纳米结构超疏水表面冷凝现象的三维格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟

采用三维多相流格子玻尔兹曼方法 (lattice Boltzmann method, LBM),对纳米结构超疏水表面液滴的冷凝行为进行模拟研究.通过Laplace定律和光滑表面的本征接触角理论对三维LBM模型进行定量验证.模拟分析了超疏水表面纳米阵列的几何尺寸和润湿性的局部不均匀性对冷凝液滴形核位置和最终润湿状态的影响规律.结果表明,较高的纳米阵列使液滴在纳米结构间隙的上部侧面和底部优先形核长大,通过采用上下不均匀的间隙可避免液滴在底部形核长大,而在上部侧面形核的冷凝液滴在生长过程中向上运动,其润湿状态由Wenzel态转变为Cassie态;较低的纳米阵列使液滴在纳米结构底部优先形核长大,液滴的最终润湿状态为Wenzel态;润湿性不均匀的纳米结构表面使液滴在阵列顶端亲水位置处优先形核长大,成为Cassie态.冷凝液滴在不同几何尺寸的纳米结构表面上的最终润湿状态的模拟结果与文献报道的实验结果符合良好.通过模拟还发现,冷凝液滴在生长过程中的运动行为与液滴统计平均作用力的变化有关.本文的LBM模拟再现了三维空间中液滴的形核、长大和润湿状态转变等物理现象.     

微液滴在不同能量表面上润湿状态的分子动力学模拟

微小液滴在不同能量表面上的润湿状态对于准确预测非均相核化速率和揭示界面效应影响液滴增长微观机理具有重要意义. 通过分子动力学模拟, 研究了纳米级液滴在不同能量表面上的铺展过程和润湿形态. 结果表明, 固液界面自由能随固液作用强度增加而增加, 并呈现不同液滴铺展速率和润湿特性. 固液作用强度小于1.6的低能表面呈现疏水特征, 继续增强固液作用强度时表面变为亲水, 而固液作用强度大于3.5的高能表面上液体呈完全润湿特征. 受微尺度条件下非连续、非对称作用力影响, 微液滴气液界面存在明显波动, 呈现与宏观液滴不同的界面特征. 统计意义下, 微小液滴在不同能量表面上铺展后仍可以形成特定接触角, 该接触角随固液作用强度增加而线性减小, 模拟结果与经典润湿理论计算获得的结果呈现相似变化趋势. 模拟结果从分子尺度为核化理论中的毛细假设提供了理论支持, 揭示了液滴气液界面和接触角的波动现象, 为核化速率理论预测结果和实验测定结果之间的差异提供了定性解释.     

超亲水-超疏水组合壁面冷凝性能研究

本文通过水热法,结合气相沉积法和掩膜紫外光刻法,在玻璃基底上成功地制备了一种具有多尺度结构的超亲水-超疏水组合壁面,并对制备的具有不同润湿差异的组合壁面的冷凝效率进行了测试.结果表明壁面的冷凝效率取决于亲疏水区域的宽度和润湿性差异,其中当亲水区域宽度为0.80 mm,接触角约为0℃,疏水区域宽度为0.95 mm,接触角...     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了不同水蒸气压力条件下的滴状冷凝传热特性。10 kPa、40 kPa和70 kPa时的传热系数分别是常压下的56%,68%和81%。随着水蒸气压力的下降,液滴脱落直径变大,液滴生长周期延长,冷凝传热系数下降。通过液滴的动力学特性分析和基于界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了低压对水蒸气冷凝传热的主要影响因素,压力变化主要影响了分子扩散率和气-液相际传热热阻,导致总冷凝传热系数随压力下降。     

滴状冷凝过程液滴自由表面温度场分析

对于滴状冷凝过程及其传热强化机理, 一般通过分析冷凝壁面上液滴分布和运动规律进行研究, 并且将单个液滴视为稳定的个体, 很少涉及液滴内部运动特征. 本文通过红外热像仪观测了纯蒸气滴状冷凝过程中, 液滴运动时自由表面温度场的演化过程. 发现在疏水壁面上, 液滴由于合并或脱落而发生移动过程中, 其自由表面温度先降低, 而后升高并高于移动前温度. 通过分析疏水表面上液滴移动过程的物理模型, 认为液滴移动时表面液膜发生履带式滚动现象, 或者发生液滴内部与自由表面附近的液体间形成对流和掺混现象. 对液滴运动时表面温度演变规律的分析表明: 触发液滴表面发生持续冷凝可能需要克服一个临界过冷度, 当气液间温差超过该临界值时才诱发冷凝; 液滴合并或脱落等整体运动过程, 导致了液滴内部的运动特征, 并促进了较大尺寸液滴表面发生直接冷凝, 这为强化冷凝传热的研究提供新的思路.     

Wetting property of smooth and textured hydrophobic surfaces under condensation condition

Static and dynamic wetting behaviors of sessile droplet on smooth, microstructured and micro/nanostructured surface under condensation condition are systematically studied. In contrast to the conventional droplet wetting on such natural materials by dropping, we demonstrate here that when dropwise condensation occurs, the sessile droplet will transit from the Cassie-Baxter wetting state to the Wenzel wetting state or partial Cassie-Baxter wetting state on the microstructured surface or the micro/nanostructured surface, which leads to a strong adhesion between the droplet and the substrate. In contrast, the apparent contact angle and the sliding angle on the smooth surface changes a little before and after the condensation because of small roughness. Theoretical analysis shows that the roughness factor controls the adhesion force of the droplet during condensation, and a theoretical model is constructed which will be helpful for us to understand the relationship between the adhesion force and the geometry of the surface.     

Wetting mode transition of nanoliter scale water droplets during evaporation on superhydrophobic surfaces with random roughness structure

During evaporation, shape changes of nanoliter-scale (80-100 nL) water droplets were evaluated on two superhydrophobic surfaces with different random roughness (nm-coating, μm-coating). The square of the contact radius and the square of the droplet height decreased linearly with evaporation time. However, trend changes were observed at around 170 s (nm-coating) and around 150 s (μm-coating) suggesting a wetting mode transition. The calculated droplet radii for the wetting mode transition from the average roughness distance and the average roughness height of these surface structures were approximately equal to the experimental values at these trend changes. A certain level of correlation between the roughness size and droplet radius at the wetting mode transition was confirmed on surfaces with random roughness.     

Simulations of spinodal nucleation in systems with elastic interactions

Systems with long-range interactions quenched into a metastable state near the pseudospinodal exhibit nucleation that is qualitatively different from classical nucleation near the coexistence curve. We observe nucleation droplets in Langevin simulations of a two-dimensional model of martensitic transformations and determine that the structure of the nucleating droplet differs from the stable martensite structure. Our results, together with experimental measurements of the phonon dispersion curve, allow us to predict the nature of the droplet. The results have implications for nucleation in many solid-solid transitions and the structure of the final state.     

The apparent state of droplets on a rough surface

The factors influencing the state and wetting transition of droplets on a rough surface are both complex and obscure. The change in wetting is directly reflected by changes under the contact condition of the droplets with the surface. The recent study about the wettability of the superhydrophobic surface under the condensing condition arouses the new understanding about the apparent state of droplets on a rough surface. In this work, to validate the existence of droplets in an intermediate state, a microscale pillar topological polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface was manufactured and its wettability under various conditions was studied. According to the experimental data, it is proposed that the wetting state of a rough surface may be embodied using the contact area ratio of a solid/liquid/gas droplet with the projective plane. A general calculation model for the apparent contact angle of droplets is given and expressed diagrammatically. It is found that the measured apparent contact angles of droplets at different states on the surface falls within the range predicted by our proposed equation. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50606025)     

Monte Carlo study of the effect of perturbations on critical droplets

We present a Monte Carlo study of the effect of perturbations on critical or nucleation droplets in both classical and spinodal nucleation. Locating the saddle point with an intervention technique, we determine that the effect of perturbations at the saddle point depends on their location in the droplet. We find that the most effective perturbations occur at the location of the maximum growth rate where the droplet is allowed to nucleate and grow unperturbed. Moreover, the decay of sufficiently perturbed droplets follows a path that can be best characterized as a growth mode in reverse, specifically the decay of classical droplets is at the surface and that of spinodal droplets at the center independent of the location of the perturbation.     

分形理论结合相变动力学的冷表面结霜过程模拟

运用分形理论并结合相变动力学模拟冷表面上结霜过程.在相变动力学基础上成功模拟了结霜初始阶段水蒸气在冷表面上凝结、液滴生长及冻结过程,随后运用分形理论的有限制的扩散凝聚(diffusion limited aggregation,DLA) 模型模拟了霜晶在冻结液滴表面上的形成生长过程.模拟结果与实验结果取得良好的一致,模拟过程中凝结液滴出现及冻结的时间与实验结果几乎完全符合;液滴冻结之前其表面接触半径随时间变化的模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,同时模拟霜层厚度与实验测得霜层厚度也非常接近.研究结果对于探讨分形理 关键词： 分形 相变动力学 结霜 模拟     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝过程中液滴生长特性

研究了低压条件对滴状冷凝过程液滴生长特性的影响。首先,研究了超疏水表面上空气环境和蒸汽环境中附着液滴的接触角,发现蒸汽环境中的接触角比空气环境中的小,而蒸汽压力对接触角没有显著影响。第二,实验研究了冷凝过程中的液滴的生长周期和脱落尺寸,液滴的脱落半径随压力的降低而增大,生长周期也随之延长。第三,实验研究了液滴合并生长速率,并结合理论分析直接冷凝长大的生长速率,直接冷凝生长速率随压力的减小而减小,并随过冷度的减小而下降,而实验范围内合并生长速率不受压力影响。第四,根据滴状冷凝液滴分布的时间序列模型,分析了不同压力下液滴生长的临界尺寸,随着压力的降低,液滴生长方式的临界尺寸增大。     

微尺度下锥形微操作探针表面液滴形成的研究（英）

基于液滴的转移方法可实现微操作任务中微对象的拾取,锥形操作探针则常作为一种毛细力微操作执行工具。主要研究在空气冷凝模式下锥形探针端面的液滴形成。建立了微液滴形成的数学模型,主要包括初始液滴的形成、液滴的合并和液滴的移动,研究了影响操作液滴的关键参数,分析表明:过冷度决定最小液滴半径。对单液滴的生长机制进行理论分析,并通过数值求解的方法模拟了锥形操作探针端面的液滴形成。搭建实验测试平台,实验研究了微尺度下锥形微操作探针端面的液滴形成。实验结果表明:在空气冷凝模式下,操作探针端面能够形成微液滴。经过初始液滴的形成,液滴的合并和移动等过程最终可形成稳定的微液滴,且不同锥顶角下液滴的形成呈现多样化。     

Experimental analysis of shape deformation of evaporating droplet using Legendre polynomials

Experiments involving heating of liquid droplets which are acoustically levitated, reveal specific modes of oscillations. For a given radiation flux, certain fluid droplets undergo distortion leading to catastrophic bag type breakup. The voltage of the acoustic levitator has been kept constant to operate at a nominal acoustic pressure intensity, throughout the experiments. Thus the droplet shape instabilities are primarily a consequence of droplet heating through vapor pressure, surface tension and viscosity. A novel approach is used by employing Legendre polynomials for the mode shape approximation to describe the thermally induced instabilities. The two dominant Legendre modes essentially reflect (a) the droplet size reduction due to evaporation, and (b) the deformation around the equilibrium shape. Dissipation and inter-coupling of modal energy lead to stable droplet shape while accumulation of the same ultimately results in droplet breakup.     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝表面温度分布实验研究

本文利用自组装技术制备了铜基十八烷基硫醇疏水表面(SAM),通过红外热像仪分析了低压条件下液滴表面和换热表面的温度分布以及液滴脱落引起的温度分布演变。实验结果表明:低压蒸汽冷凝条件下,冷凝表面局部温度分布不均匀;单个液滴表面温度呈中心高边缘低的凸型分布;随着液滴半径的增加,液滴表面温度升高;相同操作压力下,随着过冷度的增加,液滴表面温度降低。在液滴脱落过程中,液滴表面温度逐渐升高,同时裸露出的换热表面局部过冷度增大,局部表面温度呈现出中心低周围高的凹型温度分布,随之恢复到液滴脱落前的温度。随着蒸汽压力降低,冷凝临界过冷度增加,导致裸露表面上具有更低温度的中心区域核化点密度高,最终加剧了整个换热表面液滴尺寸分布的非均匀程度。     

Homogeneous nucleation and growth of droplets in vapours

The theory of homogeneous nucleation of liquid drops in supersaturated vapours is reviewed. A new kinetic treatment which accounts for the heating of the growing clusters due to the latent heat of condensation is presented, and the irreversible thermodynamics of non-isothermal nucleation discussed. It is found that growing clusters are generally colder than the surrounding vapour during their sub-critical growth period.

Time dependent nucleation is discussed and a simple estimate for the time-lag in establishing the steady state is given. The nucleation in cloud chambers expanding with constant speed is discussed in detail, and the number of droplets formed and their final mean size is calculated as a function of the terminal expansion ratio. Re-evaporation of nucleated clusters is discussed. Numerical results are given for a number of typical situations in experiments on water-vapour. These results for the nucleation rate as corrected by Lothe and Pound predict much lower ‘critical’ expansion ratios than indicated by the limited experimental data available, even when the non-isothermal theory is used.

To restore agreement between theory and experiments the surface tension for small droplets (?100 molecules) could be increased some 15% above that of the bulk liquid, or the pre-exponential in the nucleation rate could be decreased by some 10^?15. This latter expedient roughly corresponds to use of the ‘classical’ instead of the Lothe-Pound nucleation rate. These two alterations would, however, affect the theoretical curves in different manners and careful experiments could possibly distinguish between them.     

单元推进剂液滴在高温高压下的微爆现象观测

 利用挂滴装置和高速摄影系统研究了单元推进剂LP1846液滴在0.2～4.0 MPa、673～973 K工况下的微爆特性。观察到液滴在不同环境压力和温度下的3种微爆模式,即液滴在着火前的轻度破碎、液滴在燃烧时的部分破碎和全部爆碎,并给出了微爆过程的特征照片,定量测试了液滴微爆延迟期、微爆温度和微爆直径与环境压力、温度的关系。初步分析了液滴微爆机理,认为第一种微爆机理主要是水组分的过热,第二、三种微爆机理是液相化学反应。研究结果对控制LP1846燃烧稳定性和指导液体发射药火炮内弹道设计均有参考价值。     

New non-Goldstone collective mode of BEC of magnons in superfluid 3He-B

Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons in superfluid 3He-B is experimentally manifested by various states where coherent spin precession is established spontaneously, even in nonhomogeneous magnetic fields. Once such a condensate with coherent spin precession is created, it occupies the state with minimal energy, the ground state. The application of an additional magnetic field to that condensate may cause its deflection from the energy minimum and the condensate responds by creating collective gapless oscillations known as Goldstone modes. This Letter reports the experimental observation of a new (non-)Goldstone mode, which can be viewed as an additional NMR mode of condensed magnons in a rotating frame of reference.     

Anomalous modes drive vortex dynamics in confined Bose-Einstein condensates

The dynamics of vortices in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates are investigated both analytically and numerically. In axially symmetric traps, the critical rotation frequency for metastability of an isolated vortex coincides with the largest vortex precession frequency (or anomalous mode) in the Bogoliubov excitation spectrum. The number of anomalous modes increases for an elongated condensate. The largest mode frequency exceeds the thermodynamic critical frequency and the nucleation frequency at which vortices are created dynamically. Thus, anomalous modes describe both vortex precession and the critical rotation frequency for creation of the first vortex in an elongated condensate.