用于原子干涉仪实验的锂原子的塞曼减速与磁光囚禁

为了制备适于原子干涉仪实验的低温锂原子样品,开展了锂原子的塞曼减速及与磁光阱囚禁相关的实验研究.设计并实现了一种结构紧凑的腔体内冷式多级线圈叠加的塞曼减速器,将速度小于600 m/s的7Li原子减速到60 m/s,磁光阱装载速率为5×108/s,囚禁原子数目1×109个,原子团的最低温度约为220±30μK.研究了光学黏胶中7Li原子的寿命与囚禁光频率失谐量的关系.这些结果为进一步开展7Li原子亚多普勒冷却、光势阱蒸发冷却以及原子干涉仪实验奠定了基础.     

基于原子重力仪的车载静态绝对重力测量

目前大多数原子重力仪的装置复杂、体积庞大、环境适应性差,不能应用于野外进行绝对重力测量,这限制了原子重力仪的应用领域.本文利用自研的小型化原子重力仪,集成了一套车载绝对重力测量系统.该系统主要由原子重力仪、被动平台隔震系统、位姿平台调平系统、差分GPS测高系统、不间断电源供电系统及车载空调温控系统等组成.首先,本文对该测量系统的车载环境适应性进行了评估,发现在野外40℃高温、8°大倾角普通路面的环境下,该系统仍然能够正常工作;其次,介绍了车载绝对重力测量的实验步骤及数据处理方法,并测量了车头朝向对绝对重力测量的影响.最后,在野外平坦路面上进行了重复测线工作,评估了系统的内符合绝对重力测量精度,结果约为30μGal;在野外大倾角山体路面,通过测量不同海拔高度点的绝对重力值,得到了地球的垂直重力梯度值,约为-231(36)μGal/m.本文结果为野外绝对重力勘测提供了依据.     

Enhanced cold mercury atom production with two-dimensional magneto-optical trap

A cold atom source is important for quantum metrology and precision measurement. To reduce the quantum projection noise limit in optical lattice clock, one can increase the number of cold atoms and reduce the dead time by enhancing the loading rate. In this work, we realize an enhanced cold mercury atom source based on a two-dimensional (2D) magneto-optical trap (MOT). The vacuum system is composed of two titanium chambers connected with a differential pumping tube. Two stable cooling laser systems are adopted for the 2D-MOT and the three-dimensional (3D)-MOT, respectively. Using an optimized 2D-MOT and push beam, about 1.3×10⁶ atoms, which are almost an order of magnitude higher than using a pure 3D-MOT, are loaded into the 3D-MOT for ²⁰²Hg atoms. This enhanced cold mercury atom source is helpful in increasing the frequency stability of a neutral mercury lattice clock.     

Experimental progress in gravity measurement with an atom interferometer

Precisely determining gravity acceleration g plays an important role on both geophysics and metrology. For gravity measurements and high-precision gravitation experiments, a cold atom gravimeter with the aimed resolution of 10.⁻⁹g/Hz^1/2 (1 g=9.8 m/s²) is being built in our cave laboratory. There will be four steps for our ⁸⁷Rb atom gravimeter, Magneto-Optical Trap (MOT) for cooling and trapping atoms, initial state preparation, π/2-π-π/2 Raman laser pulse interactions with cold atoms, and the final state detection for phase measurement. About 108 atoms have been trapped by our MOT and further cooled by moving molasses, and an atomic fountain has also been observed.      

冷原子气体的时频测量——光晶格原子钟

基于冷原子气体的时频测量在近20年里快速发展,引起了人们的广泛关注,其典型代表是基于大量中性原子的光晶格原子钟。利用超稳钟激光同时探测囚禁在光晶格里成千上万个冷原子的钟跃迁信号,光晶格原子钟已实现10^-18量级的频率准确度和10^-17量级的秒级稳定度,大幅度提高了时频测量的精度。文章概述了光晶格原子钟的发展历史、工作原理、性能评估及应用前景。     

冷原子气体的时频测量——光晶格原子钟

基于冷原子气体的时频测量在近20年里快速发展,引起了人们的广泛关注,其典型代表是基于大量中性原子的光晶格原子钟。利用超稳钟激光同时探测囚禁在光晶格里成千上万个冷原子的钟跃迁信号,光晶格原子钟已实现10^-18量级的频率准确度和10^-17量级的秒级稳定度,大幅度提高了时频测量的精度。文章概述了光晶格原子钟的发展历史、工作原理、性能评估及应用前景。     

Automatic compensation of magnetic field for a rubidium space cold atom clock

When the cold atom clock operates in microgravity around the near-earth orbit, its performance will be affected by the fluctuation of magnetic field. A strategy is proposed to suppress the fluctuation of magnetic field by additional coils, whose current is changed accordingly to compensate the magnetic fluctuation by the linear and incremental compensation. The flight model of the cold atom clock is tested in a simulated orbital magnetic environment and the magnetic field fluctuation in the Ramsey cavity is reduced from 17 nT to 2 nT, which implied the uncertainty due to the second order Zeeman shift is reduced to be less than 2×10~(-16). In addition, utilizing the compensation, the magnetic field in the trapping zone can be suppressed from 7.5 μT to less than 0.3 μT to meet the magnetic field requirement of polarization gradients cooling of atoms.     

基于滑模鲁棒算法的超低频主动隔振系统

振动噪声的有效隔离是冷原子重力仪的关键技术之一.为了减小冷原子重力仪中拉曼反射镜的振动噪声,研制了一套紧凑型低频主动隔振系统.其原理是利用滑模鲁棒控制系统处理和反馈由地震仪采集到的振动信号,利用音圈电机控制和消除被动隔振平台的运动.在0.1—10 Hz频域范围内,滑模鲁棒控制系统的残余振动噪声功率谱密度比被动隔振平台最大降低了99.9%,比超前滞后补偿控制方法最大降低了83.3%.滑模鲁棒控制算法还具有整定参数少、抗干扰能力强等特点.     

基于原子干涉仪的微观粒子弱等效原理检验

等效原理是广义相对论的两个基本假设之一,也是爱因斯坦对弱等效原理的推广.目前,大量实验证明弱等效原理在一定的实验精度内是成立的.将引力与标准模型统一起来的新理论都要求弱等效原理破缺,因此更高精度的弱等效原理检验具有重要的科学意义.本文介绍了原子干涉仪的原理,回顾了利用原子干涉仪开展微观粒子弱等效原理检验实验研究的历史和现状,介绍了双组分原子干涉仪检验弱等效原理实验涉及的振动噪声抑制、拉曼光移频与相位噪声抑制、四波双衍射拉曼跃迁原子干涉、信号探测与数据处理等关键问题及研究进展,分析了高精度微观粒子弱等效原理检验研究的发展趋势,介绍了长基线原子干涉仪、空间原子干涉仪、超冷原子源以及纠缠原子源制备等方面的研究动态,展望了微观粒子弱等效原理检验研究的发展前景.     

Detecting a single atom in a cavity using the χ(2) nonlinear medium

We propose a protocol for detecting a single atom in a cavity with the help of the χ⁽²⁾ nonlinear medium. When the χ⁽²⁾ nonlinear medium is driven by an external laser field, the cavity mode will be squeezed, and thus one can obtain an exponentially enhanced light-matter coupling. Such a strong coupling between the atom and the cavity field can significantly change the output photon flux, the quantum fluctuations, the quantum statistical property, and the photon number distributions of the cavity field. This provides practical strategies to determine the presence or absence of an atom in a cavity. The proposed protocol exhibits some advantages, such as controllable squeezing strength and exponential increase of atom-cavity coupling strength, which make the experimental phenomenon more obvious. We hope that this protocol can supplement the existing intracavity single-atom detection protocols and provide a promise for quantum sensing in different quantum systems.     

中性原子量子计算研究进展

相互作用可控、相干时间较长的中性单原子体系具备在1 mm2的面积上提供成千上万个量子比特的规模化集成的优势,是进行量子模拟、实现量子计算的有力候选者.近几年中性单原子体系在实验上取得了快速的发展,完成了包括50个单原子的确定性装载、二维和三维阵列中单个原子的寻址和操控、量子比特相干时间的延长、基于里德伯态的两比特量子门的实现和原子态的高效读出等,这些工作极大地推动了该体系在量子模拟和量子计算方面的应用.本文综述了该体系在量子计算方面的研究进展,并介绍了我们在其中所做的两个贡献:一是实现了"魔幻强度光阱",克服了光阱中原子退相干的首要因素,将原子相干时间提高了百倍,使得相干时间与比特操作时间的比值高达105;二是利用异核原子共振频率的差异建立了低串扰的异核单原子体系,并利用里德伯阻塞效应首次实现了异核两原子的量子受控非门和量子纠缠,将量子计算的实验研究拓展至异核领域.最后,分析了中性单原子体系在量子模拟和量子计算方面进一步发展面临的挑战与瓶颈.     

Atom Microscopy via Dual Resonant Superposition

An M-type Rb⁸⁷ atomic system is proposed for one-dimensional atom microscopy under the condition of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency. Super-localization of the atom in the absorption spectrum while its delocalization in the dispersion spectrum is observed due to the dual superposition effect of the resonant fields. The observed minimum uncertainty peaks will find important applications in Laser cooling, creating focused atom beams, atom nanolithography, and in measurement of the center-of-mass wave function of moving atoms.     

大倾斜角度下基于冷原子重力仪的绝对重力测量

冷原子重力仪的倾斜角会对绝对重力测量产生显著的影响.高精度的绝对重力测量需要对重力仪的倾斜角进行精确的测量、控制及校正.本文从理论上分析了四种不同情况下倾斜对绝对重力测量的影响规律,并在实验上对得到的理论进行了实验验证.基于此,设计了一种基于双倾斜计的绝对重力测量方案,主要是为了解决恶劣测量环境下的冷原子重力仪倾斜漂移问题.此方案利用高精度倾斜计记录放置在被动隔振平台上的拉曼反射镜的倾斜角度,并使用另外一个倾斜计监控真空系统的倾斜,以实现振动噪声的抑制和倾斜的高精度测量.基于自研的小型化冷原子重力仪,对该方案进行了实验验证,并最终实现了车间复杂环境下的高精度绝对重力测量.由于倾斜得到精确测量和补偿,冷原子重力仪的测量精度达到了12.3μGal.本文为复杂环境下的高精度绝对重力测量提供了一种可行的方案,为冷原子重力仪的实用化提供了参考数据.     

基于表面等离激元场的分子反射镜的理论研究

本文提出了一种基于微纳金属膜结构激发的表面等离激元场的分子反射镜新方案,利用中性分子与金属表面垂直方向上蓝失谐消逝波光场之间的偶极力相互作用,实现入射分子束的表面反射.理论计算了表面等离激元场的空间分布,用蒙特卡洛方法模拟了分子在该场中运动的动力学过程,得到了分子反射镜的反射率与相互作用时间和入射光强之间的关系.结果表明:当入射激光脉宽为10 ns,光强为I=1.0×109W/cm2时,纵向温度为10 mK,横向温度为1 mK的碘分子束反射效率达到55.89%,而且反射率随着入射光强的增大而增大.     

Raman sideband cooling of rubidium atoms in optical lattice

We develop a simple and practical scheme to apply sideband cooling to a cloud of rubidium atoms. A sample containing 4 × 10~(70) ~(87)Rb is trapped in a far red detuned optical lattice. Through optimizing the relevant parameters, i.e., laser detuning, magnetic field, polarization, and duration time, a temperature around 1.5 μK and phase space density close to 1/500 are achieved. Compared with polarization gradient cooling, the temperature decreases by around one order of magnitude. This technique could be used in high precision measurement such as atomic clocks and atom interferometer. It could also serve as a precooling means before evaporation cooling in a dipole trap, and may be a promising method of achieving quantum degeneracy with purely optical means.     

锶原子互组跃迁谱的实验研究

观测了热原子束中锶原子(5s²)¹S₀—(5s5p)³P₁ 互组跃迁的荧光谱和饱和荧光谱, 实验测定了不同的参量下 ⁸⁸Sr(5s²)¹S₀—(5s5p)³P₁ 互组跃迁荧光谱. 研究结果表明: 不同的实验参数(温度、激光光强、激光扫描频率)对谱线有较大的影响, (5s5p)³P₁态的长寿命特点导致谱线强度随激光扫描频率呈倒数关系变化; 由于Doppler增宽, 渡越增宽等因素的影响, 谱线线宽远大于其自然线宽且随激光扫描频率呈正比关系变化.     

Scattering amplitude and two-body loss of ultracold alkaline-earth atoms in a shaking synthetic magnetic field

The idea of manipulating the interaction between ultracold fermionic alkaline-earth (like) atoms via a laser-induced periodical synthetic magnetic field was proposed in Kanász-Nagy et al (2018 Phys. Rev. B 97, 155156). In that work, it was shown that in the presence of the shaking synthetic magnetic field, two atoms in ¹S₀ and ³P₀ states experience a periodical interaction in a rotated frame, and the effective inter-atomic interaction was approximated as the time-averaged operator of this time-dependent interaction. This technique is supposed to be efficient for ¹⁷³Yb atoms which have a large natural scattering length. Here we examine this time-averaging approximation and derive the rate of the two-body loss induced by the shaking of the synthetic magnetic field, by calculating the zero-energy inter-atomic scattering amplitude corresponding to the explicit periodical interaction. We find that for the typical cases with shaking angular frequency λ of the synthetic magnetic field being of the order of (2π) kHz, the time-averaging approximation is applicable only when the shaking amplitude is small enough. Moreover, the two-body loss rate increases with the shaking amplitude, and is of the order of 10⁻¹⁰ cm³ · s⁻¹ or even larger when the time-averaging approximation is not applicable. Our results are helpful for the quantum simulations with ultracold gases of fermionic alkaline-earth (like) atoms.     

新型高精度绝对重力仪

精密测量地球表面的重力加速度(g, 常用值9.81 m/s²) 是探测地球重力场的重要途径, 已广泛应用于计量、测绘、地质、地震与资源勘探等领域. 随着我国"2000国家重力基本网"和"中国地壳运动观测网络"的建成, 对高精度绝对重力测量的需求日益增加. 为深入研究现有绝对重力测量技术可能存在的系统误差, 并满足国内多个领域对高精度绝对重力仪的迫切需求, 自主研制T-1型可搬运式高精度绝对重力仪样机, 采用经典的真空自由落体方案, 通过激光干涉测量和数据拟合方法获得重力加速度值. T-1型绝对重力仪主要包括以下几部分: 高真空度自由落体装置、小型化激光干涉测量装置、超低频垂直隔振系统、高速信号采集系统、仪器控制与数据处理系统. 绝对重力测量的长度基准为稳频He-Ne激光器, 时间基准为铷原子钟, 这两项现有基准的测量不确定度都优于1× 10^-9. 测试结果表明, T-1型绝对重力仪在12 h内重力测值的标准差可优于1 μupGal (1 μupGal = 10^-8 m/s²), 测量结果的复现性优于3 μupGal, 可实现微伽量级不确定度的精密重力测量, 有望在我国多个关键领域发挥重要应用.     

Production of cold CN molecules by photodissociating ICN precursors in brute-force field

We theoretically investigate the production of cold CN molecules by photodissociating ICN precursors in a brute-force field. The energy shifts and adiabatic orientation of the rotational ICN precursors are first investigated as a function of the external field strength. The dynamical photofragmentation of ICN precursors is numerically simulated for cases with and without orienting field. The CN products are compared in terms of their velocity distributions. A small portion of the CN fragments are recoiled to near zero speed in the lab frame by appropriately selecting the photo energy for dissociation. With a precursor ICN molecular beam of ～ 1.5 K in rotational temperature, the production of low speed CN fragments can be improved by more than 5 times when an orienting electrical field of 100 k V/cm is present. The corresponding production rate for decelerated fragments with speeds ≤ 50 m/s is simulated to be about ～2.1×10~(-4) and CN number densities of 10~(8) –10~(10) cm~(-3) can be reached with precursor ICN densities of ～10~(12) –10~(14) cm~(-3) from supersonic expansion.     

分析原子干涉仪的矩阵方法

从原子波包所满足的薛定谔方程出发,从理论上巧妙地推导出了原子干涉仪在重力的影响下所产生的相位差与重力加速度的关系表达式。提出了一种3×3阶的矩阵方法,以此来分析多个元件情况下原子干涉仪中的相位差,可以大大简化计算。利用这种方法不但能得到原子束在重力的影响下在自由空间中的传输矩阵,也可以得到原子束与π/2和π脉冲的相互作用矩阵。作为例子,用3×3阶矩阵方法计算了三脉冲原子干涉仪中的相位差,得出的结果与Wolf等对经典轨迹进行拉格朗日积分所得出的结果完全相符。进一步分析了五脉冲的原子干涉仪中的相位差,以说明3×3阶矩阵方法的简便性。