S波段四腔强流相对论速调管的设计和实验研究

本文根据四腔强流相对论速调管设计过程中出现的高次模振荡现象,采用电磁场软件模拟,分析了这种振荡的产生原因,给出抑制这种高次模振荡的方法.利用二维和三维模拟软件,研究了谐振腔谐振频率、谐振腔Q值、漂移管长度、特性阻抗等参数的变化对高次模振荡的影响,模拟上验证了高次模振荡抑制方法的有效性,并在输出端模拟获得了功率2.13 GW、效率26%、增益60 dB的输出微波,实现了2D,3D中高次模振荡的有效抑制.最终在实验中获得了功率1.9 GW、效率24%、增益61 dB的输出微波.     

S波段四腔相对论速调管放大器的整管性能

在速调管放大器中,中间谐振腔一方面可以提高器件的放大增益,另一方面也容易产生杂频振荡,影响器件正常工作。针对这种杂频振荡的影响,在三腔相对论速调管的基础上发展了四腔相对论速调管。采用PIC粒子模拟软件从整管上对四腔强流相对论速调管放大器的冷腔结构、束波互作用、微波提取等方面进行研究。为得到输出功率和效率的最优值,结构上采用低互作用输入腔,设计了阶梯状结构漂移管,通过对输出腔作用间歇进行优化处理抑制电子回流。模拟结果表明整管微波模拟输出功率达了3.7 GW,效率22%,增益56 dB,1 dB带宽74 MHz,并实现了对杂频振荡的抑制。     

S波段四腔相对论速调管放大器的整管性能

在速调管放大器中,中间谐振腔一方面可以提高器件的放大增益,另一方面也容易产生杂频振荡,影响器件正常工作。针对这种杂频振荡的影响,在三腔相对论速调管的基础上发展了四腔相对论速调管。采用PIC粒子模拟软件从整管上对四腔强流相对论速调管放大器的冷腔结构、束波互作用、微波提取等方面进行研究。为得到输出功率和效率的最优值,结构上采用低互作用输入腔,设计了阶梯状结构漂移管,通过对输出腔作用间歇进行优化处理抑制电子回流。模拟结果表明整管微波模拟输出功率达了3.7 GW,效率22%,增益56 dB,1 dB带宽74 MHz,并实现了对杂频振荡的抑制。     

70 GHz二次谐波倍频回旋速调管研究

 对70 GHz二次谐波倍频回旋速调管高频结构和电子与波互作用进行了研究。研究了TE02模腔体绕射品质因数及模式转化,解决了二次谐波倍频回旋速调管漂移段不能截止70 GHz的TE01模而引起的腔体间高频串扰的问题。分析了注电流、输入功率、电子横纵速度比和电子注引导中心半径等参数对输出功率、增益和效率的影响。针对二次谐波回旋速调管放大器工作频带窄、效率低,进行了高频结构优化设计,显著地展宽了工作频带,提高了互作用效率。在理论分析和高频计算的基础上,建立了注-波互作用PIC（粒子模拟）模型,进行了粒子模拟计算和优化,得到了70 GHz 的二次谐波倍频四腔回旋速调管放大器设计方案。粒子模拟结果表明：在工作电压70 kV,注电流13 A,电子注横向速度与纵向速度比为1.5时,中心频率69.81 GHz输出功率256 kW,带宽160 MHz,电子效率28%,饱和增益大于44 dB。     

Chip design of a 5.8-GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer with a tunable Gm—C loop filter

This paper proposes a novel Gm-C loop filter instead of a conventional passive loop filter used in a phase-locked loop.The innovative advantage of the proposed architecture is tunable loop filter bandwidth and hence the process variations of passive elements of resistance R and capacitance C can be overcome and the chip area is greatly reduced.Furthermore,the MASH 1-1-1 sigma-delta(Σ▽) modulator is adopted for performing the fractional division number and hence improves the phase noise as well.Measured results show that the locked phase noise is 114.1 dBc/Hz with lower G m-C bandwidth and 111.7 dBm/C with higher G m-C bandwidth at 1 MHz offset from carrier of 5.68 GHz.Including pads and built-in Gm-C filter,the chip area of the proposed frequency synthesizer is 1.06 mm 2.The output power is 8.69 dBm at 5.68 GHz and consumes 56 mW with an off-chip buffer from 1.8-V supply voltage.     

Present status of automatic ellipsometers

Operating principles and capabilities of presently-built automatic ellipsometers are reviwed. The instruments are classified according to their optical principles of operation and their capabilities are compared on the basis of uniform performance criteria. Possible future developments are indicated.     

Generation of a wide discrete visible spectrum in a frequency-doubling optical fiber

We describe some special features of frequency doubling in a Ge-doped SiO₂ optical fiber. The generation of a multi-frequency visible spectrum in a single short fiber pumped with 1.06 µm radiation is demonstrated. This effect is the result of an interplay between the processes of frequency doubling and third-order nonlinear frequency mixing. Most of the new components coincide with the characteristic stimulated four-wave-mixing spectrum of the fiber, although the power of the internally generated 0.532 µm pump was more than an order of magnitude below the respective thresholds.     

Double-beta decay: Present status

The present status of double-beta-decay experiments (including the search for 2β ⁺, ECβ ⁺, and ECEC processes) are reviewed. The results of the most sensitive experiments are discussed. Average and recommended half-life values for two-neutrino double-beta decay are presented. Conservative upper limits on effective Majorana neutrino mass and the coupling constant of the Majoron to the neutrino are established as 〈m _ν 〉 < 0.75 eV and 〈g _ee 〉 < 1.9 × 10⁻⁴, respectively. Proposals for future double-betadecay experiments with a sensitivity for the 〈m _ν 〉 at the level of 0.01–0.1 eV are considered.     

Muon diagnostics: Present status

Muon diagnostics is a technique for the remote monitoring of various dynamic processes in the heliosphere and the Earth’s magnetosphere and atmosphere, based on analyzing spatial and angular variations in the flux of muons detected simultaneously from all directions in the upper hemisphere. Approaches to data analysis and some of the results of studies of the atmospheric and extra-atmospheric processes detected using the URAGAN muon hodoscope are discussed.     

Present status of the USR project

The Facility for Low-energy Antiproton and Ion Research (FLAIR) and a large part of the wide physics program decisively rely on new experimental techniques to cool and slow down antiprotons to 20 keV, in particular on the development of an ultra-low energy electrostatic storage ring (USR). The whole research program connected with anti-matter/matter interactions is only feasible if such a machine will be realized. For the USR to fulfil its key role in the FLAIR project, the development of novel and challenging methods and technologies is necessary: the combination of the electrostatic storage mode with a deceleration of the stored ions from 300 keV to 20 keV, electron cooling at all energies in both longitudinal and transverse phase-space, bunching of the stored beam to ultra-short pulses in the nanosecond regime and the development of an in-ring reaction microscope for antiproton-matter rearrangement experiments. In this contribution, the present status of the USR project is summarized and the new machine lattice is presented.     

Present status of Double Chooz experiment

The goal of the Double Chooz experiment is to measure the value of sin²(2ϑ ₁₃), which is of great interest at the moment in neutrino physics. To overcome the existing limit coming from the CHOOZ experiment, we are going to use two identical detectors that will be placed at a distance of 150 m and 1.05 km from the reactor cores. This setup will allow us to decrease systematic error down to the level of a percent. In this paper, we discuss the details of the proposed experiment and the ways in which we plan to achieve the announced sensitivity. on behalf of Double Chooz Collaboration The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Present status and validation of HIBRAC

This paper describes in detail the latest version of HIBRAC, a computer code to calculate one-dimensional deterministic particle transport, designed for application in treatment-planning systems when using highly energetic ions for radiotherapy. HIBRAC can calculate dose, dose-average LET (Linear Energy Transfer), track-average LET, fluence and energy distributions as a function of the penetration depth of light ion beams in any solid and fluid target material. The validity of the code is verified against measured dose and fluence distributions. The code shows good agreement for all the systems studied.     

Present status of thin oxide films creation in a microwave plasma

This paper summarizes present knowledge of the creation of thin films in isotropic and magnetoactive plasma. It analyses conditions under which films in the microwave plasma can be created and shows how the growth rate and properties of films depend on microparameters of plasma. On the basis of plasma floating potential measurements it is shown why the creation of thin films in microwave discharges takes place at high electron plasma densities (N 10¹² cm^–3) only. Besides this it describes properties of created films, underlies negative role of fast electrons in forming of good quality films and gives recommendation how to avoid their generation. Considerable attention is devoted also to a comparison of films creation in pulse and continuous plasma. At the end possibility of films creation at low temperatures by a deposition technique utilizing a microwave excitation of molecular gases is given.The authors gratefully acknowledge many stimulating and fruitful discussions with Dr. F. áek of Institute of Plasma Physics of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. We also thank Dr. V. Malina of Institute of Radioelectronics of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for measurements of C—V curves of SiO₂ films.     

Self-induced transparency and self-induced darkening with a nonlinear frequency-doubling polarization interferometer

It is shown that the system polarizer-frequency-doubling crystal(s)-analyzer has a nonlinear transmission for the fundamental wave. The intensity-dependent transmission of this device is due to the nonlinear phase shift that the fundamental beam obtains in the nonlinear crystal as a result of cascaded second-order processes. Depending on the mutual orientation of the polarizer and the analyzer such effects as self-induced transparency and self-induced darkening can be realized.     

Euroball: Present status and outlook

Euroball is a European project to build a highly efficient and powerful gamma-ray spectrometer for nuclear structure spectroscopy. The project is an amalgamation of recent technical advances in detectors, electronics and data acquisition. In the first phase the spectrometer consists of 30 large single crystal Ge detectors, 26 Clover Ge detectors and 15 Cluster Ge detectors each with an associated suppression shield. The 239 individual Ge detector elements will have a total photopeak efficiency ∈ _p of ≈ 10% and will enable the properties of the atomic nucleus to be studied with a sensitivity up to or better than 10^?5 of the production cross-section. The elements of the spectrometer, including the detectors, the electronics and the data acquisition system, some of the planned ancillary detectors and the first results will be presented. Several developments are under investigation for the upgrade of Euroball for its second phase. These include an inner BGO ball for multiplicity and summed energy determination and inner particle detectors for charged particle identification. These developments will also be discussed.     

Integrated-grating-induced control of second-harmonic beams in frequency-doubling crystals

We report a novel type of integrated nonlinear photonic device for controlling the generation of several second-harmonic beams. Two-dimensional diffraction gratings are recorded with femtosecond laser pulses at the entrance surface of a frequency-doubling crystal. This periodic spatial modulation of the material surface induces noncollinear propagation of the fundamental input signal in the crystal. By slightly changing the angle of incidence of the seed beam, collinear and noncollinear phase matching can be achieved between different diffraction orders, in this way allowing the efficient generation of several second-harmonic beams.     

Present status and trends of radioecological research

Radioecology can be defined as the science concerned with the interactions between radionuclides and the environment and with the effects of radionuclides on man and biotic communities. Ecology advanced from radioecological studies because tracer radionuclides were instrumental in understanding many ecological processes. During the period of fallout from nuclear weapons testing the behaviour of the most important radionuclides (typically:⁹⁰Sr,¹³¹I,¹³⁷Cs,^239,240Pu) in the most critical pathways was studied. After the Chernobyl accident studies were extended to natural and semi-natural ecosystems and to other less common radionuclides. In principle the implementation of radiation protection criteria for man, which are based on the protection of a single individual, assures the protection of organisms other than man. In case of serious contamination scenarios there is a need for realistic evaluations of the effectiveness of the countermeasures that could be undertaken. In particular, studies on biogeochemical transfer mechanisms which control the cycling of radionuclides should be developed. With reference to future developments of the nuclear industry, some attention should be paid to the operation and the releases from, e.g., intrinsically safe reactors and fusion plants. Besides such potential new-type sources, the decontamination and possible site restoration of military installations has to be considered.     

X射线探测器的研究现状与展望

X射线影像设备广泛应用于医疗健康、工业无损探测等领域。当X射线穿过不同密度和厚度的人体组织或者工件时,X射线被吸收的程度不同,人们通过X射线强度的变化及分布情况可以诊断一些肉眼不可见的疾病或者检测工件内部各种宏观或微观缺陷的性质、大小及分布。近年来,如何设计空间分辨率更高、X射线使用剂量更低、成本更低的X射线影像设备是各大X射线影像设备公司以及本领域科研人员的研究目标。文章主要从X射线探测器的结构和材料角度出发,回顾了X射线探测器的发展,讨论了不同探测材料对于X射线的吸收以及探测性能,最后展望了X射线探测器的未来发展方向。