Measurement of the rate constant of hydrogen atoms with carbon monoxide in tubular and jet stirred open reactors

The reaction of hydrogen atoms with carbon monoxide has been studied in discharge flow systems with a new method of detection of atoms. The results obtained with tubular and jet stirred open reactors agree with those of other authors working in transient conditions and with more sophisticated techniques.

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Mass spectral and thermogravimetric studies of some iron(III) binuclear complexes with bridging thiuram disulfide ligands

Mass spectral and thermal studies by TG and DTG of some iron(III) binuclear complexes of the general type Fe₂(R₂dtc)₂(tds)X₂X/ have been carried out to determine their modes of decomposition. Fragmentation patterns are given and possible mechanisms are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Massenspektrometrische und thermische Untersuchungen (TG und DTG) einiger zweikerniger Eisen(III)-Komplexe des allgemeinen Typs (R₂dtc)₂(tds)X₂X₂ wurden ausgeführt, um deren Zersetzungsmechanismus zu ermitteln. Fragmentspektren werden angegeben und mögliche Mechanismen diskutiert.

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- ( ) Fe₂(R₂dtc)₂(tds)X₂X₂ . .

     

Influence of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide on the kinetics of propylene polymerization

Retardation effect of the carbon oxides on propylene polymerization, catalyzed by the TiCl₃/AlEt₂Cl system, can be described in terms of a Langmuir type equation as selective adsorption of the carbon oxides on the polymerization sites.

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, TiCl₃/AlEt₂Cl, , .

     

Reduction of NO by carbon monoxide on tin dioxide

The reduction of NO by carbon monoxide on SnO₂ has been studied in the temperature range from 90 to 450°C. The complicated temperature dependence of the reaction rate is due to the interaction of CO an CO₂ with the catalyst.

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NO SnO₂ 90–450°C. , CO CO₂ .

     

Micellar effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the reactions between iron(II) and p-benzoquinone, and iron(III) and hydroquinone

The micellar effet of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the initial stages of the reaction between (1) Fe(II) and p-benzoquinone, and (2) Fe(III) and hydroquinone have been investigated. In the former case acceleration was observed, the rate-[surfactant] profile showing a maximum. SDS has an inhibitory effect on the latter reaction. Kinetic analysis has been carried out using Berezin's approach.

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() 1) Fe(II) 2) Fe(III) . - . . , .

     

Temperature dependences of hydrogen kinetic isotope effect in reactions of cyclohexane with Mn(VII), Cr(VI) and NO2+ in solutions

Temperature dependences of hydrogen kinetic isotope effect (KIE) in reactions of cyclohexane with Mn(VII), Cr(VI) and NO ₂ ⁺ in solutions have been studied. With increasing temperature from –10° to 140°C, KIE decreases and the equation k_H/k_D=A_H/A_Dexp(E/RT) is met.

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() Mn(VII), Cr(VI) NO ₂ ⁺ . –10° 140°C , k_H/k_D=A_H/A_Dexp(E/RT).

     

Thermal decomposition of calcium sulphate in carbon monoxide

Simultaneous TG and DTA studies were performed on analytical grade calcium sulfate and on samples of natural gypsum and phosphogypsum in carbon monoxide atmosphere. The decomposition temperatures and mechanism are influenced by the mineral impurities of the sample and the heating rate as well as the CO content of the gas atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Simultane TG- und DTA-Untersuchungen von analytisch reinem Calciumsulfat und Proben von natürlichem Gips und Phosphogips wurden in Kohlenmonoxidatmosphäre ausgeführt. Temperatur und Mechanismus der Zersetzung werden durch mineralische Verunreinigungen der Probe, durch die Aufheizgeschwindigkeit und durch den CO-Gehalt der Gasatmosphäre beeinflußt.

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The authors are indebted to Professor M. Veiderma for fruitful discussions and continuous support. The scholarship from Finnish Government to one of us (R. K.) is gratefully acknowledged.     

Oscillatory heat production in cell free extract from yeast: Batch and infusion experiments

Microcalorimetric experiments on the periodic heat production in metabolizing cell free cytoplasmic extract from baker's yeast are described. The sugar substrates for glycolysis are supplied by two different techniques: (a) one-time addition of trehalose; (b) continuous infusion of glucose. For the first time the combination of calorimetry and substrate infusion technique is reported for oscillating biochemical reactions.

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Zusammenfassung Mikrokalorimetrische Experimente über oszillierende Wärmeerzeugung in stoffwechselndem zellfreiem Hefeextrakt werden beschrieben. Die Zuckersubstrate für die Glykolyse werden nach zwei verschiedenen Methoden zugeführt: (1) einmalige Addition von Trehalose, (b) Kontinuierliche Infusion von Glukose. Erstmalig wird die Kombination von Kalorimetrie und Substratinfusion bei oszillierenden biochemischen Reaktionen beschrieben.

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Selective hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to light olefins catalyzed by supported potassium tetracarbonylhydridoferrate

In the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, potassium tetracarbonylhydridoferrate, KHFe (CO)₄, supported on HY-zeolite or silica gel exhibited high selectivity to light olefins without following the Schulz-Flory distribution.

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, KHFe(CO)₄, HY —, — .

     

Thermoanalytical assessment of the quality of edible and technical oils

An investigation of the thermal decomposition of fish oils and motor lubricating oils resulted in the elaboration of a new method, which, by utilizing the relationship between the temperatures of mass losses and the changes in the cnemical composition due to the oxidative and hydrolytic decomposition of fish oils and to the processes occuring in lubricating oils in the course of their service in the oils system of combustion engines, allows estimations of the physicochemical properties of these oils.

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Zusammenfassung In Zusammenhang mit der Ausarbeitung einer neuen Methode, die die Abschätzung der physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften von Fischölen und Motorschmierölen ermöglicht, wurde eine Untersuchung über die thermische Zersetzung dieser Öle durchgeführt. Als Grundlage dafür diente der Zusammenhang zwischen der Masseverlusttemperatur und der mit der oxidativen bzw. hydrolytischen Zersetzung von Fischölen und den Alterungsprozessen von Motorschmierölen in Verbrennungsmotoren in Verbindung stehenden Veränderung der chemischen Zusammensetzung.

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Determination of rate constants for quenching singlet oxygen by chemiluminescence technique

Overall rate constants have been found for quenching¹O₂ generated under thermal decomposition of hydrotrioxides ROOOH, by several unsaturated species at 0°C. CH₃CH(OH)OOOHm (CH₃)₂C(OH)OOOH, CH₃C(OC₂H₅)₂OOOH and CH₃C(O) CH(OOOH) (CH₂)₂CH₃ were used as ROOOH; unsaturated compounds were 1,3-diphenylisobenzofurane, 2-methylfurane, 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylfurane, furfuroldiacetate, tetramethylethylene, adamantylideneadamantane, exo,-exo-2,3-dioxymethyl-7-adamantylidenenorbornane, exo,-exo-2,3-(2¹-oxatrimethylene)-7-adamantylidenenorbornane, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadienol, cyclooctatetraene and isoprene.

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¹O₂, ROOOH O°C. ROOOH CH₃CH(OH)OOOH, (CH₃)₂C(OH)OOOH, CH₃C(OC₂H₅)₂OOOH, CH₃C(O)CH(OOOH) (CH₂)₂CH₃; -1,3-, 2-, 2,3,4,5-, , , . , -2,3-(2¹-)-7-, 1,3-, (,)-8,10-, , .

     

An approach to describe relaxation rates in heterogeneous catalytic reactions

A system of equations allowing for the most essential properties of catalytic surfaces is suggested to describe the rate of chemical conversion.

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, .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of Ru(III) catalyzed iodination of anisole and substituted anisoles by iodine monochloride in aqueous acetic acid

The order with respect to ICl and Ru(III) is unity and fractional with respect to [substrate]. The effect of varying [acid] is negligible at lower [HClO₄] but at higher [acid] (>0.01 M) there is first order dependence on [H⁺]. The Hammett plot gives a value of –1.6. A plausible mechanism has been postulated.

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ICl Ru(III) . [HClO₄], (>0,01 M) [H⁺]. -1,6. .

     

Oxidation of carbon monoxide over a copper(II) oxide catalyst

Transient FTIR observations in conjuction with gas phase CO conversion measurements indicate an adsorbed CO species which seems not to participate directly in the oxidation reaction over a silica supported copper(II) oxide catalyst. This observation together with order of reaction determinations suggest that oxidation occurs via an Eley-Rideal mechanism.

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CO CO, (II), . , , , -.

     

Nature of the active oxygen of Co3O4

The differentiation of surface oxygen forms of Co₃O₄ by energy, reactivity and centers of adsorption has been carried out.

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Co₃O₄ , .

     

Flow-pulsation method to study the activity of catalyst in high-pressure processes

Generation of gradientless conditions by the pulsation method with variable reciprocating gas flow method through the isothermal catalyst bed is suggested as one of the trends in the further development of external circulation flow systems. The conditions ensuring continuous stirring have been established. Flowcirculation and pulsation methods have been tested under similar conditions.

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Synthesis and thermal stability of the adducts of rare earth element β-diketonates with macrocyclic polyethers

Synthesis methods for the adducts of lanthanoid pivaloyltrifluoroacetonates with 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane are described. The applicability of thermal analysis at quasi-equilibrium conditions for coordination compounds of this type is demonstrated for the first time. Based on experimental results the effect of the starting reactants on the structure of the adducts, on their volatility and thermal stability is established.

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Zusammenfassung Methoden zur Synthese von Addukten von Lanthanoidpivaloyltrifluoracetonaten mit 1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexaoxacyclooctadekan werden beschrieben. Die Anwendbarkeit der thermischen Analyse unter Quasi-Gleichgewichtsbedingungen zur Untersuchung von Koordinationsverbindungen wird erstmals aufgezeigt. Basierend auf die Versuchsergebnisse wird die Beziehung zwischen der Natur der Reaktanten und der Struktur, der Flüchtigkeit und der thermischen Stabilität der Addukte aufgezeigt.

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1,4,7,10,13,16- . , .

     

Thermal and infrared spectrum analyses of natural and synthetic andersonites

The thermal decompositions of natural and synthetic andersonites were studied. Two partly overlapping dehydration steps and three partly overlapping decarbonation steps were observed. The second dehydration and the first decarbonation steps also partly overlap. During decarbonation, the gradual formation of sodium diuranate and monoclinic and hexagonal phases in the Na₂U₂O₇-CaUO_4–x system was proved. The results were correlated with measured infrared spectra using site and factor group analysis and X-ray structure analysis. The chemical formula inferred for natural andersonite, Na₂Ca[UO₂(CO₃)₃] 5.6H₂O, agrees with that proposed for its synthetic analogue.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von natürlichem und synthetischem Andersonit wurde untersucht. Sie umfasst zwei teilweise überlappende Entwässerungs- und drei teilweise überlappende Decarboxylierungsstufen. Der zweite Entwässerungs- und der erste Decarboxylierungsschritt überlagern einander ebenfalls teilweise. Während der Decarboxylierung wird die allmähliche Bildung von Natriumdiuranat und monoklinen und hexagonalen Phasen des Systems Na₂U₂C₇-CaUO_4–x nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den gemessenen IR-Spektren unter Benutzung der site- und Faktor-Gruppenanalyse sowie Röntgenbeugungsuntersuchungen korreliert. Die für natürlichen Andersonit abgeleitete Formel Na₂Ca[UO₂(CO₃)₃].5,6H₂O stimmt mit der für synthetischen Andersonit vorgeschlagenen überein.

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. . . , Na₂U₂O₇-CaUO_4–x. . Na₂Ca[UO₂(CO₃)₃] 5,6₂, ** , .

     

Décomposition thermique du sulfite de fer(II) anhydre

Résumé Sous azote ou sous vide, le sulfite ferreux anhydre se décompose vers 210° en magnétite, pyrite et dioxyde de soufre. Concurremment une réaction de dismutation intervient avec formation de FeSO₄, Fe₃O₄ et FeS₂. Lorsque la température atteint 320°, la pyrite et le sulfate réagissent ensemble pour donner Fe_1–xS, Fe₃O₄ et SO₂. Au-delà de 370° le sulfure ferreux non-stchiométrique commence à réagir à son tour avec le sulfate restant pour former de la magnetite et du dioxyde de soufre.

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In nitrogen or under vacuum, anhydrous iron(II) sulfite decomposes near 210° to magnetite, pyrite and sulfur dioxide. A parallel disproportionation reaction occurs with formation of FeSO₄, Fe₃O₄ and FeS₂. When the temperature reaches 320°, pyrite and sulfate react together to give Fe_1–xS, Fe₃O₄ and SO₂. Above 370° the non-stoichiometric ferrous sulfide begins to react with the remaining sulfate to give magnetite and sulfur dioxide.

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Zusammenfassung Unter Stickstoff oder im Vakuum zersetzt sich das wasserfreie Eisen(II)-sulfit in der Nähe von 210 °C zu Magnetit, Pyrit und Schwefeldioxid. Parallel hierzu findet eine Disproportionierung unter Bildung von FeSO₄, Fe₃O₄ und FeS₂ statt. Wenn die Temperatur 320 °C erreicht, reagieren Pyrit und Sulfat unter Bildung von Fe_1–xS, Fe₃O₄ und SO₂ Oberhalb von 370 °C beginnt das nichtstöchiometrische Eisensulfit seinerseits mit dem restlichen Sulfat zu reagieren um Magnetit und Schwefeldioxid zu ergeben.

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(II) 210° , . FeSO₄, Fe₃O₄ FeS₂. 320°, , Fe_1–xS, Fe₃O₄ SO₂. 370° .

     

Differential-thermal and thermogravimetric analysis of some gagates from Bulgaria

The thermal behaviour of three gagates (Bulgaria) was investigated by DTA and TG. The characteristic endo- and exoeffects and the sequence of the thermal stabilities are established.

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Zusammenfassung Das thermochemische Verhalten von drei Gagaten (Bulgarien) wurde mittels DTA und TG untersucht. Die charakteristischen endo- und exothermen Effekte und die Reihenfolge der thermischen Stabilitäten wurden ermittelt.

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