楔形光纤与半导体多量子阱平面光波光路芯片的耦合分析

采用楔形光纤(WSF)实现了与半导体多量子阱(MQW)平面光波光路(PLC)芯片的高效耦合。在多量子阱-平面光波光路前置模斑转换器(SSC)和不加模斑转换器的情况下,用阶梯串联法(SCM)数值模拟并优化设计了楔形光纤-平面光波光路间最佳耦合参量:楔形光纤楔角45°、端面圆柱透镜曲率半径2.5μm、模斑转换器-多量子阱-平面光波光路出射椭圆光斑长半轴3.5μm、纵横比5、楔形光纤-平面光波光路间垂直方向和水平方向无偏移、纵向间距5.5μm。用反向推演法(IDM)实验分析了楔形光纤样品的出射光场,与阶梯串联法(SCM)计算结果相比长轴误差为3.125%,短轴误差为0.8%。建立楔形光纤-平面光波光路-单模光纤(SMF)的耦合实验系统,在1.55μm波长处以单模光纤作为出纤的相同条件下,发现楔形光纤激励入射平面光波光路比单模光纤和锥形透镜光纤(TLF)作为入纤的耦合效率分别提高了24.827 dB和16.22 dB,为多量子阱-平面光波光路芯片尾纤封装技术提供了实验原型。     

Bending dual-core photonic crystal fiber coupler

In this paper, we systematically study a designed structure of a bending dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). We propose the controllable wavelength-selective coupling PCF. This coupler allows highly accurate control of the filtering wavelength. The different wavelengths can be selected by controlling the bending radius of the fiber. Coupling characteristics of novel bending wavelength-selective coupling PCF are evaluated by using a vector finite element method and their application to a multiplexer demultiplexer (MUX–DEMUX) based on the novel coupler is investigated. When the fiber length is 4168 μm, the bending radius of PCF couplers for 1.48/1.55 μm, 1.3/1.55 μm, 0.98/1.55 μm, and 0.85/1.55 μm is calculated, respectively, and the beam propagation analysis is performed. Different from the traditional wavelength-selective coupling PCF, the dual-core PCF is bent and it can realize the separation of multiple wavelengths.     

Optical tapping element for multimode fibers

We report on an optical tapping structure for multimode fibers. Its characteristic features are: 1. simple fabrication; 2. good reproducibility; 3. simple technology; 4. high coupling efficiency. The principle of the tap is based on a lateral displacement of waveguides which are butt joined. The displacement defines the fraction of power to be tapped off. With a lateral displacement of 15μm and a fiber with 100 μm outer diameter and 90 μm core diameter (acceptance angle ±30°) we measured a total coupling efficiency of 74% (73% remains in the main trunk line, ? 1% was tapped off) even though this fiber according to its high acceptance angle was not suited for the geometry of our structure. A diagram is given which shows the coupling efficiencies as a function of the lateral displacement of the fibers.     

用金属小球进行长波量子阱红外探测器的光耦合

针对实验中9.5μm峰值响应波长的n型长波量子阱红外探测器设计运用二维金属小球(铜)阵列作光耦合结构.金属小球阵列均匀填充在绝缘的胶黏剂中，基于惠更斯原理研究二维金属小球阵列体系的光耦合和光吸收，结果表明对9.5μm响应波长的长波量子阱红外探测器，采用周期为3μm，半径为0.9μm左右的金属小球阵列可以获得最佳的光耦合.优化设计后的量子效率(66%)远高于45°磨角耦合的量子效率(38%)，为实验运用金属小球阵列进行长波量子阱红外探测器的光耦合提供了基本的理论依据和详细的优化设计方案.     

Numerical simulation of low loss silicon photonic wire waveguide with multiple cladding layers

A different silicon photonic wire waveguide is proposed, which uses multiple thin cladding layers in order to reduce the index contrast between core and cladding interface. The reduced index contrast in the proposed waveguide has led to reduction in the scattering losses by 37% as compared to silicon wire waveguide for 400 nm × 220 nm waveguide dimension. The proposed waveguide has shown significant reduction in bending losses. It offers the bending loss of 0.0118 dB at the radius of 1 μm and 0.0063 dB for a radius of 2 μm at 1.55 μm wavelength as compared to 0.086 and 0.013 dB at the radius of 1 and 2 μm, respectively, offered by silicon photonic wire waveguide at 1.5 μm wavelength. The use of polymer material as top cladding layer resulted in decreasing the sensitivity of effective index against temperature for the designed waveguide by a factor of 2 as compared to silicon wire waveguide.     

A broadband grating-coupled silicon nitride waveguide for the mid-IR: characterization and sensitive measurements using an external cavity quantum cascade laser

We present the design and fabrication of a single-mode slab waveguide structure for mid-infrared spectroscopy optimized for broadband coupling. The sensor uses grating couplers for robust off-axis coupling and a silicon nitride guiding layer for mechanical robustness. An external cavity quantum cascade laser-based transmission method is introduced for characterizing the structure’s broadband coupling behavior. Light from an external cavity quantum cascade laser with a spectral range of 0.5 μm around 6 μm was coupled into the waveguide without the need for moving parts. First spectra taken with this sensor are presented.     

Investigation on parameters affecting the performance of two dimensional photonic crystal based bandpass filter

A two dimensional Photonic Crystal based Bandpass Filter is designed by exploiting coupling between the quasi waveguides and the circular Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator (PCRR). The output efficiency, resonant wavelength and bandwidth of PCBPF are investigated by varying the dielectric constant of the structure. The normalized transmission spectra of circular PCRR are taken using 2D Finite Difference Time Domain method. The Photonic Band Gap is calculated by Plane Wave Expansion method. Close to 100% (Band II) output efficiency is observed over the wavelength range from 1,504 to 1,521?nm and 85% (Band I) is obtained at 1,420?nm through simulation. The full width half maximum bandwidth of these bands is 35 and 20?nm, respectively. Further, the parameters that affect the resonant wavelength, output efficiency and bandwidth of the filter such as size of the reflector, radius of the coupling rods, lattice constant, rod radius and number of rods in the structure are analyzed. The overall size of the proposed filter is 11.4?μm ×?10.2?μm, which is smaller than the filters already reported in the literature and highly desirable for Photonic Integrated Circuits.     

激光束的锥台光纤传输

 分析了锥台光纤的传输特性,建立了高斯近似模型,采用模场耦合理论,计算了锥台光纤的功率转换效率。并在激光器的输出光波长为532 nm,多模光纤的数值孔径为0.11,纤芯半径为12.5 μm条件下对细端半径分别为（4±1）,（5±1）,（6±1）,（7±1）和（8±1） μm的锥台光纤的转换效率进行了实验测定。提出利用锥台光纤的圆柱形多模光纤部分传输光功率,锥台部分保证光束质量的传输方案,在保证光束质量的同时能传输较高的光功率。     

Novel large negative dispersion and tunable zero dispersion wavelength of photonic crystal fiber

The article describes a novel doped CS₂ core photonic crystal fiber with high negative chromatic dispersion. The proposed design is simulated through a full-vector finite element method and anisotropic perfectly matched layers. The numerical results show that we can achieve a negative dispersion coefficient of ?5600 ps/(nm km) almost at the wavelength of 1.55 μm by carefully adjusting the proposed PCF structure parameters. The proposed PCF may have great potential applications in dispersion compensating, optical parametric amplification, and optical fiber communication.     

Cavity-enhanced optical feedback-assisted photo-acoustic spectroscopy with a 10.4 μm external cavity quantum cascade laser

An ultra-sensitive photo-acoustic spectrometer using a 10.4 μm broadly tunable mid-IR external cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) coupled with optical feedback to an optical power buildup cavity with high reflectivity mirrors was developed and tested. A laser optical power buildup factor of 181 was achieved, which corresponds to an intra-cavity power of 9.6 W at a wavelength of 10.4 μm. With a photo-acoustic resonance cell placed inside the cavity this resulted in the noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.9 × 10^?10 cm^?1 Hz^?1/2, and a normalized noise-equivalent absorption of 1.1 × 10^?11 cm^?1 W Hz^?1/2. A novel photo-acoustic signal normalization technique makes the photo-acoustic spectrometer’s response immune to changes and drifts in the EC-QCL excitation power, EC-QCL to cavity coupling efficiency and cavity mirrors aging and contamination. An automatic lock of the EC-QCL to the cavity and optical feedback phase optimization permitted long wavelength scans within the entire EC-QCL spectral tuning range.     

Application of a WGM optical fiber probe fabricated by 3D printing technology for glucose concentration measurement

This study proposes a method for manufacturing a whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical fiber probe used for measuring glucose. The principle of the WGM optical fiber probe consists of the bending interference that occurs between the core mode and cladding mode. 3D printing technology was used to create a mold for the optical fiber sensor so that the bent optical fiber sensor was fixed within the mold to ensure a stable bend radius. This method of fabrication allows for easier installation and replacement of the resulting optical fiber compared to WGM optical fiber sensors fabricated by traditional methods. The results of the concentration test showed that as the glucose aqueous solution concentration increased from 0 to 10%, the wavelength was red shifted and the transmission loss gradually increased. At a bend radius of 3.1 mm and an etching diameter of 46 μm, the wavelength sensitivity was 1.475 nm/% and the R-squared value was 0.983, indicating an extremely high sensitivity. These results confirm that the WGM optical fiber probe created in this study can be used to measure glucose concentrations with high sensitivity, and that it is relatively easy to manufacture, install, and replace. Therefore, the proposed WGM optical fiber probe exhibits good performance and is suitable for use as a glucose concentration sensor.     

Optimization for beaming effect from a subwavelength slit with periodically patterned metallic grooves

In this paper, we propose an optimizing method for the beaming effect from a slit aperture with finite metallic grooves. Aiming at the beaming effect of the structure at 0°, we analyze the effect of the parameters including groove depth, groove width and groove number of the structure on the diffraction efficiency as well as angular spectra in the far field by approximation of the boundary condition of the quasi-perfect conductor assumption and the fundamental mode. Our optimization results demonstrate that the diffraction at other angles is efficiently suppressed. Finally, we give several optimized parameters of three common wavelengths of 10.6 μm, 808 nm and 632.8 nm, on the basis of using the optimizing method. Although we analyze the beaming effect at 0° only, the method is also applicable to the analysis for other angles.     

Optimization of polishing parameters for optical coupler based on side-polished photonic crystal fiber

The rapid development in areas such as fiber-optic communication, fiber lasers, and high power transmission has generated an increasing demand for photonic crystal fiber (PCF). However, there is no well-proven approach for PCF coupler fabrication because most approaches proposed introduce defects that are non-negligible in practice. Previously, we have made an attempt by applying side-adhering technique to PCF coupler fabrication. This paper presents our recent effort in establishing a model of side-polished PCF (SPPCF) coupler and tuning various fabrication parameters in search for its desirable characteristics. It is found that the optimal coupling effect is achieved when the residual radius is set 5.7 μm and the polishing angle is set 0°. The optimizations presented in this paper may serve as a foundation for further research and development of SPPCF coupler.     

Single-mode fiber design proposal using evolutionary technique with ultra low bending-loss appropriate in FTTH application

A proposal for the new single mode optical fiber containing four cladding layer with ultra low bending loss is presented. The suggested design method is based on the Genetic Algorithm optimization technique. Compared to the work reported in [1], our designed structure exhibits very small bending loss over the wide communication band (1.3–1.65 μm). Simulation results show bending loss of 6.78e?14 dB/turn at 1.55 μm for single turn of 5 mm radius. The best value reported in [1] was 2e?3 dB/turn for the same wavelength and radius of curvature.     

The measurement of sucrose concentration by two-tapered all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer employing different coupling structures and manufacture processes

The sucrose concentration measurement and characteristics of light coupling taper structure on sensitivity with various fabrication processes of taper structure for all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (AFMZI) are presented. Using fusion splicer with electrical discharge, the standard single-mode fiber is employed to be fabricated as conical coupling/decoupling taper structure. The basic two fabrication processes are designed as single fusion-stretching (SFS), multiple fusions without stretching (MF). The third advanced process is composed of SFS and multiple fusions without stretching processes, and called multiple fusions with single stretching (MFSS). Various types of coupling/decoupling taper structures were fabricated based on the three kinds of fabrication processes. The effects of geometry shape including taper waist, taper angle, and sensing length on sensing sensitivity of AFMZIs are estimated. The modifications of fiber core and cladding induced by thermal effect affect the refractive index distributions and shapes of taper structure. The effects of refractive index changes of fiber core and cladding on sensing sensitivity are also discussed. The AFMZI was tested by measuring aqueous sucrose solution of refractive index unit (RIU) from 1.333 to 1.420 RIU. The optical spectrums are measured by a spectrometer. The spectrum dip shifts and sensing sensitivity was measured and calculated, respectively. As shown in results, sensing sensitivities of AFMZIs of taper structure fabricated by MFSS and multiple fusions without stretching processing are generally higher than SFS. The reasons could be aimed on materials modification through thermal effect on blurring fiber core-cladding interface and proper taper angle of taper structure. The more homogeneous refractive index distribution on fiber core-cladding interface, the more detecting light power decoupled through core-cladding interface to interact with exterior environment and enhance the sensing sensitivity. Similarly, an appropriate taper angle also provides a better coupling/decoupling performance. The optimal sensitivities relative to low refractive index, high refractive index, and full refractive index range are 87.62, 133.55, and 104.20 nm/RIU, respectively, and the corresponding sensing length are 30, 50, and 30 mm, respectively, with taper angle of 25° and taper waist of 40 μm.     

采用光纤消光法检测脉冲激光测距仪消光比的研究

阐述了光纤消光法检测脉冲激光测距仪消光比的测试原理,采用光纤消光法分析了光纤对大功率脉冲激光的耦合与传输等关键技术问题,提出了0．22NA、400μm大功率传能光纤方案,并设计了耦合器和光学系统,分析了聚焦透镜的损耗、光纤端面的损耗、光纤耦合器与光纤的对准误差等影响耦合效率的因素,计算了光学系统弥散斑数据,接收光学系统和发射光学系统在1ω视场的弥散斑分别为9．03μm和10．6μm。设计分析结果对光纤消光法的工程应用具有一定的研究价值。     

集成透镜InGaAsP/InP DH LED特性研究

本文设计与制作了集成球透镜1.3μm InGaAsP/InP DH LED,并对集成透镜LED的频响特性,光强远场分布以及与光纤的耦合特性等方面进行了测试分析.研究结果表明,球透镜LED与标准光纤的耦合效率较之乎面型LED有显著提高,达7.5%,器件截止频率也比平面型LED提高的20%,最高截止带宽达425MHz.     

中红外高保偏硫系玻璃双芯光子晶体光纤耦合特性研究

设计了一种中红外硫系玻璃双芯光子晶体光纤,利用多极法和模式耦合基本理论研究了这种光纤的耦合特性.数值模拟发现,空气孔间距Λ = 5.4 μm,空气孔半径为r = 1.35 μm,空气填充率d/Λ = 0.5的光纤,在归一化波长λ/Λ = 2.04 μm处双折射可以达到0.551×10^-2,在归一化波长λ/Λ = 0.93 μm处x偏振方向的耦合长度为145.32 μm,y偏振方向的耦合长 关键词： 双芯光子晶体光纤 硫系玻璃 双折射 耦合长度     

Watt-level, all-fiber supercontinuum source based on telecom-grade fiber components

Supercontinuum (SC) generation in a standard telecom fiber using 1 ns pulses of a 1,550-nm DFB laser amplified in a cascade of erbium and erbium/ytterbium fiber amplifiers is reported. The SC source operated at 200 kHz repetition rate and delivered up to 2 W of average output power in the band of 1,300–2,500 nm with a diffraction limited beam. For the wavelengths over 1,650 nm, the output power of 1.1 W was recorded. The spectrum was very flat with the flatness of <5 dB in the wavelength interval of 1.6–2.18 μm. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on W-level SC generation obtained only in a standard single-mode fiber (SMF-28) with almost the entire spectrum in the eye-safe spectral region (λ > 1.4 μm) permitted by silicate glass transparency.     

非相干光纤激光组束系统耦合效率的优化分析

单光束耦合效率是决定非相干组束系统输出功率的关键,它受到透镜焦距、光栅周期和光斑半径等参数的影响。为了寻求较为优化的系统参数,通过理论分析和仿真研究,结果表明对于中心波长1060nm的光纤激光,应当选择透镜焦距20cm,光栅周期5μm,并且需要将光斑半径控制在50μm左右。通过反解光栅频率及组束波长带宽的第一个零点来选择组束阵列宽度一定条件下较优的光栅参数。通过理论分析和数值计算,结果表明较小的光栅频率和光栅厚度对提高衍射效率是有利的。