Reduction of phytotoxicity of nonionic tensides by cyclodextrins

The effect of nonionic tenside nonylphenylnonylglycolate and its -, -, -cyclodextrin, 2,6-di-O-methyl--cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl--cyclodextrin (TRIMEB) complexes was tested on the potassium influx of wheat seedling roots. Tenside alone inhibited strongly the potassium influx. This noxious effect was alleviated by cyclodextrins. The alleviating effect increased with increasing cyclodextrin: tenside molar ratio, in the order: DIMEB>CD>CD>CDTRIMEB.Presented at the Fourth Internatinal Symposium on Inclusion Phenomena and the Third International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, Lancaster, U.K., 20–25 July 1986.     

Calorimetric study of the proximity effect in aliphatic diesters

Excess molar enthalpies,H ^E , at atmospheric pressure and 303.15 K are reported for binary mixtures of 1-chlorohexane with diethyl oxalate, diethyl malonate, diethyl succinate, diethyl glutarate, diethyl adipate, diethyl pimelate and diethyl sebacate. These experimental results, together with those obtained previously on the excess enthalpies of aliphatic diester+n-hexane mixtures, are interpreted in terms of molecular surface interactions between aliphatic, chlorinated and carboxylate groups. Comparison of the enthalpy interchange parameters reveals a decrease of the intermolecular interactions with decreasing intramolecular COO-COO distance in the diester molecule.

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Zusammenfassung Bei Atmosphärendruck und 303,15 K gemessene molare Überschußenthalpien (H ^E werden für binäre Gemische von 1-Chlorhexan mit Diäthyloxalat, Diäthylmalonat, Diäthylsuccinat, Diäthylglutarat, Diäthyladipat, Diäthylpimelat bzw. Diäthylsebacat angegeben. Diese experimentellen Ergebnisse werden zusammen mit den früher für Gemische von aliphatischen Diestern und n-Hexan erhaltenen Resultaten als molekulare Oberflächenwechselwirkungen zwischen aliphatischen, chlorierten und Carboxylatgruppen interpretiert. Ein Vergleich der Enthalpieaustauschparameter läßt eine Verminderung der intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen mit abnehmendem intramolekularem Abstand zwischen den COO-Gruppen erkennen.

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(H ^E ) 303,15 K 1- , , , , , . , + -, , . COO-COO .

     

Rapid determination of vapor adsorption properties of ultramicroporous solids: An application to the zeolite affinity of adsorption

Adsorption capacities of zeolites are rapidly determined by a vapor sorption apparatus which can be used as an ultramicroporosimeter. From the sorption data, it is possible to calculate the zeolite affinities toward various adsorbates in comparison with water. The n-hexane affinity index of the new ZSM zeolites has values always higher than those of X, Y or Zeolon zeolites. This fact is attributed to the unusual framework structure of the silica-rich ZSM zeolites.

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, . . - ZSM , X, Y . ZSM , .

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Presented in part at the I⁰ Convegno nazionale di Catalisi-II⁰ Simposio Italo/Cecoslovacco di Catalisi, held in Bologna (Italy) on June 1979.     

Steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZrO2. Role of ZrO2 support

Cu/ZrO₂ was highly active and selective for the title reaction. The activity obtained exceeded greatly that obtained over Cu/SiO₂. It was shown that the precursors highly dispersed on zirconia support were readily reduced to very fine particles of metallic copper.

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Cu/ZrO₂ . Cu/SiO₂. , , , .

     

Isomerization of 1-methylnaphthalene on magnesium modified NaY zeolites

The conversions of 1-methylnaphthalene on NaY zeolite and its magnesium modifications with different degrees of ion exchange and various Si/Al ratios have been studied at 310 and 350 °C. The investigated catalysts are highly active for positional isomerization. The observed changes in their catalytic activity are explained by the promotion of proton formation and by the absorption properties of magnesium cations as well as by their localization in cations as well as by their localization in the crystal lattice of the zeolite.

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1- NaY Si/Al 310 350°C. . , .

     

Structure of amorphous Fe(III) hydroxides and their ageing products

X-ray analysis has revealed that at pH=7.5–12.0 similar amorphous Fe(III) hydroxides are formed. Their structural peruliarity is the presence of local regions with ordered arrangement of atoms typical for -FeOOH in the volume of primary particles. Ageing at pH=7.5 and 353 K leads to structure rearrangement to -Fe₂O₃.

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pH 7,5–12,0 Fe(III). , -FeOOH. pH 7,5 353 -Fe₂O₃.

     

Four types of relaxation in chemical kinetics (linear case)

According to results obtained previously for the linear equations of chemical kinetics, the relation between the steady-state reaction rate and the relaxation time has been studied.

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, , .

     

Apparent inconsistencies in acid-base behavior of ZnO

Acidic behavior of ZnO is observed in spectroscopic experiments (Zn–H band at 1708 cm^–1, XPS O 1s binding energy 530/532 eV, pyridine Lewis band at 1452 cm^–1), basic behavior in catalytic reactions of alcohols (98% dehydrogenation). This is ascribed to a high sensitivity to experimental conditions.

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ZnO ( Zn–H 1708 ^–1, XPS O 1s 530/532 .., 1452 ^–1), (98% ). .

     

Oxidation of aroyl hydrazines, III. Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of nicotinoyl and isonicotinoyl hydrazine by iodine

The title reaction was studied in aqueous hydrochloric acid at high iodide concentations. The reaction is first order with respect to both oxidant and substrate though diisonicotinoyl hydrazines are the products apart from nitrogen. The reaction is markedly inhibited by H⁺ and I^– ions. An I^– ion independent path is also noticed.

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. , , -() , . H⁺ I^–. , , I^–.

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Part II: Indian J. Chem. (In press)     

Study of the reaction K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O→K4Fe(CN)6+3H2O by the derivatograph and dielectric constant measurements

K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O was studied by a derivatograph in the temperature range +20° to +300° and dielectric constant () measured from –80° to +150°. The loss of the three water molecules occurs at 105° and the vs T curve shows a Debye relaxation behavior. By using Mason's theory it was possible to classify K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O in the temperature range –25° to +100° C as a para-electric order-disorder crystal.

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Zusammenfassung K₄[Fe(CN)₆].3 H₂O wurde mit dem Derivatograph im Temperaturbereich von+20° bis+300° untersucht und die dielektrische Konstante () im Bereich von –80° und +150° gemessen. Die Abspaltung der drei Wassermoleküle erfolgt bei 105°. Die Kurve von als Funktion vonT zeigt ein Relaxationsverhalten nach Debye. Bei Anwendung der Theorie von Mason gelang es K₄[Fe(CN)₆].3 H₂O im Temperaturbereich von –25° bis 100° als para-elektrischen, geordneten-ungeordneten Kristall einzuordnen.

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Résumé Etude de K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O à l'aide d'un «Derivatograph» entre +20 et +300° mesure de la constante diélectrique () entre –80 et+150°. La perte des trois molécules d'eau a lieu à 105° et la courbe en fonction deT montre un comportement de relaxation Debye. D'après la théorie de Mason, il est possible de classer K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O comme cristal paraélectrique ordre-désordre entre –25 et +100°.

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K₄[Fe(CN)₆] · 3H₂O +20° +300° –80° +150°. 105°, -T . , , K₄[Fe(CN)₆] · 3H₂O –25° +100° .

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Work partially supported by Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

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P. da R. Andrade deceased on December 16, 1974.     

Kinetics and mechanism of iodination of p-aminobenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid. Novel catalytic behavior of added phosphate buffers

Kinetics of iodination ofp-aminobenzoic acid ando-aminobenzoic acid at different pH and solvent media has been studied. The order of the reaction with respect to the iodinating agent and substrates was established. Reactions were carried out with buffer mixtures of primary and secondary phosphates and catalytic constants were evaluated. Effect of temperature and dielectric constant of solvents used were studied. Suitable mechanism and composite rate law have been suggested.

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- - . . . . .

     

Influence of sodium on the phase composition of bismuth-molybdenum oxide catalysts supported on SiO2

Using an x-ray phase analysis, it has been shown that the application of sodiumstabilized sols to the Bi₂O₃·2.75MoO₃/SiO₂ system leads to the interaction of molybdenum and bismuth oxides with sodium, and the formation of a double Na–Bi-molybdate.

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, Bi₂O₃·2.75 MoO₃/SiO₂ , , Na–Bi-.

     

XPS study on the decomposition of Ru3(CO)12 and Fe3(CO)12 carbonyl clusters

Crystalline Ru₃(CO)₁₂ and Fe₃(CO)₁₂ carbonyl clusters were deposited on a Cu sample holder and core level binding energies (BE) for O 1s, C 1s Fe 2p 3/2, Fe 2p 1/2, Ru 3d 5/2 and Ru 3d 3/2 were measured before and after decomposition. Part of the carbonyl clusters remained in the original form even at a pressure of 10^–5 Pa, indicated by a Fe satellite peak and high BE for C 1s. After decomposition, carbon is partly retained by iron, whereas the twin peak at Ru 3d 5/2 and Ru 3d 3/2 show no carbon left on the ruthenium surface.

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Ru₃(CO)₁₂ Fe₃(CO)₁₂ (BE) O 1S, C 1S, Fe 2p 3/2, Fe 2p 1/2, Ru 3d 5/2 Ru 3d 3/2 . 10^–5 Pa, Fe BE 1S. , Ru 3d 5/2 Ru 3d 3/2 , .

     

Stoichiometry as canonical transformation of chemical kinetics

Applying the apparatus of differential manifolds and that of classical conservative point mechanics, it is shown that stoichiometry plays the role of canonical transformations in chemical reaction kinetics.

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, , .

     

Poissonian stationary distribution: A degenerate case of stochastic kinetics

There is practically no chemical reaction with independent reaction rates having Poissonian stationary (equilibrium) distribution. There exists, hovewer, a manifold of reactions with dependent reaction rates and with Poissonian stationary distribution. In this case the explicit form of the interdependence between the reaction rates is also given.

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, () . , . .

     

Variations in the linear size of precipitated catalysis for ammonia synthesis during their reduction and oxidation

According to dilatometric analysis data, it has been shown that at low temperatures both catalyst reduction steps are accompanied by sample expansion. With increasing temperature, the value of the expension effect decreases to zero, and after then only contraction is observed. Mild oxidation of the reduced catalyst at room temperature leads to its contraction.

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, ( ) . , , . .

     

Influence of the properties of an oxide film on the oxidation of aluminium powders

The structure of oxide films of aluminium powders has been established to depend on the size of its particles. The temperature dependence of the oxidation of the powder in air is ascribed to changes in both the structure of the oxide laver and the pressure of saturated aluminium vapor. The porous, permeable product consists of hollow microspheres of -Al₂O₃.

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. , . , –Al₂O₃.

     

Thermal synthesis of non-stoichiometric Bi5.8PO11.2

The formation of the compound Bi_5.8PO_11.2 from 2.4 Bi₂O₃+BiPO₄ was investigated by means of DTA, simultaneous DTA—high-temperature thermomicroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Solid-state reactions begin above 700 °C, followed by intermediate local melting and exothermic reactions. These are coupled with the intermediate formation of-Bi₂O₃, Bi₁₂P_0.8O₂₀ (both with sillenite structure) and Bi₄P₂O₁₁. The reaction is completed upon congruent melting of Bi_5.8PO_11.2 at 955 °C.The formation of Bi_5.8PO_11.2 from 2.9 Bi₂O₃+NH₄H₂PO₄ begins after melting of NH₄H₂PO₄ at around 200 °C, and is similarly completed at 955 °C.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bildung der Verbindung Bi_5.8PO_11.2 aus 2,4 Bi₂O₃+BiPO₄ wurde mittels DTA, simultaner DTA-Hochtemperatur-Thermomikroskopie und Röntgenbeugung untersucht. Die Umsetzung beginnt als Festkörperreaktion oberhalb 700 °C, gefolgt durch intermediäres örtliches Schmelzen und exotherme Reaktionen. Dabei werden als Zwischenprodukte-Bi₂O₃, Bi₁₂P_0.8O₂₀ (beide mit Sillenit-Struktur) sowie Bi₄P₂O₁₁ nachgewiesen. Die Umsetzung wird erst beim kongruenten Schmelzen des Bi_5,8PO_11,2 bei 955 °C beendet. Die Bildung von Bi_5,8PO_11,2 aus 2,9 Bi₂O₃ + NH₄H₂PO₄ beginnt nach dem Schmelzen des NH₄H₂PO₄ bei ca. 200 °C und geht ebenfalls erst bei 955 °C zu Ende.

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, Bi_5.8PO_11.2 2,4 Bi₂O₃ BiPO₄. 700° , — -Bi₂O₃, Bi₁₂P_0,8O₂₀ ( ) Bi₄P₂O₁₁. Bi_5,8PO_11,2 955°. 2,9 Bi₂O₃ NH₄H₂PO₄ 200° 955°.

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Thanks are due to Mrs. K. Norouzi for performing most of the DTA measurements, and to Mr. P. Höfner for the recording and discussions of the X-ray diffractograms.     

Reaction of γ-Sultines with Electrophilic Reagents. 1. Bromination of 3,5-Diaryl-1,2-oxathiolane 2-Oxides

The effects of the nature of the aryl substituents and the reaction conditions on the bromination of 3,5-diaryl-1,2-oxathiolane 2-oxides (-sultines) have been studied. The possible mechanisms for the bromination of the -sultines are discussed on the basis of the experimental data.