Optical properties of a coherent phase in electron-hole systems: Stimulated light scattering and multibeam processes

A theoretical study is reported of stimulated light scattering, including wave-vector reversal and anomalous transmission, by a coherent phase in electron-hole (e-h) systems of low and high charge-carrier density. For these two cases the coherent phase is taken to be a Bose-Einstein condensate of excitons or a BCS-like state of e-h pairs, respectively. The scattering mechanism is laser-induced coherent recombination of two excitons or two coherent e-h pairs, respectively. The e-h system is assumed to exist within a GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum well or bulk GaAs. The emission rate of two photons with antiparallel momenta is estimated. Multiphoton emission due to multiexciton coherent recombination is covered. Methods for detecting the effects predicted are proposed.     

多组分纠缠在光子晶体中的存储

研究了激子的多组分纠缠相干态保真度在各向异性光子晶体中的演化行为.结果表明,当激子的跃迁频率处于光子晶体带隙时,保真度随时间变化作周期振荡,这与激子处于真空环境时,保真度振荡衰减的演化行为不同.此外,当激子跃迁频率离光子晶体带边较远时,其多组分纠缠相干态越容易被保存.     

Nonlinear time-independent and time-dependent propagation of light in direct-gap semiconductors with paired excitons bound into biexcitons

We study a new class of nonlinear cooperative phenomena that occur when light propagates in direct-gap semiconductors. The nonlinearity here is due to a process, first discussed by A. L. Ivanov, L. V. Keldysh, and V. V. Panashchenko, in which two excitons are bound into a biexciton by virtue of their Coulomb interaction. For the geometry of a ring cavity, we derive a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the dynamical evolution of coherent excitons, photons, and biexcitons. For the time-independent case we arrive at the equation of state of optical bistability theory, and this equation is found to differ considerably from the equations of state in the two-level atom model and in the exciton region of the spectrum. We examine the stability of the steady states and determine the switchover times between the optical bistability branches. We also show that in the unstable sections of the equation of state, nonlinear periodic and chaotic self-pulsations may arise, with limit cycles and strange attractors being created in the phase space of the system. The scenario for the transition to the dynamical chaos mode is found. A computer experiment is used to study the dynamic optical bistability. Finally, we discuss the possibility of detecting these phenomena in experiments. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 112, 1778–1790 (November 1997)     

Exciton condensate emission in double quantum wells

Studies of the photoluminescence spectra of spatially indirect excitons in coupled quantum wells revealed that the emission has a directional pattern dependent on the external electric field and pumping power. The experimentally detected correlation between the spectral emission parameters of spatially indirect excitons, namely, the concentration (phase state) of such excitons, the line half-width, the degree of linear polarization, and the existence of a directional pattern, permits a suggestion that the spontaneous photoluminescence of spatially indirect excitons in the condensed state is of a coherent nature.     

Three paths toward the quantum angle operator

We examine mathematical questions around angle (or phase) operator associated with a number operator through a short list of basic requirements. We implement three methods of construction of quantum angle. The first one is based on operator theory and parallels the definition of angle for the upper half-circle through its cosine and completed by a sign inversion. The two other methods are integral quantization generalizing in a certain sense the Berezin–Klauder approaches. One method pertains to Weyl–Heisenberg integral quantization of the plane viewed as the phase space of the motion on the line. It depends on a family of “weight” functions on the plane. The third method rests upon coherent state quantization of the cylinder viewed as the phase space of the motion on the circle. The construction of these coherent states depends on a family of probability distributions on the line.     

Tunneling, dissipation, and superfluid transition in quantum Hall bilayers

We study bilayer quantum Hall systems at total Landau level filling factor nu=1 in the presence of interlayer tunneling and coupling to a dissipative normal fluid. Describing the dynamics of the interlayer phase by an effective quantum dissipative XY model, we show that there exists a critical dissipation sigma(c) set by the conductance of the normal fluid. For sigma>sigma(c), interlayer tunnel splitting drives the system to a nu=1 quantum Hall state. For sigma相似文献   

Evidence for a finite-temperature phase transition in a bilayer quantum Hall system

We study the Josephson-like interlayer tunneling signature of the strongly correlated nuT=1 quantum Hall phase in bilayer two-dimensional electron systems as a function of the layer separation, temperature, and interlayer charge imbalance. Our results offer strong evidence that a finite temperature phase transition separates the interlayer coherent phase from incoherent phases which lack strong interlayer correlations. The transition temperature is dependent on both the layer spacing and charge imbalance between the layers.     

Integral quantizations with two basic examples

The paper concerns integral quantization, a procedure based on operator-valued measure and resolution of the identity. We insist on covariance properties in the important case where group representation theory is involved. We also insist on the inherent probabilistic aspects of this classical–quantum map. The approach includes and generalizes coherent state quantization. Two applications based on group representation are carried out. The first one concerns the Weyl–Heisenberg group and the euclidean plane viewed as the corresponding phase space. We show that a world of quantizations exist, which yield the canonical commutation rule and the usual quantum spectrum of the harmonic oscillator. The second one concerns the affine group of the real line and gives rise to an interesting regularization of the dilation origin in the half-plane viewed as the corresponding phase space.     

Pseudospin solitons in the coherent stripe phase of a bilayer quantum Hall system

In the Hartree–Fock approximation and at total filling factor ν=4N+1, the ground state of the two-dimensional electron gas in a double quantum well system in a quantizing magnetic field is, in some range of interlayer distances, a coherent striped phase. This stripe phase has one-dimensional coherent channels that support charged excitations in the form of pseudospin solitons. In this work, we compute the transport gap of the coherent striped phase due to the creation of soliton–antisoliton pairs using a supercell microscopic unrestricted Hartree–Fock approach. We study the energy gap as a function of interlayer distance and tunneling amplitude. Our calculations confirm that the soliton–antisoliton excitation energy is lower than the corresponding Hartree–Fock electron–hole pair energy.     

Optical bistability, switching, and self-pulsing in direct-gap semiconductors upon the binding of two excitons in a biexciton

A system of nonlinear differential equations describing the dynamic evolution of coherent excitons, photons, and biexcitons is derived in the geometry of a ring cavity. Nonlinearity is caused by the direct binding of two excitons in a biexciton as a result of their Coulomb interaction, which was first predicted by Ivanov, Keldysh, and Panashchenko. The equation of state of the theory of optical bistability is obtained for the stationary case. The stability of stationary states is studied, and the switching times between the branches of the optical bistability curve are determined. It is shown that the appearance of nonlinear periodic and chaotic self-pulsations with the creation of a system of limit cycles and strange attractors in phase space is possible in the unstable portions of the equation of state. Dynamic optical bistability is studied, and the possibility of experimentally detecting the phenomena studied is discussed. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1810–1816 (October 1998)     

WSe2/GeS 异质结的增强光致发光

二维半导体材料为纳米尺度的光学性质研究提供了良好的支持. 当将其构筑成异质结时, 界面间的相互作用可以改变原光电性质或产生新的性质, 是二维材料光电子器件功能控制的重要手段. 利用机械剥离法制备WSe2/GeS 异质结, 通过发光光谱研究异质结层间激子的光学性质. 结果表明:p 型 GeS 与弱 n 型 WSe2 构筑成异质结时会产生新的层间激子. 与 GeS 和 WSe2 的荧光发射强度相比, 异质结的层间激子发光强度显著增加. 此研究为设计具有先进光电性能的二维半导体器件提供了思路.     

Density of states in the bilayer graphene with the excitonic pairing interaction

In the present paper, we consider the excitonic effects on the single particle normal density of states (DOS) in the bilayer graphene (BLG). The local interlayer Coulomb interaction is considered between the particles on the non-equivalent sublattice sites in different layers of the BLG. We show the presence of the excitonic shift of the neutrality point, even for the noninteracting layers. Furthermore, for the interacting layers, a very large asymmetry in the DOS structure is shown between the particle and hole channels. At the large values of the interlayer hopping amplitude, a large number of DOS at the Dirac’s point indicates the existence of the strong excitonic coherence effects between the layers in the BLG and the enhancement of the excitonic condensation. We have found different competing orders in the interacting BLG. Particularly, a phase transition from the hybridized excitonic insulator phase to the coherent condensate state is shown at the small values of the local interlayer Coulomb interaction.     

Relative phase based manipulation of quantum entanglement and measurement of supercurrent

We investigate the quantum entanglement and supercurrent of coupling superconducting qubits in circuit QED system. We compare the effect of the relative phase of the coupling qubits on the concurrence and supercurrent when the microwave field is initially in coherent state, even coherent state and odd coherent state. The results show that entanglement death can be avoided via manipulating the relative phase only in the coherent state since the improvement for entanglement death is unsatisfactory in the even coherent state and odd coherent state.     

Phase coherent photorefractivity in ZnSe single quantum wells

We observe an efficient phase coherent photorefractive effect in ZnSe single quantum wells for ultrashort light pulses resonant to the excitonic transition. The effect is attributed to the formation of an electron grating in the quantum well induced by the interference of coherent excitons that preserve phase and polarization of the incident light fields. All characteristic features of the diffracted signal are explained and reproduced by numerical calculations that are based on the optical Bloch equations for a three-level system.     

Ordered State and Superfluidity of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Excitons in Type-II Quantum Wells

One of the best ways to obtain unambiguous experimental evidence for the superfluidity of excitons is to observe phenomena that are directly related to the phase of the condensed excitons. As an advantageous candidate for this purpose, we propose a quasi-two-dimensional exciton system in type-II quantum wells (QWs). We consider the condensed excitons in the type-II QW irradiated by a weak laser light and show that under the control of an external current J ex , the system takes the ordered state with (without) net superflow of excitons at T = 0 K when J ex is larger (smaller) than a certain critical value. Introducing probable mechanisms of phase transitions, we calculate the transition temperatures and construct the phase diagram.     

Coherence network in the quantum Hall bilayer

Recent experiments on quantum Hall bilayers near total filling factor 1 have demonstrated that they support an imperfect two-dimensional superfluidity, in which there is nearly dissipationless transport at nonvanishing temperature observed both in counterflow resistance and interlayer tunneling. We argue that this behavior may be understood in terms of a coherence network induced in the bilayer by disorder, in which an incompressible, coherent state exists in narrow regions separating puddles of dense vortex-antivortex pairs. A renormalization group analysis shows that it is appropriate to describe the system as a vortex liquid. We demonstrate that the dynamics of the nodes of the network leads to a power law temperature dependence of the tunneling resistance, whereas thermally activated hops of vortices across the links control the counterflow resistance.     

Mott transition of excitons in coupled quantum wells

In this work we study the phase diagram of indirect excitons in coupled quantum wells and show that the system undergoes a phase transition to an unbound electron-hole plasma. This transition is manifested as an abrupt change in the photoluminescence linewidth and peak energy at some critical power density and temperature. By measuring the exciton diamagnetism, we show that the transition is associated with an abrupt increase in the exciton radius. We find that the transition is stimulated by the presence of direct excitons in one of the wells and show that they serve as a catalyst of the transition.     

Bose condensation of excitons in two-layer electronic systems in the absence of magnetic field

A high narrow peak of interlayer differential tunnel conductivity is observed at low temperatures in heterostructures with two closely located electronic layers in the absence of magnetic field. The analysis of experimental results suggests that this peak is due to the interlayer phase coherence that arises in the system as a result of the Bose condensation of interlayer excitons (electron-hole pairs) belonging to different layers, in accordance with the recent theoretical predictions.     

Composite boson many-body theory for Frenkel excitons

We present a many-body theory for Frenkel excitons which takes into account their composite nature exactly. Our approach is based on four commutators similar to the ones we previously proposed for Wannier excitons. They allow us to calculate any physical quantity dealing with N excitons in terms of “Pauli scatterings” for carrier exchange in the absence of carrier interaction and “interaction scatterings” for carrier interactions in the absence of carrier exchange. We show that Frenkel excitons have a novel “transfer assisted exchange scattering”, specific to these excitons. It comes from indirect Coulomb processes between localized atomic states. These indirect processes, commonly called “electron-hole exchange” in the case of Wannier excitons and most often neglected, are crucial for Frenkel excitons, as they are the only ones responsible for the excitation transfer. We also show that in spite of the fact that Frenkel excitons are made of electrons and holes on the same atomic site, so that we could naively see them as elementary particles, they definitely are composite objects, their composite nature appearing through various properties, not always easy to guess. The present many-body theory for Frenkel excitons is thus going to appear as highly valuable to securely tackle their many-body physics, as in the case of nonlinear optical effects in organic semiconductors.     

Spin Physics of Excitons in Colloidal Nanocrystals

We present a review of spin-dependent properties of excitons in semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals. The photoluminescences (PL) properties of neutral and charged excitons (trions) are compared. The mechanisms and the polarization of radiative recombination of a “dark” (spin-forbidden) exciton that determines the low-temperature PL of colloidal nanocrystals are discussed in detail. The radiative recombination of a dark exciton becomes possible as a result of simultaneous flips of the surface spin and electron spin in a dark exciton that leads to admixture of bright exciton states. This recombination mechanism is effective in the case of a disordered state of the spin system and is suppressed if the polaron ferromagnetic state forms. The conditions and various mechanisms of formation of the spin polaron state and possibilities of its experimental detection are discussed. The experimental and theoretical studies of magnetic field-induced circular polarization of PL in ensembles of colloidal nanocrystals are reviewed.