Isotope analysis in central heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies

Symmetry energy is a key quantity in the study of the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter. Heavy ion collisions at low and intermediate energies, performed at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro and Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, can be used to extract information on the symmetry energy coefficient C_sym, which is currently poorly known but relevant both for astrophysics and for deeper knowledge of the structure of exotic nuclei.     

Energetic proton emission in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energy: Pre-equilibrium and cooperative effects

Energetic proton emission has been investigated as a function of the centrality in the reaction ⁵⁸Ni + ⁵⁸Ni at 30 AMeV. Protons with energy extending up to a relevant fraction of the total available energy in the reaction were measured and studied. The dependence on the reaction centrality has been extensively investigated and data have been compared with the results of microscopic transport calculations. The more striking observation concerns the extremely energetic proton (E^NN _P ≥ 130 MeV) multiplicity which is found to increase almost quadratically with the number of participant nucleons thus indicating the onset of a mechanism beyond one and two-body dynamics.     

Mean field approach to pion production in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

The pion production in intermediate-energy heavy ion collisions is studied in the mean field approximation. Pion spectra are calculated in the slab geometry for various incident energies. It is found that the one-nucleon process cannot explain the observed cross section and that two-nucleon processes are important.     

Light particle correlations in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

Various light particle coincidence techniques will be reviewed that were employed to study the emission of energetic light particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions at energies above 10 MeV/nucleon. Several reaction mechanisms have been shown to contribute to the emission of energetic light particles, ranging from the sequential statistical decay of excited projectile residues, direct breakup and knock-out reactions, to multistep emission processes that can be rather well described in terms of the concept of local thermal equilibrium.     

Strangeness enhancement and energy dependence in heavy ion collisions

The canonical statistical model analysis of strange and multistrange hadron production in central A–A relative to p–p/p–A collisions is presented over the energy range from GeV up to GeV. It is shown that the relative enhancement of strange particle yields from p–p/p–A to A–A collisions substantially increases with decreasing collision energy. It is largest at GeV, where the enhancement of and is of the order of 100, 20 and 3, respectively. In terms of the model these results are due to the canonical suppression of particle thermal phase space at lower energies, which increases with the strangeness content of the particle and with decreasing size of the collision fireball. The comparison of the model with existing data on the energy dependence of the kaon/pion ratio is also discussed. Received: 25 October 2001 / Published online: 5 July 2002     

中能重离子碰撞中晕核反应动力学

基于同位旋相关量子分子动力学研究了中子晕核和质子晕核的核反应动力学，着重研究了松散的晕结构对于重离子碰撞中的碎裂和动量耗散中的特殊作用. 为了突出晕核松散结构在反应动力学中的特殊作用. 同时计算了在完全相同入射道条件下相等质量稳定弹核引起核反应. 通过对晕核和稳定核核反应动力学结果的对比分析，发现晕核的松散结构对核反应动力学的作用和影响是重要的. 如这种松散结构明显的增加了碎裂多重性；相反, 减小了原子核阻止(动量耗散). 关键词： 中子晕核 质子晕核 重离子碰撞 核反应动力学     

Pion production mechanism in high energy heavy ion collisions

We study the mechanism of pion production in high energy heavy ion collisions with the nuclear cascade model developed in a previous paper. We describe time-dependently the reaction rates of the processes N+N→N+Δ, N+Δ→N+N, Δ→N+π, and N+π→Δ, to discuss the achievement of the chemical equilibrium. The importance of final Δ−N and π−N interactions is pointed out. The present cascade model reproduces well the observed pion yields in Ar+KCl high multiplicity events, without introducing the nuclear compression effect. The reason of the agreement is discussed by decomposing a variety of conditions employed in this model, and by reproducing the situations of Cugnon's cascade model and others.     

Thermal hadron production in high energy heavy ion collisions

We provide a method to test if hadrons produced in high energy heavy ion collisions were emitted at freeze-out from an equilibrium hadron gas. Our considerations are based on an ideal gas at fixed temperatureT _f , baryon number densityn _B , and vanishing total strangeness. The constituents of this gas are all hadron resonances up to a mass of 2 GeV; they are taken to decay according to the experimentally observed branching ratios. The ratios of the various resulting hadron production rates are tabulated as functions ofT _f andn _B . These tables can be used for the equilibration analysis of any heavy ion data; we illustrate this for some specific cases.     

Subthreshold K production in high energy heavy ion collisions

We show that an important contribution to subthreshold K⁻ production in high energy heavy ion collision is the strangeness exchange reactions Yπ→K---N between the hyperons and pions initially produced in the collision. Estimates are given for the number of K⁻ produced via this mechanism and it accounts for a large fraction of the experimental observation.     

Two-pion interferometry in heavy ion collisions at HIRFL-CSR energy

We examine the two-pion Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry for the particle-emitting source produced in heavy ion collisions at HIRFL-CSR energy. The source evolution is described by relativistic hydrodynamics with three kinds of equations of state for chemical equilibrium (CE), chemical freeze-out (CFO),and partial chemical equilibrium (PCE) models, respectively. We investigate the effects of particle decay,multiple scattering, and source collective expansion on the two-pion interferometry results. We find that the HBT radii of the evolution source for the CFO and PCE models are smaller than that for the CE model.The HBT lifetime for the CFO model is smaller than those for the PCE and CE models. The particle decay increases the HBT radius and lifetime while the source expansion decreases the HBT radius. The multiple scattering effect on the HBT results can be neglected based on our model calculations.     

Two-pion interferometry in heavy ion collisions at HIRFL-CSR energy

We examine the two-pion Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry for the particle-emitting source produced in heavy ion collisions at HIRFL-CSR energy. The source evolution is described by relativistic hydrodynamics with three kinds of equations of state for chemical equilibrium (CE), chemical freeze-out (CFO), and partial chemical equilibrium (PCE) models, respectively. We investigate the effects of particle decay, multiple scattering, and source collective expansion on the two-pion interferometry results. We find that the HBT radii of the evolution source for the CFO and PCE models are smaller than that for the CE model. The HBT lifetime for the CFO model is smaller than those for the PCE and CE models. The particle decay increases the HBT radius and lifetime while the source     

A guide to microscopic models for intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

In the last few years heavy ion experiments have addressed key questions regarding the behavior of nuclear matter at high excitation and density. Simultaneous progress in theory has been achieved by the formulation of calculational tools to apply microscopic models to experimental observables. The present review covers a large part of this theoretical development. We provide enough details so that the uninitiated but interested reader can arrive at the present status of the theory and its relationship to current experiments. The energy range of interest here is 50 MeV/n lab to 1 GeV/n lab.     

Correlations between transverse energy production and the Drell-Yan process in heavy ion collisions at high energy

The expression for the Drell-Yan cross section is presented which takes into account the geometry of heavy ion collisions. The Drell-Yan cross section is shown to be proportional to the transverse energy produced within a fixed rapidity interval. A dependence steeper than linear of the cross section for production of dileptons with masses larger than about 2 GeV on the transverse energy in a given rapidity bin would be a clear-cut signal for the formation of the quark-gluon plasma.     

On the production of slow particles in high energy heavy ion collisions

The mechanism for producing slow, target associated particles in high energy heavy ion collisions is investigated. It is shown that the same mechanism which was proposed for hadron induced interactions is likely to appear also for heavy-ion reactions. The results indicate however a much weaker correlation between impact parameter and yield of slow particles.     

Isospin effects of the Skyrme potential and the momentum dependent interaction at intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

We improve the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamical model by including isospin effects in the Skyrme potential and the momentum dependent interaction to obtain an isospin dependent Skyrme potential and an isospin dependent momentum interaction. We investigate the isospin effects of Skyrme potential and momentum dependent interaction on the isospin fractionation ratio and the dynamical mechanism in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. It is found that the isospin dependent Skyrme potential and the isospin dependent momentum interaction produce some important isospin effects in the isospin fractionation ratio.     

Isospin effects of the Skyrme potential and the momentum dependent interaction at intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

We improve the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamical model by including isospin effects in the Skyrme potential and the momentum dependent interaction to obtain an isospin dependent Skyrme potential and an isospin dependent momentum interaction. We investigate the isospin effects of Skyrme potential and momentum dependent interaction on the isospin fractionation ratio and the dynamical mechanism in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. It is found that the isospin dependent Skyrme potential and the isospin dependent momentum interaction produce some important isospin effects in the isospin fractionation ratio.