锶原子光晶格钟黑体辐射频移评估

在中性原子光晶格钟的系统不确定度评估中,通常黑体辐射引起的频移是最大的一项.黑体辐射频移主要受周围环境温度的影响.针对国家授时中心的锶原子光晶格钟实验系统,通过理论分析、腔体表面温度的测量和软件模拟相结合的方法,评估了锶原子光晶格钟黑体辐射频移的修正量和不确定度.其中主要分析了锶原子炉、蓝宝石加热窗口、透过窗口片进入到真空腔体内的室温以及Zeeman减速装置对原子团处的热辐射引起的黑体辐射频移.在真空腔体外表面设置了5个测温点,利用校准过的铂电阻温度传感器监测真空腔体外表面的温度变化,用SolidWorks绘图软件建立腔体模型,通过有限元分析软件模拟出在真空腔体温度变化0.72 K时,原子团所处位置温度的波动为0.34 K.最终得到黑体辐射频移总的修正量为-2.13(1) Hz,不确定度为2.4×10~(-17).     

Effective sideband cooling in an ytterbium optical lattice clock

Sideband cooling is a key technique for improving the performance of optical atomic clocks by preparing cold atoms and single ions into the ground vibrational state. In this work, we demonstrate detailed experimental research on pulsed Raman sideband cooling in a $^{171}$Yb optical lattice clock. A sequence comprised of interleaved 578 nm cooling pulses resonant on the 1st-order red sideband and 1388 nm repumping pulses is carried out to transfer atoms into the motional ground state. We successfully decrease the axial temperature of atoms in the lattice from 6.5 μK to less than 0.8 μK in the trap depth of 24 μK, corresponding to an average axial motional quantum number $\langle n_z\rangle<0.03$. Rabi oscillation spectroscopy is measured to evaluate the effect of sideband cooling on inhomogeneous excitation. The maximum excitation fraction is increased from 0.8 to 0.86, indicating an enhancement in the quantum coherence of the ensemble. Our work will contribute to improving the instability and uncertainty of Yb lattice clocks.     

Theoretical calculation of the quadratic Zeeman shift coefficient of the 3P0o clock state for strontium optical lattice clock

In the weak-magnetic-field approximation, we derived an expression of quadratic Zeeman shift coefficient of $^3P^{\rm o}_0$ clock state for $^{88}$Sr and $^{87}$Sr atoms. By using this formula and the multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock theory, the quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients were calculated. The calculated values $C_2$ = $-23.38(5)$ MHz/T$^2$ for $^{88}$Sr and the $^3P^{\rm o}_0$, $F = 9/2$, $M_F = \pm9/2$ clock states for $^{87}$Sr agree well with the other available theoretical and experimental values, especially the most accurate measurement recently. In addition, the calculated values of the $^3P^{\rm o}_0$, $F = 9/2$, $M_F = \pm9/2$ clock states were also determined in our $^{87}$Sr optical lattice clock. The consistency with measurements verifies the validation of our calculation model. Our theory is also useful to evaluate the second-order Zeeman shift of the clock transition, for example, the new proposed $^1S_0$, $F = 9/2$, $M_F = \pm5/2$-${}^3P^{\rm o}_0$, $F = 9/2$, $M_F = \pm3/2$ transitions.     

199Hg+光频标的黑体辐射频移

光学频率标准会受到环境温度的黑体辐射影响发生频移,进而影响其准确度. 本文估算了¹⁹⁹Hg⁺的超精细能级5d¹⁰6s²S_1/2 (F=0)和5d⁹6s^{2 2}D_5/2 (F=2)的极化率,得到了室温(300 K)下黑体辐射引起的相对频移为-5.4×10^-17, 最后讨论了低温环境下黑体辐射对¹⁹⁹Hg⁺光频标的影响.     

利用传输腔技术实现镱原子光钟光晶格场的频率稳定

为了获得高稳定度和高精确度的原子光晶格钟,光晶格场的频率必须得到锁定,线宽必须控制到特定水平用来消除交流斯塔克频移.本文提出利用传输腔技术来实现对镱原子光钟的光晶格场的频率锁定和抑制频率长期漂移的锁定方案.首先,将一个殷钢材料的传输腔锁定在基于调制转移谱技术锁定的780 nm激光场上,再将759 nm的光晶格光场锁定在传输腔上.实验结果表明,光晶格光场的线宽可以锁定和控制在1 MHz以下.光晶格光场与锁定于氢钟的光梳拍频结果显示,光晶格光场的长期频率稳定度优于3.6×10~(-10),可以确保实现镱原子光钟的不确定度进入10~(-17).     

Experiments on trapping ytterbium atoms in optical lattices

Experiments on trapping ytterbium atoms in various optical lattices are presented. After the two-stage cooling, first in a blue magneto-optical trap and then in a green magneto-optical trap, the ultracold 171 Yb atoms are successfully loaded into one-, two-, and three-dimensional optical lattices operating at the Stark-free wavelength, respectively. The temperature, number, and lifetime of cold 171 Yb atoms in one-dimensional lattice are measured. After optimization, the one-dimensional lattice with cold 171Yb atoms is used for developing an ytterbium optical clock.     

可搬运锶光晶格钟系统不确定度的评估

可搬运光学原子钟在科学研究和工程应用中具有重要意义.本文测量了可搬运87Sr光晶格钟系统的主要频移,包括黑体辐射频移、碰撞频移、晶格光交流斯塔克频移、二阶塞曼频移等.首先实验上测量了磁光阱腔体表面的温度分布,分析了不同热源对原子团的影响,得到黑体辐射总的相对频移修正量为50.4×10^-16.相对不确定度为5.1×10^-17.然后利用分时自比对方法,评估了碰撞频移、晶格光交流斯塔克频移和二阶塞曼频移.结果表明,由黑体辐射引起的频移量最大,晶格光交流斯塔克频移的不确定度最大,系统总的相对频移修正量为58.8×10^-16,总不确定度为2.3×10^-16.该工作为可搬运87Sr光晶格钟之后的性能提升和应用提供了条件.     

Simple optical method for measuring the temperature of an incandescent filament under vacuum

A new optical method is proposed for measuring the temperature of an incandescent filament under vacuum. The method is based on measurement of the intensity of thermal radiation at one fixed wavelength while varying the magnitude of the filament current, without using a calibrated reference radiator. The method has been experimentally tested. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 414–416, May–June, 2006.     

部分相干啁啾光学相干涡旋晶格在生物组织湍流中的平均光强与光谱位移

本文研究了部分相干啁啾光学相干涡旋晶格在生物组织湍流中的平均光强和光谱位移,详细探讨了单色光场中的光学晶格结构和多色光场中的光谱快速跃迁特性.研究表明:在生物组织湍流中,光束从具有涡旋核的环形结构演变为具有暗区的周期阵列结构,最后呈类高斯图样.尽管晶格常数能调制光束结构,但它不影响光束在生物组织湍流中的光谱跃迁行为.光...     

光晶格中双组分偶极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的调制不稳定性

利用线性稳定性分析的方法,对光晶格中双组分偶极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体(Bose-Einstein condensates,简称BECs)的调制不稳定性进行了研究.得到了光晶格中双组分偶极BECs原子系统调制不稳定性区域的分布与在位相互作用和由偶极-偶极相互作用所导致的格点间BECs相互作用之间的关系.结果显示,格点间BECs的相互作用对光晶格中双组分偶极BECs的调制不稳定性有较大的影响,这可为实际应用中如何操控双组分偶极BECs提供有用的信息. 关键词： 光晶格 双组分玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体 调制不稳定性 偶极-偶极相互作用     

Interrogation of optical Ramsey spectrum and stability study of an 87Sr optical lattice clock

The optical Ramsey spectrum is experimentally realized in an ⁸⁷Sr optical lattice clock, and the measured linewidth agrees well with theoretical expectation. The coherence time between the clock laser and the atoms, which indicates the maximum free evolution period of using Ramsey detection to measure the atom-laser phase information, is determined as 340(23) ms by measuring the fringe contrasts of the Ramsey spectrum as a function of the free evolution period. Furthermore, with the same clock duty cycle of about 0.1, the clock stability is measured by using the Ramsey and Rabi spectra, respectively. The experimental and theoretical results show approximately the same stability as the two detection methods, which indicates that Ramsey detection cannot obviously improve the clock stability until the clock duty cycle is large enough. Thus, it is of great significance to choose the detection method of a specific clock.     

Tunneling dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates with higher-order interactions in optical lattice

The nonlinear Landau-Zener tunneling and nonlinear Rabi oscillations of Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with higher-order atomic interaction between the Bloch bands in an accelerating optical lattice are discussed. Within the two-level model, the tunneling probability of BEC with higher-order atomic interaction between Bloch bands is obtained. We finds that the tunneling rate is closely related to the higher-order atomic interaction. Furthermore, the nonlinear Rabi oscillations of BEC with higher-order atomic interaction between the bands are discussed by imposing a periodic modulation on the level bias. Analytical expressions of the critical higher-order atomic interaction for suppressing/enhancing the Rabi oscillations are obtained. It is shown that the critical value strongly depends on the modulation parameters (i.e., the modulation amplitude and frequency) and the strength of periodic potential.     

锶原子光晶格钟自旋极化谱线的探测

87Sr原子存在核自旋,在磁场作用下原子能级会分裂成不同塞曼子能级.通过光抽运对原子进行自旋极化,其自旋极化谱线的探测为锶光钟系统的闭环锁定提供精确的频率参考.本文对~(87)Sr原子钟跃迁能级5s~2~1S_0→5s5p~3P_0中的m_F=+9/2和m_F=-9/2的塞曼磁子能级自旋极化谱线进行了探测.经过一级宽带冷却和二级窄线宽冷却与俘获后,锶冷原子温度为3.9μK,原子数目为3.5×10~6.利用邻近"魔术波长"的813.426 nm半导体激光光源实现水平方向的一维光晶格装载.采用归一化探测方法用线宽为Hz量级的698 nm钟激光对~1S_0→~3P_0偶极禁戒跃迁进行探测,在150 ms的探测时间下获得线宽为6.7 Hz的钟跃迁简并谱.在磁光阱竖直方向施加一个300 mGs的偏置磁场获得塞曼分裂谱,并通过689 nm的圆偏振自旋极化光进行光抽运,最终在探测时间为150 ms时,获得左右旋极化谱线线宽分别为6.2 Hz和6.8 Hz.     

空间调制作用下Bessel型光晶格中物质波孤立子的稳定性

利用变分法和数值计算方法研究了空间调制作用下Bessel型光晶格中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体系中孤立子的稳定性, 给出了存在随空间非周期变化的线性Bessel型光晶格和非线性光晶格(原子之间非线性相互作用的空间调制)时, 各种参数组合下涡旋和非涡旋孤立子的稳定性条件. 首先, 利用圆对称的高斯型试探波函数得出描述体系稳定性参数满足的Euler-Lagrange方程和变分法分析体系稳定性所需要的有效作用势能的表达式. 然后, 根据有效作用势能是否具有局域最小值判断体系是否具有稳定状态, 得出体系具有稳定状态时参数所满足的条件. 最后, 利用有限差分法求解Gross-Pitaevskii方程验证变分法结果的正确性, 所得结果和变分法结果一致. 关键词： Bessel型光晶格 非线性光晶格 孤立子 稳定性     

我国基准光钟及其绝对频率测量

光钟能够产生高稳定、高准确的光学频率,在时间频率计量、基础物理研究、相对论大地测量等领域有着潜在的应用。中国光钟研究从21世纪初开始起步,在超稳激光产生、量子参考体系制备、系统频移评估和绝对频率测量等方面取得了长足的进步,目前已经有多个研究组的光钟系统频率不确定度进入10^-18量级,多个机构实现了光钟绝对频率测量,并且有三种光钟的测量结果被国际时间频率咨询委员会采纳。文章将回顾中国为应对秒定义变革而开展的高准确度光钟及其绝对频率测量研究,梳理目前取得的进展和成果,总结存在的问题,并对未来发展提出建议。     

An optical lattice clock with spin-polarized 87Sr atoms

We present a new evaluation of an ⁸⁷Sr optical lattice clock using spin polarized atoms. The frequency of the ¹S₀→³P₀ clock transition is found to be 429 228 004 229 873.6 Hz with a fractional uncertainty of 2.6×10^-15, a value that is comparable to the frequency difference between the various primary standards throughout the world. This measurement is in excellent agreement with a previous one of similar accuracy [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 083002 (2007)].     

环境温度宽范围变化对光纤布里渊频移的影响

搭建了光纤布里渊频移测量系统,实现了色散位移光纤20 ℃到820 ℃布里渊频移的测量,并对测量数据进行拟合. 在环境温度大范围变化时,目前采用的布里渊频移-温度一阶线性关系式对测量数据分析误差较大,针对这个问题,本文从纯石英光纤的结构特点和材料的物性系数出发,在分析光纤的热膨胀系数、光纤密度、折射率、弹性模量和泊松比与宽范围温度关系的基础上,根据布里渊频移与各物性参数的关系式理论推导了宽范围温度变化与布里渊频移之间的二次项关系式. 理论推导结果与实验数据基本符合,验证了理论分析的正确性,从而为光纤宽范围布 关键词： 光纤 高温传感 布里渊散射 布里渊频移     

Probing many-body interactions in an optical lattice clock

We present a unifying theoretical framework that describes recently observed many-body effects during the interrogation of an optical lattice clock operated with thousands of fermionic alkaline earth atoms. The framework is based on a many-body master equation that accounts for the interplay between elastic and inelastic p$p$-wave and s$s$-wave interactions, finite temperature effects and excitation inhomogeneity during the quantum dynamics of the interrogated atoms. Solutions of the master equation in different parameter regimes are presented and compared. It is shown that a general solution can be obtained by using the so called Truncated Wigner Approximation which is applied in our case in the context of an open quantum system. We use the developed framework to model the density shift and decay of the fringes observed during Ramsey spectroscopy in the JILA ⁸⁷${}^{87}$Sr and NIST ¹⁷¹${}^{171}$Yb optical lattice clocks. The developed framework opens a suitable path for dealing with a variety of strongly-correlated and driven open-quantum spin systems.     

基于图像的飞行器红外辐射特性测量

通过将目标在一定波段内的红外辐射等效为红外成像系统前一定距离下黑体在对应波段内的红外辐射,建立了等效辐射方程。根据黑体辐射定标实验数据,利用非线性回归方法确定了在不同的积分时间条件下红外凝视成像系统输出红外图像的灰度值与在一定距离下的黑体温度之间的定量关系,建立了辐射定标方程。在Visual C++6.0平台下,在对红外目标图像进行SUSAN滤波等预处理后,分析了已知目标距离的红外图像的灰度均值。首先根据辐射定标方程计算出目标等效为黑体的温度,然后利用等效辐射方程反推目标的红外辐射强度,以达到根据跟踪的红外图像确定红外目标辐射特性的目的。此项研究不仅可以为目标识别提供目标分类、识别和辨认所必需的光谱数据库,而且还可以为红外预警提供重要的参考数据。     

光学马格努斯效应中的横向角移分析

从平面角谱理论出发,建立了光束在空气和玻璃界面折射的传输模型.基于这一模型,揭示了光学马格努斯效应中的横向角移现象.对于特定的线偏振和椭圆偏振光束,其折射场重心出现了横向角移,而当入射光束为圆偏振时,横向角移则会消失.在正负折射率界面,光束的横向角移产生了反转现象,这是由于光束在左手材料中发生了负衍射.超高折射率可明显地减少横向角移,而超低折射率则可显著地增强横向角移.这些发现将为如何调控和增强光学马格努斯效应提供理论依据. 关键词： 光学马格努斯效应 横向角移 圆偏振