粉尘等容燃烧容器内扬尘系统诱导湍流特性的实验研究

采用热线风速仪与系统平均法测定和研究了三种圆柱形封闭容器内的扬尘诱导湍流衰减特性,并与球形爆炸容器内已测定的扬尘诱导湍流衰减特性进行了比较。探讨了扬尘装置、容器体积、形状对扬尘诱导湍流瞬态特性的影响。实验结果显示,在粉尘等容燃烧容器内扬尘诱导湍流强度随时间的衰减特性具有一定相似性,它们均呈负指数关系。     

密闭空间油页岩粉尘爆炸特性研究

为探究油页岩粉尘的爆炸特性,以龙口（Longkou, LK）、茂名（Maoming, MM）、桦甸（Huadian, HD）和抚顺（Fushun, FS）4种油页岩粉尘为研究对象,采用20 L球形爆炸装置,对这4种油页岩粉尘样品开展系统的爆炸实验,探讨油页岩粉尘的粉尘云质量浓度、粒径、挥发分、灰分、氧含量等对其爆炸特性的影响。结果表明:挥发分含量越高,油页岩粉尘的最大爆炸压力p_max、最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)_max越高,爆炸下限越低;挥发分和灰分对油页岩粉尘云爆炸分别有显著的促进和抑制作用。在37.52～106.43 μm粒径范围内,这4种油页岩粉尘样品的p_max和(dp/dt)_max均随其粉尘粒径的增大而降低,且到达最大爆炸压力的时间逐步缩短,说明小粒径油页岩粉尘较高的脱挥发速率能提高爆炸的反应程度。当粉尘质量浓度在400～2 500 g/m3范围内时,p_max和(dp/dt)_max均随粉尘云质量浓度的升高呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,高于最佳粉尘云质量浓度（1 000 g/m3）时略有下降,但维持在较高水平,表明超过最佳质量浓度的粉尘云引燃后仍有较强的破坏力;LK样品的p_max和(dp/dt)_max均最高,分别为0.61 MPa和29.32 MPa/s,与挥发分含量相当的褐煤在同一水平,其爆炸下限为200 g/m3,在4种样品中最低,高于挥发分含量相当的褐煤;在N₂惰化条件下,LK样品的p_max和(dp/dt)_max均随环境氧含量的降低而降低,当氧含量降至15%时,系统不再发生爆炸,极限氧含量为16%。     

大型水平爆轰管中悬浮铝粉爆炸过程的实验研究

铝粉的燃烧与爆轰性能是粉尘爆炸领域研究的热点.利用长29.6m,内径199mm,配有40套喷粉扬尘系统的水平爆轰管,在40J电火花点火条件下,实现了悬浮铝粉-空气混和物火焰加速、爆燃、爆轰及其转捩过程,测得了爆炸波传播过程中的压力信号,并且观察到了爆轰波的稳定传播现象.实验结果表明,当铝粉浓度为300 g/m3时,在距离点火端10.15m(长径比L/D=51)处发生了DDT,测得的爆轰波传播过程中管内的最大爆速为1840m/s,最大峰值超压为10.5MPa.铝粉尘爆炸波在爆轰管内的传播过程可分为爆燃段、爆燃转爆轰(DDT)、爆轰增强以及稳态爆轰四个阶段.     

On the Relation between Fronts and High-Shear Layers in Wall Turbulence

Direct numerical simulation results of turbulent channel flow are analyzed in order to examine the relation between two kinds of near-wall flow structures, namely the instantaneous shear layers and the fronts which are derived from two-point statistics of the streamwise velocity component. The near-wall shear layers are analyzed by flow visualizations and conditional sampling, while the fronts are examined by means of space-time correlations and spatial two-point correlation functions. The present study focuses on the analysis of the propagation speed and the spatial shape of the structures. Concerning the propagation speed it is shown that the results obtained from flow visualizations are in close agreement with the propagation velocities derived from space-time correlation functions. The comparison of VISA results for the instantaneous shear with spatial structures obtained from two-point correlations of the streamwise velocity and the shear gives evidence that the fronts are intimately related to the pronounced near-wall shear layers.     

锆金属粉尘云的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形爆炸实验系统对锆粉尘云的爆炸特性开展了实验研究,分别分析了初始点火能量、点火延迟时间、粉尘云浓度3种因素对锆粉尘云爆炸强度的影响,揭示了锆粉尘云在密闭容器中的爆炸特性。在本实验条件下,结果表明:初始点火能量对锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力有显著影响,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力随初始点火能量的增大而增大;随点火延迟时间的增加,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳点火延迟时间;随粉尘云浓度的增大,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳锆粉尘云浓度,得到锆粉尘云的爆炸下限为18~20 g/m3。     

10m3爆炸罐中甲烷燃烧爆炸发展过程

在大型多相混合物爆炸实验系统(10m3爆炸罐)中对甲烷/空气混合物在40J电火花点火条件下爆炸发展过程进行了实验和数值模拟研究.采用中心电火花点火,并在距点火点不同距离处设置4个压力传感器.得到下列实验结果:甲烷爆炸上、下限分别为13.9%、4.75%;甲烷浓度为9.5%的爆炸特性参数随距离变化规律;不同甲烷浓度对超压...     

主动格栅紊流场对典型主梁颤振导数影响的研究

为研究紊流积分尺度对桥梁颤振导数的影响,选取了理想平板、流线型箱梁以及高宽比1∶6矩形断面三种气动外形渐变的典型断面,采用主动格栅模拟了二维大积分尺度紊流场,利用强迫振动装置测试了主动格栅紊流场中三种断面节段模型的颤振导数,并与均匀流场试验值进行了对比。试验结果表明,紊流积分尺度对颤振导数的影响随断面钝化逐渐减弱;主动格栅二维紊流对流线型断面颤振导数影响较小,无明显趋势性变化;对钝体矩形断面影响显著,并且随折减风速增加而加剧,其气动阻尼项导数由正向负衰减显著,有利于改善结构颤振性能。     

The development of an axisymmetric curved turbulent wall jet

An experimental study has been carried out of the low speed Coanda wall jet with both streamwise and axisymmetric curvature. A single component laser Doppler technique was used, and by taking several orientations at a given point, values of the three mean velocities and five of the six Reynolds stresses were obtained. The lateral divergence and convex streamwise curvature both enhanced the turbulence in the outer part of the jet compared with a plane two-dimensional wall jet. The inner layer exhibited a large separation of the positions of maximum velocity and zero shear stress. It was found that the streamwise mean velocity profile became established very rapidly downstream of the slot exit. The profile appeared fairly similar at later downstream positions, but the mean radial velocity and turbulence parameters showed the expected nonself preservation of the flow. Removal of the streamwise curvature resulted in a general return of the jet conditions toward those expected of a plane wall jet. The range and accuracy of the data may be used for developing turbulence models and computational techniques for this type of flow.     

An analysis of energy transport processes in the presence of coherent structures

The paper deals with the influence exterted by the presence of coherent structures upon the energy transfer processes in turbulent flow. The round free jet has been stimulated by the acoustic field with the frequency corresponding to the shedding of column-mode vortices (the so called helical structures). The results of hot-wire measurements enabled to calculate the particular terms of coherent energy transport equations that in turn made it possible to trace the energy transfer processes realized in the presence of helical-mode structures. The results obtained suggest that the organized motion modifies substantially the energy transfer processes in the flow considered.     

ON THE STRUCTURE OF STEADY FLOW THROUGH DUAL-INTAKE ENGINE PORTS

The influence of intake port design on the flow field in a dual-intake valve engine was investigated using computational fluid dynamics, in order to study the effect of inlet port design on the in-cylinder flow. A detailed 3D computational grid incorporating all the features of the Ford Zetec production engine inlet ports, valves and cylinder head was initially created and the flow structure modelled at 5 and 10 mm valve lifts under steady flow conditions. Comparisons of computational results with experimental data obtained by laser Doppler anemometry indicate that the flow characteristics have been predicted well in most regions. Flow generated by different intake port designs was also simulated by introducing air into the cylinder at different directions to the inlet valve axes and the effects of port deactivation, throttling and exhaust gas recirculation were examined. The implications of the results for intake port design are discussed.     

Transverse Decay of Solutions in an Elastic Cylinder

In a semiinfinite cylinder composed of anisotropic linearised elastic material, loaded on the base and clamped along the lateral surface, it is known that the solution as measured, for example, by the strainenergy flux through a plane crossection decays longitudinally at most exponentially with respect to the axial distance from the base. There is, however, also a transverse radial decay of the solution, again measured for example by the strainenergy, occurring from the region close to the cylinder's axis to the region near the lateral surface, where the energy vanishes.This problem is considered in the present paper which discusses a circular semiinfinite cylinder and derives an estimate for the strainenergy contained in a cylindrical annulus at a given distance from the base and of variable height, and whose outer surface coincides with the lateral surface of the cylinder. It is shown that the strainenergy decays at most algebraically to zero as the inner radius of the annulus increases to that of the cylinder.Sommario. E'noto che in un cilindro semiinfinito composto da materiale elastico lineare anisotropo, caricato sulla base ed incastrato lungo la superficie laterale, la soluzione elastica, misurata, per esempio, dal flusso di energia di deformazione attraverso una sezione trasversale piana, decade con legge al più esponenziale con la distanza dalla base. C'è tuttavia, anche un decadimento radiale della soluzione, misurato, per esempio, dall'energia di deformazione che passa dalla regione vicina all'asse del cilindro a quella vicin alla superficie laterale dove l'energia si annullaQuesto problema è qui studiato. Si discute in particolare un cilindro circolare semiinfinito e si deduce una stima per l'energia di deformazione contenuta in un anello cilindrico ad una distanza assegnata dalla base e di altezza variabile, e la cui superficie esterna coincide con la superficie laterale del cilindro. Si dimostra che l'energia di deformazione decade al più con legge algebrica a zero quando il raggio interno del cilindro si avvicina a quello esterno.     

T型分支管道对油气爆炸强度的影响

为了研究T型分支结构对管道内油气混合物爆炸强度的影响规律,测试了不同初始体积分数条件下直管和具有T型分支管中爆炸波超压值,并利用有机玻璃透明管道对火焰传播规律进行了可视化研究。得到以下结论：(1)T型分支管道对油气爆炸有强化作用,在油气体积分数为1.2%至1.6%范围内表现最明显; (2)T型分支管道对油气爆炸的强化作用受管道横截面突扩和障碍物扰动以及波的反射、绕射三方面的影响; (3)火焰经过分支管道时,火焰阵面发生极大的扭曲,火焰表面积显著增大,燃烧速率增大,增强了热量和活性物质的输运速率,提高了爆炸波的强度; (4)在T型分支管道附近, 油气爆炸的压力突变增强, 是由压力波反射、绕射引起的温升效应和压力波引起湍流强度增强共同导致。

     

盐岩介质中空腔爆炸解耦因子的计算

对在美国内华达试验场盐岩介质中进行的Salmon 地下核爆试验( 填实爆炸,当量5.3kt,埋深828m) ,利用近区自由场加速度测试数据,计算了它的震源函数t() ,并且根据一维球对称爆炸膨胀源理论,计算了弹性响应空腔爆炸源的震源函数s()。由解耦理论,得到了盐岩介质的完全解耦空腔爆炸的解耦因子DF。     

点火能对预混气体爆炸过程及管道薄壁加载响应的影响

在两端封闭的无缝不锈钢管道中,利用压力传感器、应变片以及数据采集系统实验测试了不同点火能作用下,管道内甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸波发展规律及由此造成的管道外壁的动态响应。结果表明,点火能量越大,爆炸反应程度越剧烈,管道内最大爆炸压力就越大,管道薄壁的最大动态应变也越大,爆炸波发展就越迅速,并且管壁动态应变信号和压力波信号出现较好的一致性。本文结果可为油气长输管道的爆炸破坏效应研究提供一种新的思路和方法。     

Genesis of Longitudinal Vortices in Near-Wall Turbulence

Using direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow, we present new insight into the formation mechanism of near-wall longitudinal vortices. Instability of lifted, vortex-free low-speed streaks is shown to generate, upon nonlinear saturation, new streamwise vortices, which dominate near-wall turbulence production, drag, and heat transfer. The instability requires sufficiently strong streaks (the wall-normal circulation on either side of a streak exceeding 7.6) and is inviscid in nature, despite the proximity of the no-slip wall. Streamwise vortex formation (collapse) is dominated by stretching, rather than Kelvin–Helmholtz rollup, of instability-generated _x sheets. In turn, direct stretching results from the positive u/x (i.e. positive VISA) associated with streak waviness in the(x,z) plane, generated upon finite-amplitude evolution of the sinuous instability mode. Significantly, the three-dimensional features of the (instantaneous) instability-generated vortices agree well with the coherent structures educed ( i.e. ensemble averaged) from fully turbulent flow, suggesting the prevalence of this instability mechanism. These results suggest promising new drag reduction strategies, involving large-scale (hence more durable) control of near-wall flow and requiring no wall sensors or feedback logic.Sommario. Utilizzando una simulazione numerica diretta di flusso turbolento in un canale vengono presentate nuove prospettive sui meccanismi di formazione di vortici longitudinali vicino alla parete. Si dimostra come linstabilità delle bande a bassa velocità e senza vortici generi, fino alla saturazione non lineare, nuovi vortici paralleli al flusso, che dominano la produzione di vorticitá a parete, la resistenza e lo scambio termico. Linstabilità richiede la presenza di bande sufficientemente forti ed ha natura non viscosa, nonostante la prossimità della parete. La formazione di vortici paralleli al flusso (collasso) è dominata dallo stiramento, piuttosto che da un avvolgimento di Kelvin–Helmholtz, dei fogli di generati dall' instabilità.A sua volta, lo stiramento deriva da valori positivi di u/x (cioèVISA positivi) associati con le onde a bande nel piano(x,z) generate dall' evoluzione in ampiezza finita dei modi di instabilità sinusoidali. E' significativo che le caratteristiche (istantanee) three-dimensional dei vortici generati dall' instabilità concordino bene con le strutture coerenti edotte (cioè ottenute da medie dinsieme) dal flusso pienamente turbolento, il che suggerisce una prevalenza di questo meccanismo d'instabilità. Questi risultati suggeriscono nuove, promettenti strategie per la riduzione della resistenza, che utilizzino controlli di larga scala (quindi su tempi più lunghi) del flusso a parete e che non necessitino di sensori di parete o di logiche di ritorno.     

水下爆炸压力测量中的若干问题

本文简要叙述了水下爆炸时的物理现象及爆炸产生的冲击波测量方法,详细分析了测试系统中各种因素对测量的影响及实测时避免的方法。     

比色测温技术在瞬态爆炸温度场测量中的应用研究

为了研究瞬态爆炸温度场分布规律,基于高速相机、黑体辐射理论、图像传感器的拜尔阵列和自编python代码,构建了依据比色测温原理的高速二维温度测试系统,并对添加不同含量TiH₂的乳化炸药、TiH₂粉尘以及C₂H₂气体的爆炸温度场进行了测量。实验结果表明：TiH₂的加入可以显著提高炸药的爆炸温度和火球持续时间,当乳化炸药中的TiH₂质量分数为6%时,爆炸平均温度最大值为3048 K,相比纯乳化炸药提高了41.5%;此外,TiH₂粉尘云火焰平均温度呈现先增大,再稳定,最后减小的趋势,浓度为500 g/m³的粉尘云火焰平均温度高于浓度为833 g/m³的平均温度,其最高平均温度分别为2231 和 2192 K;10%C₂H₂/90%空气预混气体（即体积分数为10%的C₂H₂和90%空气组成）的早期火焰温度均匀,内部略低于边缘温度,随着火焰膨胀,火焰边缘温度逐渐升高,火焰平均温度开始降低。与传统爆炸测温手段相比,比色测温方法可以准确测量某区域的瞬态爆炸温度,获得温度分布云图,为研究瞬态爆轰温度规律及影响因素提供了一种新的技术手段。

     

Receptivity of the Flat-Plate Boundary Layer to Free-Stream Turbulence

The linear problem of generation of perturbations of a flat-plate boundary layer by external turbulence is solved. The turbulence is represented in the form of a set of space- and time-periodic vortex modes. It is shown that the boundary layer is most receptive to low-frequency longitudinal vorticity modes. The mean-square velocity fluctuations in the boundary layer and their spectrum are found for isotropic turbulence with a spectrum satisfying the Kolmogorov-Obukhov law.