振激发下的荧光发射谱和能级寿命。将不同荧光发射谱带的强度和文献报道的Judd Ofelt理论计算辐射跃迁几率数值做了比较分析,证明了文献中理论计算结果的可靠性。由于浓度猝灭效应,在相同的激发条件下,掺杂浓度为1×10^-3样品的荧光发射强度明显大于5×10^-3样品的荧光发射强度。但是从我们的测量结果看,掺杂浓度对³P₀和¹D₂ 的能级寿命值无显著影响。掺杂浓度为1×10^-3时,Pr³⁺离子³P₀和¹D₂能级的寿命值分别为46,322μ_s。     

Active species in microwave postdischarge for steel-surfacenitriding

Production of nitrogen atoms has been studied in a 2.45-GHz flowing postdischarge in N₂ and N₂-H₂ gas mixtures with Ar as a buffer gas in the high-pressure regime (5×10³ to 6.5×10⁴ Pa). N atom densities have been measured by NO titration in the 10¹⁴-10 ¹⁵ cm³ range and monitored by the first positive emission resulting from the N atom recombination. The rate coefficient of the N+N+N₂ recombination has been found to be _k=6×10^-33 cm⁶ atom^-2 s ^-1 at T₀=300 K, which agrees with previously published data. The N atom production (or degree of N/N₂ dissociation) in front of an Fe-0.1%C substrate correlates well with the thickness of a γ' Fe₄N layer produced by the postdischarge treatment. The H₂ gas was first introduced in the initial phase of treatment to remove surface oxidizing and then was cut off to keep high densities of N atoms. It is deduced that N atoms are more active nitriding species than NH-type radicals     

光纤倏逝波型石英增强光声光谱技术

采用块状光学准直聚焦透镜组的传统石英增强光声光谱(QEPAS)技术存在体积难以缩减,结构稳定性不佳,无法适应空间狭小、振动复杂的特殊环境等缺点.基于此,将光纤倏逝波技术与QEPAS技术相结合,提出了一种新型微纳结构光纤QEPAS痕量气体检测技术.实验中,为了提高QEPAS系统信号幅值,优化了石英音叉与激光束的空间位置、激光波长调制深度,同时对比了两种不同共振频率的石英音叉,最终采用共振频率较低的30.720 kHz石英音叉作为声波探测元件,获得的检测极限为6.25×10~(-4)(体积分数),归一化噪声等效吸收系数为4.18×10~(-7)cm~(-1).W·Hz~(-1/2).     

Monte Carlo simulation of electron swarms in nitrogen in uniformE×B fields

The motion of electrons in nitrogen in uniform E× B fields is simulated using the Monte Carlo technique for 240⩽E/N⩽600 Td (1 Td=1×10^-17 V cm²) and 0⩽B/N⩽0.45×10^-17 T cm³ . The electron-molecule collision cross sections adopted are the same cross sections as those used previously for the numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation. The swarm parameters obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation are compared with the Boltzmann solution and with the experimental data available in the literature. In relation to E×B fields, it is concluded that the Monte Carlo approach provides an independent method of substantiating the validity of the equivalent electric-field approach     

长距离多站点高精度光纤时间同步

为了保证长距离多站点间的高精度时间同步,在利用双向时间比对法实现高精度长距离时间同步的基础上,提出了一种利用一个波长信道同时对1 PPS(pluse per second)信号、时码信号以及10 MHz信号进行传递,并使用时分多址和净化再生的方式实现多站点高精度光纤时间同步的方法.以自行研制的工程样机在长度约550 km的实验室光纤链路以及871.6 km的实地光纤链路上进行了实验验证.在实验室光纤链路上,同时在50,300,550 km处测量得到的时间同步标准差分别为16.7,16.8,18.4 ps,时间稳定度分别为1.78 ps@1000 s,2.09 ps@1000 s,2.92 ps@1000 s.在实地光纤链路上,实现了光纤链路沿途11个站点的时间同步,测得871.6 km传递链路的时间同步标准差为29.8 ps,时间稳定度为3.85 ps@1000 s,不确定度为25.4 ps.     

Rubidium-beam microwave clock pumped by distributed feedback diode lasers

A rubidium-beam microwave clock, optically pumped by a distributed feedback diode laser, is experimentally investigated. The clock is composed of a physical package, optical systems, and electric servo loops. The physical package realizes the microwave interrogation of a rubidium-atomic beam. The optical systems, equipped with two 780-nm distributed feedback laser diodes, yield light for pumping and detecting. The servo loops control the frequency of a local oscillator with respect to the microwave spectrum. With the experimental systems, the microwave spectrum, which has an amplitude of 4 n A and a line width of 700 Hz, is obtained. Preliminary tests show that the clock short-term frequency stability is 7 × 10~(-11) at 1 s, and 3 × 10~(-12) at 1000 s. These experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the scheme for a manufactured clock.     

Pressure dependence of plasma parameters in medium-vacuum nitrogenarc discharge with the titanium cathode

The plasma properties of a medium-vacuum nitrogen arc discharge from a titanium cathode were studied. The arc chamber use was 400 mm in diameter and 600 mm in length. The cathode diameter and thickness were 64 and 25 mm, respectively. The experimental conditions are given as follows: pressure range=1×10^-3~2×10^-1 torr; N₂ gas flow rate=6 ml/min; arc current=50 A. Electric probe characteristics are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. The analytical results obtained show that the electron energy distribution takes 1-Mx at pressures above 1×10^-2 torr but 2-Mx at pressures under 4×10^-2 torr and that the electron density has a maximum value at a certain pressure. The Ti⁺, Ti⁺⁺, and N ⁺₂ ion spectral intensities are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. On comparison of these results and the electron density, the Ti⁺ spectral intensity turns out to be proportional to that of the electron density. This suggests that the major ion in the plasma volume is of the Ti⁺ species     

Quasi Three-Body Decay of D Meson

The aim of this work is to provide a phenomenological analysis of the contribution of D~0 meson to K*(892)~0π~+π~-(K*(892)~0-→π~+K~-), K~-π~+ω(ω-→π~+π~-π~0) and K~-π~+?(?(1020)-→ K~+K~-) quasi-three-body decays. The analysis of mentioned multi-body decays is such as to factorize into the three-body decay and several channels observed. Hadronic three-body decays receive both resonant and non-resonant contribution. Based on the factorization method, there are tree and emission annihilation diagrams for these decay modes. In the case of D~0 to vector pseudoscalar states appeared in factored terms, the matrix elements of the vector and axial vector currents between the D~0 and PV mesons can be computed by using D~(*+)pole. Considering the non-resonant and resonant amplitude in our computation,the theoretical values of the branching ratio are(9.78 ± 0.46) × 10~(-3),(2.74 ± 0.17) × 10~(-2), and(3.53 ± 0.23) × 10~(-5), while the experimental results of them are(9.9 ±2.3) × 10~(-3),(2.7 ± 0.5) × 10~(-2), and(4 ± 1.7) × 10~(-5) respectively. Comparing computational analysis values with experimental values show that our results are in approximately agreement with them.     

Performance of dual-band short-or mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on InGaAsSb bulk materials and InAs/GaSb superlattices

In this paper,we demonstrate bias-selectable dual-band short-or mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on In_(0.24)Ga_(0.76)As_(0.21)Sb_(0.79)bulk materials and InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices with cutoff wavelengths of 2.2μm and 3.6μm,respectively.At 200 K,the short-wave channel exhibits a peak quantum efficiency of 42%and a dark current density of5.93×10~(-5)A/cm~2at 500 mV,thereby providing a detectivity of 1.55×10~(11)cm·Hz~(1/2)/W.The mid-wave channel exhibits a peak quantum efficiency of 31%and a dark current density of 1.22×10~(-3)A/cm~2at-300 mV,thereby resulting in a detectivity of 2.71×10~(10)cm·Hz~(1/2)/W.Moreover,we discuss the band alignment and spectral cross-talk of the dual-band n-i-p-p-i-n structure.     

Evaluation of the frequency instability limited by Dick effect in the microwave ~(199)Hg~+ trapped-ion clock

In the microwave ~(199)Hg~+ trapped-ion clock, the frequency instability degradation caused by the Dick effect is unavoidable because of the periodical interrogating field. In this paper, the general expression of the sensitivity function g(t)to the frequency fluctuation of the interrogating field with Nπ-pulse(N is odd) is derived. According to the measured phase noise of the 40.5-GHz microwave synthesizer, the Dick-effect limited Allan deviation of our ~(199)Hg~+ trapped-ion clock is worked out. The results indicate that the limited Allan deviations are about 1.75 × 10~(-13)τ~(1/2) and 3.03 × 10~(-13)τ~(1/2) respectively in the linear ion trap and in the two-segment extended linear ion trap under our present experimental parameters.