High-gain composite microstrip patch antenna with the near-zero-refractive-index metamaterial

A high-gain rectangular microstrip patch antenna which is covered by a single layer metamaterial (MTM) superstrate with the near zero refractive index is proposed. The refraction of the metamaterial at frequency 3.51 GHz–3.57 GHz is very close to zero. The metamaterial with the near zero refractive index is placed 42 mm above an ordinary rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The effectively zero refractive index behavior of metamaterial superstrate can gather the wave emitted from the microstrip patch antenna and collimate it toward the normal direction of the antenna. The finite element method (FEM) and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are used to study the characteristics of this antenna. The results of the two methods indicate that the realized gain of the proposed antenna is increased by more than 6 dB, and the antenna has a flatness high gain in the predicted frequency band, where the proposed MTM is designed to have a near zero index of refraction. Therefore, the high-gain antenna is effectively enhanced based on the near-zero-refractive-index metamaterial.     

Analysis of graphene based optically transparent patch antenna for terahertz communications

With and without multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) loaded graphene based optically transparent patch antennas are designed to resonate at 6 THz. Their radiation characteristics are analyzed in 5.66–6.43 THz band. The optically transparent graphene is deployed as the patch and ground plane of the antennas, which are separated by a 2.5 μm thick flexible polyimide substrate. By shorting the microstrip line and ground plane of the antenna with a MWCNT via, the return loss of the antenna is improved. The peak gain of 3.3dB at 6.2 THz and a gain greater than 3dB in 5.66–6.43 THz band is obtained for antenna loaded without MWCNT. Both the antennas achieved a −10dB impedance bandwidth of 12.83%. Gain, directivity and radiation efficiency of the proposed antennas are compared with conventional transparent patch antennas and graphene based non-transparent antennas. The antenna structures are simulated by using finite element method based electromagnetic simulator-Ansys HFSS.     

一种新型宽带定向性贴片天线设计

利用超材料概念,通过在接地面上蚀刻条形缝隙图案,并引入"八木"天线中的反射器和引向器的设计思想,设计并且制作了一种超宽带强定向型贴片天线.仿真结果表明,天线相对带宽为65.3%(6.9—13.6 GHz),带内回波损耗均在-10 d B以下,整个频段内天线的增益均在4.4 d Bi以上.由于接地板上蚀刻的超材料结构的左手特性影响了天线介质基底的等效媒质参数,天线电磁场的传播方向被改变,天线辐射场主要集中在水平方向而不是传统贴片天线的垂直方向.在传统的贴片天线上引入反射器和引向器增强了天线的方向性.实验结果与仿真结果有较好的一致性.     

A new double L-shaped multiband patch antenna on a polymer resin material substrate

The design and prototyping of a new double L-shaped patch antenna on substrate of available low cost polymer resin composite material is presented. The designed microstrip line fed compact antenna consists of a planar double L-shaped slotted radiating patch, 1.6 mm thick substrate and ground plane. The proposed small antenna was designed and analyzed using a finite-element method-based, commercially available, high frequency structure simulator, and fabricated on a printed circuit board. The measured ?10 dB return loss bandwidths were 220 MHz and 650 MHz at 4.85 GHz and 8.10 GHz center frequencies. The corresponding symmetric and almost steady radiation patterns have peak gains of 7.6 dBi and 4.1 dBi, making the proposed antenna suitable for C and × band wireless applications, especially for WLANs, mobiles and satellites. The radiation efficiency, input impedance and current distribution of the proposed antenna were also analyzed.     

Analysis of single band and dual band graphene based patch antenna for terahertz region

A microstrip patch antenna is designed using a very thin layer of graphene as the radiating patch, which is fed by a microstrip transmission line. The graphene based patch is designed on a silicon substrate having a dielectric constant of 11.9, to radiate at a single frequency of 2.6 THz. Further, this antenna is made to resonate at dual frequencies of 2.48 THz and 3.35 THz, by changing the substrate height, which is reported for the first time. Various antenna parameters such as return loss, VSWR, gain, efficiency and bandwidth are also determined for the single and dual band operation. For the single band operation, a bandwidth of 145.4 GHz and an efficiency of 92% was achieved. For dual band operation, a maximum bandwidth of 140.5 GHz was obtained at 3.35 THz and an efficiency of 87.3% was obtained at the first resonant frequency of 2.48 THz. The absorption cross section of the antenna is also analysed for various substrate heights and has maximum peaks at the corresponding resonating frequencies. The simulation has been carried out by using a full wave electromagnetic simulator based on FDTD method.     

基于石墨烯编码超构材料的太赫兹波束多功能动态调控

提出了一种基于石墨烯带的太赫兹波段的1 bit编码超构材料,可以实现太赫兹波束的数目、频率、幅度等参数多功能动态调控.该结构由金属薄膜、聚酰亚胺、硅、二氧化硅、石墨烯带组成.通过对石墨烯带施加两种不同的电压,可以实现一定频率范围内相位差接近180?的"0"和"1"数字编码单元,进而构成1 bit动态可控的编码超构材料.全波仿真结果表明,不同序列的编码超构材料能够实现波束数目从单波束、双波束、多波束到宽波束的调控.相同序列的编码超构材料,通过施加石墨烯带的不同电压能够实现宽频段波束频率的偏移.对于000000或者111111周期序列的编码超构材料,通过施加石墨烯带的不同电压还能够实现波束幅度的调控.因此这种基于石墨烯带的编码超构材料为灵活调控太赫兹波提供了一种新的途径,将在雷达隐身、成像、宽带通信等方面具有重要的意义.     

A compact square loop patch antenna on high dielectric ceramic–PTFE composite material

Design and prototyping of a low profile, compact square loop microstrip line fed miniature patch antenna on 1.9 mm thick ceramic-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) high dielectric composite material substrate is presented in this paper. The measured ?10 dB return loss bandwidths of the antenna are 300 MHz (0.75–1.05 GHz) and 800 MHz (2.4–3.2 GHz) with 3.4 dBi, 8.86 dBi and 7.42 dBi at 900 MHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.0 GHz, respectively. The measured symmetric and almost stable radiation pattern makes the proposed antenna suitable for RFID, GSM, ZIGBEE, WBAN, LR-WPAN etc. integrated mobile devices.     

Beam reconfigurable antenna for the THz band based on a graphene high impedance surface

In this paper a reconfigurable beam antenna is proposed for THz applications, based on a switchable Graphene High Impedance Surface (G-HIS) that acts as a reflector for a primary radiator. The Graphene-HIS structure composed of two layers of graphene cells arranged in a 5×5 array, the two planes of the array are separated by a thin silicon oxide layer; patches in the same row are connected together, to be biased by a common DC voltage to the entire row; this gives the ability to control the graphene conductivity σ. The results show that the shape of the radiation pattern can be changed by changing the voltage applied to each row of G-HIS array. The antenna was fabricated and characterized using a THz-TDS laser system. Measurements are in good agreement with simulations as far as the graphene surface impedance and the resonance frequency are concerned. The scanning reflection on the antenna surface due to the change on the applied voltage is presented to show the effect of biased graphene layer on the dipole properties.     

A simple design of ultra-broadband and polarization insensitive terahertz metamaterial absorber

Ultra-broadband metamaterial absorbers have attracted considerable attention due to their great prospect for practical applications. These absorbers are usually stacked by many (no. <20) different shaped or sized subunits in a unit cell, making it quite troublesome to be fabricated. Simple design for ultra-broadband absorber is urgently necessary. Herein, we propose a simple design of ultra-broadband and polarization insensitive terahertz metamaterial absorber based on a double-layered composite structure on a metallic board, and each layer consists of two sets of different sized square metallic plates. Greater than 90 % absorption is obtained across a frequency range of 0.85 THz with the central frequency around 1.60 THz. The relative absorption bandwidth of the device is greatly improved to 53.3 %, which is much larger than previous results. The mechanism of the ultra-broadband absorber is attributed to the overlapping of four closely resonance frequencies. The proposed metamaterial absorber has potential applications in detection, imaging and stealth technology.     

The research of high-directive anisotropic magnetic metamaterial antenna loaded with frequency-selective surface

This paper uses a Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio to simulate the performance of a new high-directivity anisotropic magnetic metamaterial antenna loaded with a frequency-selective surface. Frequency-selective surface with cross-dipole element has a great effect on the directivity, radiation pattern, and gain of such an antenna. The experimental results show that frequency-selective surface (FSS) significantly improve the radiation performance of anisotropic magnetic metamaterial antenna. For example, as a single anisotropic magnetic metamaterial antenna, half power beam width is 4 degrees in the H planes, and the gain of this antenna is 19.5 dBi at 10 GHz, achieving a 2.1 degree increment in half power beam width, and a 7.3 dB gain increment by loading with the FSS reflector. The simulating results are consistent with our experimental results.     

一种辐射零点可控的紧凑型滤波贴片天线

提出了一种辐射零点可控的紧凑型滤波贴片天线。该滤波天线以基本的微带贴片天线为原型,主要由一个简单的金属辐射贴片和两个对称的分割形槽组成。两个分割形槽蚀刻在金属贴片上,使得高/低频段分别产生两个宽边辐射零点,从而引入滤波选频功能。该结构未引入额外滤波电路和其他寄生单元,节省了空间尺寸,结构更加紧凑;两个辐射零点独立可控,提高了设计的灵活度。且在实现滤波选频功能的同时,对天线增益的影响很小。利用HFSS仿真软件优化滤波天线结构,制作了一个实物模型并进行了测试。测试结果与仿真结果基本一致。测试结果表明,提出的滤波天线工作在2.40 GHz,两个独立可控的辐射零点分别位于1.96 GHz和2.66 GHz,平均实际增益约为7.0 dBi,带外抑制水平超过39 dB。     

Metamaterial Superstrate and Electromagnetic Band-Gap Substrate for High Directive Antenna

A high directive planar antenna made from a metamaterial superstrate and an electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) substrate has been investigated. A patch antenna surrounded with EBG structures is used as the radiation source. The CST Microwave Studio is used for the simulation. The results show that the gain of the antenna with metamaterial is 21.6 dB at the operating frequency of 14.6 GHz. Compared with the patch feed with the same aperture size but without the metamaterial superstrate, the performance of the antenna is improved obviously and the gain increases about 12.4 dB.     

Performance improvement of organic light emitting diode using 4,4$$^{\prime }$$-N,N$$^{\prime }$$-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) layer over fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) surface with doped light emitting region

A metallic fishnet metamaterial structure in sub-THz region is presented. The proposed structure is based on hexagonal resonators. Simulations have been performed by a 3D full-wave electromagnetic simulator and a negative refractive index has been observed at the frequency range between 0.55 and 0.70 THz with the help of the graphene layer. In order to observe the effect of the graphene layer, the metamaterial structure has been simulated and examined before and after graphene integration. Significant modification in the propagation properties has been observed after the graphene integration. Change in S-parameters with the size variation of hexagonal resonators and alteration in graphene thickness are also presented as a parametric study to show the tunability of the structure. Suitability of the metamaterial for sensor applications has been investigated. The proposed metamaterial structure is promising to be effectively used for tunability and sensor applications.     

Investigated new embedded shapes of electromagnetic bandgap structures and via effect for improved microstrip patch antenna performance

Three novel shapes of mushroom-like electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures are presented in this paper. The three shapes are based on a rectangular metal strip with different combinations. The performances of the three-shape structures are studied by using both an incident plane wave method and transmission coefficient approach. The effect of height and via location is also studied to achieve multi or wide bandgap. These shapes are embedded in microstrip patch antenna substrates. The performance of the MPA is improved as increasing the antenna gain by 5 dBi, decreasing the surface current so improving the antenna radiation pattern as well as reducing the antenna size by more than 70% compared to the original size. The new shapes of EBG structures are integrated with MPA as a ground plane, where the conducting ground plane is replaced by a high impedance surface EBG layer. Parametric studies are conducted to maximize their impedance bandwidth and gain. It is found that the antenna bandwidth increased by approximately four times than the original band and its gain is similarly increased. Sample of these antennas are fabricated and tested to verify the designs.     

L/S/C/X四频高隔离共口径微带天线设计

首次设计实现了一款能同时工作在L/S/C/X四个频段的高隔离共口径低剖面微带天线。整体结构通过依次按照频率从低至高的顺序自下而上将4个频段的微带天线堆叠而成,采用同轴探针穿过低频辐射贴片形成过孔给高频天线馈电,同时将低频天线作为其上层高频天线的地,以提高天线指标与性能。其中L/S/C波段的辐射贴片采用在矩形辐射贴片四周添加枝节的方式,更利于阻抗调节;X波段置于最顶层,通过对矩形贴片进行开槽处理,避免了对其它频段的辐射遮挡;通过采用中和线去耦合及正交馈电的方法,最终实现了4个频段内增益分别为6.85,7.48,6.13,6.62 dBi;各端口之间隔离均大于30 dB;天线尺寸为85 mm×85 mm×9.07 mm;通过实物加工,测试与仿真结果吻合良好,验证了设计的有效性和可靠性。     

Extremely-broad band metamaterial absorber for solar energy harvesting based on star shaped resonator

A new metamaterial absorber (MA) is investigated and shown numerically for solar energy harvesting for future solar cell applications. The structure consists of two metals and one dielectric layer having different thicknesses. Owing to this combination, the structure exhibits plasmonic resonance characteristics. In the entire spectrum of visible frequency region, the obtained results show that investigated structure has perfect absorptivity which is above 91.8%. Proposed structure also has 99.87% absorption at 613.94 THz and 99% absorption between 548 and 669 THz. The proposed structure also shows both polarization and angle independency for the entire visible region. The MA based solar cell proposes high absorption with an upper ratio of 90% in the widest range of visible spectrum comparing to the studies in literature. Hence, the proposed metamaterial absorber solar cells can be used for invisibility in entire spectrum of visible light. The absorption characteristics of the solar absorber are also investigated for infrared and ultraviolet region. The enhancement of absorption of the structure will provide new type of sensors in these frequency ranges.     

基于石墨烯互补超表面的可调谐太赫兹吸波体

通过在石墨烯超表面设计周期性切条,实现了基于石墨烯互补超表面的可调谐太赫兹吸波体.通过改变外加电压来改变石墨烯的费米能级,吸波体实现频率可调谐特性.研究了石墨烯费米能级、结构尺寸对超材料吸波体吸收特性的影响,并利用多重反射理论研究了其物理机理并且证明了模拟方法的可行性.研究结果表明:当石墨烯费米能级取0.6 eV,基底厚度13μm,石墨烯上切条长宽分别为2.9μm,0.1μm时,吸波体在1.865 THz可以实现99.9%的完美吸收;石墨烯费米能级从0.4 eV增大到0.9 eV,吸波体共振频率从1.596 THz蓝移到2.168 THz,且伴随共振吸收率的改变,吸收率在0.6 eV时达到最大;通过改变费米能级实现的最大吸收率调制度达84.55%.     

Design of a type of broadband metamaterial absorber based on metal and graphene

In this paper, we demonstrate a kind of broadband metamaterial perfect absorber using both graphene and metal resonator elements. Through step by step design and simulation, wider absorption band from about 4.22 THz to 7.48 THz with average absorption rate up to 98.21% is achieved in the absorption spectrum. In addition, the absorber has characteristics of polarization insensitivity and wide incident angle due to its inherent rotational symmetry. Moreover, the absorption band can be adjusted by changing the chemical potential of the graphene. The superiorities of broadband, high absorption rate, polarization independent and wide-angle characteristics make it have potential application prospects in electromagnetic wave absorbing, signal sensing and detection, and other optoelectronic devices.     

Simulation-based analysis of performance parameters of microstrip antennas with criss-cross metamaterial-based artificial substrate

In this paper, we present the design of a metamaterial-based microstrip patch antenna, optimized for bandwidth and multiple frequency operations. A criss-cross structure has been proposed, this shape has been inspired from the famous Jerusalem cross. The theory and design formulas to calculate various parameters of the proposed antenna have been presented. Design starts with the analysis of the proposed unit cell structure, and validating the response using software– HFSS Version 13, to obtain negative response of ε and μ– metamaterial. Following this, a metamaterial-based-microstrip-patch-antenna is designed. A detailed comparative study is conducted exploring the response of the designed patch made of metamaterial and that of the conventional patch. Finally, antenna parameters such as gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern, and multiple frequency responses are investigated and optimised for the same and present in table and response graphs. It is also observed that the physical dimension of the metamaterial-based patch antenna is smaller compared to its conventional counterpart operating at the same fundamental frequency. The challenging part was to develop metamaterial based on some signature structures and techniques that would offer advantage in terms of BW and multiple frequency operation, which is demonstrated in this paper. The unique shape proposed in this paper gives improvement in bandwidth without reducing the gain of the antenna.