石墨烯超快动态光学性质

通过建立石墨烯的光学布洛赫方程, 研究了弱光场下的单层石墨烯超快动态光学性质. 理论研究表明在太赫兹辐射光场下由于泡利不相容和能量守恒原理使得石墨烯系统建立动态非平衡载流子并达到饱和的时间是20–200 fs, 能够在1 ps之内迅速产生光电流. 研究发现√2ev_F E₀ t<0 和ω 分别对应入射光的强度和频率, t为时间, v_F是石墨烯狄拉克点附近电子的费米速度. 研究发现光子能量?ω越大, 电极化强度以及光电流越强. 我们的理论研究结果与已有的众多实验结果一致, 表明石墨烯在超快动态光学领域尤其是太赫兹领域拥有重要的研究和应用价值.     

等离激元增强的石墨烯光吸收

石墨烯中等离激元具有特殊的光电性质,其和入射光的强烈耦合可以引起光吸收的增强.本文基于时域有限差分法和多体自洽场理论研究了等离激元对处于光学谐振腔中的石墨烯光吸收的影响.由于石墨烯中等离激元与入射光动量和能量不匹配而不能直接相互作用,因此石墨烯上施加了金属光栅结构.研究发现光栅结构能够对入射光进行动量补偿并且能够引起其下石墨烯中的电场强度产生很大程度增强,从而导致在该石墨烯结构中太赫兹等离激元和入射光发生强烈耦合而产生太赫兹等离极化激元,同时引起石墨烯光吸收的增强.希望本文能够加深对石墨烯光电特性的理解以及可以为基于石墨烯的太赫兹光电装置提供一定的理论依据.     

Absorption spectra of unequal width bilayer graphene nanoribbons in a spatially modulated electric field

The optical absorption spectra of unequal width bilayer graphene nanoribbons can be effectively tuned by a spatially modulated electric field. The absorption spectra exhibit many prominent peaks’ structure owing to the one-dimensional subbands. The number, spectral intensity, and frequency of the absorption peaks depend sensitively on the magnitude, period and phase of the modulated electric potential. The relative displacement between the top and bottom nanoribbons also has strong influence on the spectra. For unequal width bilayer graphene nanoribbons without the interlayer hoppings, there exists an optical selection rule originating from the spatial symmetry of the electron wave functions. Most importantly, such a selection rule can be disrupted by the presence of the interlayer atomic interactions or a spatially modulated electric field. These theoretical predictions can be validated by absorption spectroscopy experiments.     

Ti-O共掺杂石墨烯的电子结构和光学性质的理论研究

本文利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了本征石墨烯和不同掺杂浓度下Ti-O共掺杂石墨烯的电子结构和光学性质,并讨论了其内部的微观机制.研究结果表明:本征石墨烯是一种零带隙材料,狄拉克点在费米能级面上,其在紫外光区的光吸收强度较强.Ti-O共掺杂石墨烯可以很好的打开石墨烯的带隙和提高石墨烯的光催化强度,Ti18-O18@G模型费米能级附近的态密度主要由C-p轨道、Ti-d轨道和O-p轨道杂化而成.Ti18-O18@G模型在可见光区的吸收谱强度最大,主要归因于其内部晶格畸变、带隙被打开和杂质能带的出现,这些因素可以促进电子空穴对的产生和分离,从而使石墨烯在可见光区的光催化能力得到增强.本研究结果可为开发高催化活性的石墨烯提供理论依据.     

基于倏逝场耦合的石墨烯波导光传输相位特性仿真与实验研究

石墨烯材料应用到各种光波导器件中正成为新一代光子器件的重要发展方向之一,目前基于石墨烯的光纤和集成光子器件研究越来越受到国内外的重视. 本文建立了一种由微纳光纤耦合光倏逝场,并在石墨烯薄膜中传输的模型. 通过有限元分析法,研究了光在这种石墨烯波导中传输光场的强度分布和相位特性,并通过实验进行了验证. 结果表明,沿着微纳光纤-石墨烯光波导传播的倏逝场的强度分布和相位均受石墨烯材料作用,石墨烯材料能有效聚集和导行波导中传输的高阶模,在单位传输长度上具有更密集的等相位面. 本文提出了一种利用微纳光纤耦合光倏逝场研究石墨烯相位响应特性的新方法,对基于石墨烯波导的新型调制器、滤波器、激光器和传感器等光子器件的设计和应用具有一定的参考意义. 关键词： 石墨烯平面光波导 倏逝波 光场强度 相位     

垂直电场下扭转双层石墨烯光学吸收性质的理论研究

层间扭转角度是对石墨烯物理性质宽波段可调谐的一个新参量.本文采用2°<θ<15°扭转角度下的连续近似模型,获得了不同扭转角度双层石墨烯分别在有、无电场下的能带结构,通过电子-光子相互作用跃迁速率,计算模拟了范霍夫奇点附近电子带内跃迁和带间跃迁所引起的光学吸收谱.结果表明,在无外加电场时,带间跃迁吸收峰的位置随着扭转角度的增大而发生从红外到可见光波段的蓝移,且吸收系数增大,带内跃迁的光学吸收系数相对于带间跃迁高出2个数量级;而存在外加电场时,两个范霍夫奇点在波矢空间的位置发生偏移,带间跃迁吸收峰发生分裂,且两个分裂的吸收峰位置随着电场强度的不断增大而反向行进.上述研究结果对石墨烯材料在光电器件方面的应用有一定指导作用.     

基于石墨烯涂覆空心光纤电光调制特性的研究

设计了一种新型的石墨烯-空心光纤可调谐结构, 将石墨烯涂覆在空心光纤的空气孔内表面上, 利用有限元法研究了该结构的电光调制特性. 通过改变石墨烯的化学势可以调控光纤的相位和开关特性, 还可以调谐光纤损耗峰与次峰的位置、强度和宽度. 然而, 空气孔半径和石墨烯层数不会改变开关点和损耗峰与次峰的位置, 只会改变损耗差和损耗峰的强度和宽度, 而且由N 层石墨烯引起的损耗差是单层的N倍. 这是因为石墨烯的介电常数决定了光纤的有效折射率和损耗, 通过改变石墨烯的化学势可以改变石墨烯的介电常数, 而石墨烯的层数和空气孔半径却不会改变石墨烯的介电常数, 但是改变了石墨烯和光的作用强度. 经过参数优化之后, 我们提出一种基于五层石墨烯涂覆空心光纤的电吸收型调制器, 工作在1180–1760 nm波段, 具有小尺寸(5 mm×125 μm)、宽光带宽(580 nm)、高消光比(16 dB)、高调制带宽(64 MHz) 和低插入损耗(1.23 dB) 特性. 研究结果对基于石墨烯的可调谐光纤光子器件的设计和应用提供了理论参考.     

Fano Resonance Enabled Infrared Nano-Imaging of Local Strain in Bilayer Graphene

Detection of local strain at the nanometer scale with high sensitivity remains challenging. Here we report near-field infrared nano-imaging of local strains in bilayer graphene by probing strain-induced shifts of phonon frequency.As a non-polar crystal, intrinsic bilayer graphene possesses little infrared response at its transverse optical phonon frequency. The reported optical detection of local strain is enabled by applying a vertical electrical field that breaks the symmetry of the two graphene layers and introduces finite electrical dipole moment to graphene phonon. The activated phonon further interacts with continuum electronic transitions, and generates a strong Fano resonance. The resulted Fano resonance features a very sharp near-field infrared scattering peak, which leads to an extraordinary sensitivity of ~0.002% for the strain detection. Our results demonstrate the first nano-scale near-field Fano resonance, provide a new way to probe local strains with high sensitivity in non-polar crystals,and open exciting possibilities for studying strain-induced rich phenomena.     

Resonance tuning and broadening of bowtie nanoantennas on graphene

Metallic bowtie antennas are used in nanophotonics applications in order to confine the electromagnetic field into volumes much smaller than that of the incident wavelength. Electrically controllable carrier concentration of graphene opens the door to the use of plasmonic nanoantenna structures with graphene so that the resonant nature of nanoantennas can be tuned. In this study, we demonstrated with the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method that the intensity and resonance peak of bowtie nanoantennas on monolayer graphene can be tuned at mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength regime by applying a gate voltage, since the optical properties of graphene change by changing the carrier concentration.     

Optical spectroscopy of graphene: From the far infrared to the ultraviolet

The unique electronic structure of graphene leads to several distinctive optical properties. In this brief review, we outline the current understanding of two general aspects of optical response of graphene: optical absorption and light emission. We show that optical absorption in graphene is dominated by intraband transitions at low photon energies (in the far-infrared spectral range) and by interband transitions at higher energies (from mid-infrared to ultraviolet). We discuss how the intraband and interband transitions in graphene can be modified through electrostatic gating. We describe plasmonic resonances arising from the free-carrier (intraband) response and excitonic effects that are manifested in the interband absorption. Light emission, the reverse process of absorption, is weak in graphene due to the absence of a band gap. We show that photoluminescence from hot electrons can, however, become observable either through femtosecond laser excitation or strong electrostatic gating.     

氧化石墨烯纳米剪裁方法

石墨烯纳米剪裁先进方法的研究对于基于石墨烯的电子和光学设备非常重要。本文利用模板法制作反蛋白石结构,并借助反蛋白石纳米网结构,利用光催化还原氧化石墨烯,对氧化石墨烯进行纳米剪裁,形成具有纳米尺度的石墨烯。对还原后的氧化石墨烯表面进行扫描电子显微镜表征和红外光谱表征,并研究剪裁后石墨烯的电学性质。实验表明,反应时间、胶粒大小都会对剪裁后氧化石墨烯的周期和颈宽有影响,进而影响还原后氧化石墨烯的电学性质。利用纳米网状结构对石墨烯进行纳米剪裁是一种可行的方法,通过控制模板尺寸和反应条件可以控制裁剪后的性质。     

单层与双层石墨烯的光学吸收性质研究

采用紧束缚模型分别描述单层、双层石墨烯的能带结构, 利用光子-电子相互作用的二阶微扰理论分别计算单光子和双光子吸收系数.计算结果表明: 单层石墨烯单光子吸收系数为常数, 约为6.8×10⁷ m^-1, 即单层石墨烯对入射光的吸收率约为2.3%; 双层石墨烯的单光子吸收比单层石墨烯的单光子吸收强, 且随入射光波长呈分段性变化.单层石墨烯的双光子吸收系数与波长λ⁴成正比; 双层石墨烯双光子吸收系数在红外波段(～ 3100 nm处)有一个很强的共振吸收峰. 研究结果可为石墨烯材料在光电子器件的研究和制作方面提供指导. 关键词： 石墨烯 光学吸收 紧束缚模型     

Surface plasmon resonance and field confinement in graphene nanoribbons in a nanocavity

In this work, we demonstrate surface plasmon resonance properties and field confinement under a strong interaction between a waveguide and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), obtained by coupling with a nanocavity. The optical transmission of a waveguide–cavity–graphene structure is investigated by finite-difference time-domain simulations and coupled-mode theory. The resonant frequency and intensity of the GNR resonant modes can be precisely controlled by tuning the Fermi energy and carrier mobility of the graphene, respectively. Moreover, the refractive index of the cavity core, the susceptibility χ⁽³⁾ and the intensity of incident light have little effect on the GNR resonant modes, but have good tunability to the cavity resonant mode. The cavity length also has good tunability to the resonant mode of cavity. A strong interaction between the GNR resonant modes and the cavity resonant mode appears at a cavity length of L₁ = 350 nm. We also demonstrate the slow-light effect of this waveguide–cavity–graphene structure and an optical bistability effect in the plasmonic cavity mode by changing the intensity of the incident light. This waveguide–cavity–graphene structure can potentially be utilised to enhance optical confinement in graphene nano-integrated circuits for optical processing applications.     

硫化锡电子结构和光学性质的量子尺寸效应

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算,系统研究了硫化锡(SnS)晶体、纳米单层及多层的结构稳定性、电子结构和光学性质.结果表明:由于相对弱的层间范德瓦尔斯力作用,SnS单层纳米片可以像石墨烯等二维材料一样从块体中剥离出来;受制于量子尺寸效应和层间相互作用的影响,SnS的结构稳定性随层数减少而逐渐减弱,其带隙随层数减少而逐渐增大;由于材料的本征激发和吸收取决于电子结构,因此改变SnS材料的层数可以到达调控其光学性质的目的;SnS块体和纳米结构的主要光学吸收峰起源于Sn-5s,5p和S-2p轨道之间的电子跃迁;并且从块体到单层纳米结构,SnS的光学吸收峰出现明显的蓝移.本文的研究将有助于SnS材料在太阳能电池领域的应用.     

Magnetotransport properties of graphene layers decorated with colloid quantum dots

The hybrid graphene-quantum dot devices can potentially be used to tailor the electronic, optical, and chemical properties of graphene. Here, the low temperature electronic transport properties of bilayer graphene decorated with PbS colloid quantum dots(CQDs) have been investigated in the weak or strong magnetic fields. The presence of the CQDs introduces additional scattering potentials that alter the magnetotransport properties of the graphene layers, leading to the observation of a new set of magnetoconductance oscillations near zero magnetic field as well as the high-field quantum Hall regime.The results bring about a new strategy for exploring the quantum interference effects in two-dimensional materials which are sensitive to the surrounding electrostatic environment, and open up a new gateway for exploring the graphene sensing with quantum interference effects.     

Electronic transport in dual-gated bilayer graphene at large displacement fields

We study the electronic transport properties of dual-gated bilayer graphene devices. We focus on the regime of low temperatures and high electric displacement fields, where we observe a clear exponential dependence of the resistance as a function of displacement field and density, accompanied by a strong nonlinear behavior in the transport characteristics. The effective transport gap is typically 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the optical band gaps reported by infrared spectroscopy studies. Detailed temperature dependence measurements shed light on the different transport mechanisms in different temperature regimes.     

Theoretical investigation of structural and optical properties of semi-fluorinated bilayer graphene

We have studied the structural and optical properties of semi-fluorinated bilayer graphene using density functional theory. When the interlayer distance is 1.62 , the two graphene layers in AA stacking can form strong chemical bonds.Under an in-plane stress of 6.8 GPa, this semi-fluorinated bilayer graphene becomes the energy minimum. Our calculations indicate that the semi-fluorinated bilayer graphene with the AA stacking sequence and rectangular fluorinated configuration is a nonmagnetic semiconductor(direct gap of 3.46 e V). The electronic behavior at the vicinity of the Fermi level is mainly contributed by the p electrons of carbon atoms forming C=C double bonds. We compare the optical properties of the semifluorinated bilayer graphene with those of bilayer graphene stacked in the AA sequence and find that the semi-fluorinated bilayer graphene is anisotropic for the polarization vector on the basal plane of graphene and a red shift occurs in the [010]polarization, which makes the peak at the low-frequency region located within visible light. This investigation is useful to design polarization-dependence optoelectronic devices.     

Probing the electronic structure and optical response of a graphene quantum disk supported on monolayer graphene

In this paper, we show that a graphene quantum disk (GQD) can be generated on monolayer graphene via structural modification using the electron beam. The electronic structure and local optical responses of the GQD, supported on monolayer graphene, were probed with electron energy-loss spectrum imaging on an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. We observe that for small GQD, ~1.3 nm in diameter, the electronic structure and optical response are governed by the dominating edge states, and are distinctly different from either monolayer graphene or double-layer graphene. Highly localized plasmon modes are generated at the GQD due to the confinement from the edge of the GQD in all directions. The highly localized optical response from GQDs could find use in designing nanoscale optoelectronic and plasmonic devices based on monolayer graphene.     

Near-field infrared response of graphene on copper substrate

The electronic properties of graphene are very sensitive to its dielectric environment. The coupling to a metal substrate can give rise to many novel quantum effects in graphene, such as band renormalization and plasmons with unusual properties, which are of high technological interest. Infrared nanoimaging are very suitable for exploring these effects considering their energy and length scales. Here, we report near-field infrared nanoimaging studies of graphene on copper synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. Remarkably, our measurements reveal three different types of near-field optical responses of graphene, which are very distinct from the near-field edge fringes observed in the substrate. These results can be understood from the modification of optical conductivity of graphene due to its coupling with the substrate. Our work provides a framework for identifying the near-field response of graphene in graphene/metal systems and paves the way for studying their novel physics and potential applications.     

Electron interactions and scaling relations for optical excitations in carbon nanotubes

Recent fluorescence spectroscopy experiments on single wall carbon nanotubes reveal substantial deviations of observed absorption and emission energies from predictions of noninteracting models of the electronic structure. Nonetheless, the data for nearly armchair nanotubes obey a nonlinear scaling relation as a function of the tube radius R. We show that these effects can be understood in a theory of large radius tubes, derived from the theory of two dimensional graphene where the Coulomb interaction leads to a logarithmic correction to the electronic self-energy and marginal Fermi liquid behavior. Interactions on length scales larger than the tube circumference lead to strong self-energy and excitonic effects that compete and nearly cancel so that the observed optical transitions are dominated by the graphene self-energy effects.