微波辐照下（Bi_2O_3）_（0．8）（La_2O_3）_（0．2）固熔体对甲

微波辐照下（Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３）_（０．８）（Ｌａ_２Ｏ_３）_（０．２）固熔体对甲烷氧化偶联的催化行为陈长林,洪品杰,戴树珊,阚家德（云南大学化学系,昆明,６５００９１）关键词微波,甲烷氧化偶联,（Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３）_（０．８）（Ｌａ_２Ｏ_３）_（０．２）甲烷氧化...     

Microwave-assisted degradation of acid orange using a conjugated polymer,polyaniline, as catalyst

Microwave-assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes is one of the emerging technologies for waste water remediation. Microwave effectively accelerates photocatalytic degradation, when microwave electrodeless lamp (MEL) substitutes traditional UV lamp as light source. This setup can be extremely simplified if MEL and photocatalyst can be replaced by a catalyst which can work under microwave irradiation in the absence of any light source. The present work reports for the first time degradation of acid orange 7 (AO) under microwave irradiation using polyaniline (PANI) as catalyst in the absence of any UV lamp as light source. The degradation/decolourization was carried out in neutral acidic and basic media and was monitored spectrophotometrically to evaluate the ability of microwave irradiation to degrade AO. Microwave irradiation showed excellent performance as it completely decolourizes AO dye solution in 10 min. With the advantages of low cost and rapid processing, this novel catalyst is expected to gain promising application in the treatment of various dyestuff wastewaters on a large scale.     

微波辐射-酶耦合催化(MIECC)反应

将微波辐射用于非水相酶催化可以获得很多有别于常规加热下的反应结果。本文讨论了微波的非热效应在酶促反应中的表现,探讨了微波辐射对酶的结构、构象、活性及酶催化反应动力学的影响,以及微波辐射-酶耦合催化对反应的对映选择性、底物专一性、前手性选择性和区域选择性的影响。在大多数场合,适当的微波辐射不会损伤酶活而且可以提高反应速率,而对酶特异性的影响则不一而论。     

一种新的催化方法：微波辐射-酶耦合成催化有机合成

微波辐射和酶催化是现代有机合成化学中两种强有力的催化手段。目前一种新 的研究动向是将两者结合起来用于催化有机合成反应,这种新型催化方法可以被称 作微波辐射-酶耦合催化（MIECC）。由MIECC方法催化的有机合成反应可以被分为 湿法和干法两大类型。介绍了这一新型耦合催化方法的研究进展以及一些典型 MIECC反应。对MIECC反应中可能存在的耦合催化机理,即微波在生物催化体系中的 “非热效应“进行了初步理论探讨,同时展望了这种新的耦合催化方法的前景。     

Modification of regioselectivity in cycloadditions to C70 under microwave irradiation

The regioselectivity of the cycloaddition of N-methylazomethine ylide to C70 can be modified by using microwave irradiation as the source of energy. Under microwave irradiation and by choosing the appropriate solvent and irradiation power, the 5-6 isomer is the major product, a situation that is in contrast to conventional heating where the 1-2 isomer predominates. Moreover, isomer 7-21, which represents 13% of monoadducts under classical heating, is not formed under microwave irradiation and with ODCB as solvent. Theoretical calculations predict an asynchronous mechanism and suggest that the modification of the regiochemical outcome is related to the relative energies and hardnesses of the transition structures involved.     

External control of drug release. IV. Controlled release of 5-fluorouracil from a hydrophilic polymer matrix by microwave irradiation

A polymeric system capable of delivering 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at increased rates on demand by external microwave irradiation was developed. Sustained-release systems were made by incorporating 5-FU into an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. When exposed to release medium, the delivery systems released the drug slowly and continuously. Upon exposure to microwave irradiation, the drug was released at a much higher rate. Release rates returned to base line levels when the microwave irradiation was discontinued. This study demonstrated that release rates of 5-FU from a polymer matrix can be increased at desired times by external microwave irradiation.     

微波对照相乳剂感光性能的影响

通过微波对溴化银乳剂胶片的照射可以达到使感光胶片增感的目的.研究表明,短时间的微波照射就可以使溴化银胶片的感光度有明显提高,而一定时间的微波照射后,感光胶片的感光度并不象外加热方式那样出现衰退的现象.增加硫金比,微波照射后,感光度增加较多,说明感光中心与[Ag₂S·Ag]⁺有关.并且,微波照射产生的增感效应有一定的时效性.     

微波辐射下氧化N-烷基酰胺合成二酰亚胺

二酰亚胺是一个很有用的官能团, 它广泛存在于天然产物和有药物活性的分子中. 通过微波辐射条件合成它吸引了很多化学家的注意. 极性反应物可以吸收微波辐射, 化学家将微波应用于一些化学反应中. N-烷基酰胺(NH邻位有一个亚甲基CH₂)和N上没有取代的内酰胺可以被过氧化物和过渡金属盐氧化成二酰亚胺. 报道了在乙酸乙酯中过氧叔丁醇和乙酰丙酮锰(III)在微波条件(90 W, 5 min)下, 酰胺迅速、高选择性地、高产率地转变为二酰亚胺的方法.     

Assessment of Microwave Effect on Polymerization Conducted under ARGET ATRP Conditions

A comprehensive kinetic model based on the method of moments is developed for understanding the kinetics of activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) under microwave irradiation. Both the experimental data and the simulation results show that the polymerization under microwave irradiation is much faster than the thermal polymerization. Simulation results indicate that the acceleration of polymerization can be attributed to the increase of propagation rate coefficient and the radical generation by microwave irradiation. Kinetic behaviors, such as the effect of catalyst concentration and initial initiator, are investigated in detail. Results show that the catalyst concentration has negligible influence on polymerization rate while the initiator concentration can affect both the molecular weight and the reaction rate. In conclusion, this work thoroughly investigates the kinetic mechanism of ARGET ATRP under microwave irradiation, providing both theoretic and experimental supports to improve the product property of polymer materials.     

Structural study of α-lactose monohydrate subjected to microwave irradiation

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different levels of microwave irradiation on the structure and particle size characteristics of α-lactose monohydrate. The structural study of the samples was carried out by XRD, the presence of lactose polymorphs in the test samples was determined by DSC and the particle size distribution was measured by laser diffraction. The samples subjected to microwave irradiation retained their original X-ray patterns. No significant differences in thermal transition characteristics and particle size were observed. Hence, neither the occurrence of crystalline-amorphous transition resulted by microwave irradiation nor the presence of lactose polymorphs in the test samples can be assumed. The unmodified properties can be attributed to the fact that the water of crystallization is very difficult to remove from the crystal structure and is not free to move during microwave treatment, which results in stability to microwaves.     

Non-thermal effects of microwaves on protease-catalyzed esterification and transesterification

The non-thermal effects of microwave irradiation on enzyme-catalyzed reactions have been evaluated by keeping the reaction temperature constant during irradiation. Subtilisin-catalyzed transesterification and α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed esterification have been carried out in six solvents of differing polarities and at three different temperatures. In all cases, microwave irradiation was found to increase the initial reaction rates by 2.1-4.7 times at all hydration levels. It is also shown that microwave irradiation can be used in conjunction with other strategies (like pH tuning and salt activation) for enhancing initial reaction rates.     

From glycerol to chlorohydrin esters using a solvent-free system. Microwave irradiation versus conventional heating

Esterification-chlorination of glycerol provides chlorohydrin esters in high yields. A ratio of reagents close to equivalence can be used, so that atom economy of the reaction is optimized. The reaction can be carried out using either classical or microwave heating, and no solvent is required. 2-Chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl esters can be obtained in high regioisomeric relationship when either low or moderate temperature is used. In contrast, microwave irradiation allows the use of higher reaction temperatures that render mixtures of both regioisomers in variable relationships. Kinetic control of the process is proposed for classical heating, and experimental results are analyzed with the aid of ab initio calculated values. Non-thermal phenomena can be used to explain the high efficiency of microwave irradiation at low temperature.     

Sterilization system using microwave and UV light

We constructed a novel microwave–UV light sterilization system and investigated its sterilization effect. This sterilization system can emit UV light by irradiation of microwave without other power. When irradiating UV light with and/or without microwave on aqueous DMPO solution, active oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical or superoxide were generated in the solution. The amount of active oxygen species generated by irradiation of microwave and UV light was larger than that by irradiation of UV light alone. This would be due to the promotion of emission of UV light photons by microwave and UV light irradiation. Moreover, microwave–UV light sterilization was highly effective to sterilize microorganisms. The generation of active oxygen species would play an important role in sterilization of the sterilization system.     

Microwave Effect in the Fast Synthesis of Microporous Materials: Which Stage Between Nucleation and Crystal Growth is Accelerated by Microwave Irradiation?

Microporous materials, such as silicalite-1 and VSB-5 molecular sieves, have been synthesized by both microwave irradiation (MW) and conventional electric heating (CE). The accelerated syntheses by microwave irradiation can be quantitatively investigated by various heating modes conducted in two steps such as MW-MW, MW-CE, CE-MW, and CE-CE (in the order of nucleation-crystal growth). In the case of synthesis by MW-CE or CE-MW, the heating modes were changed for the second step just after the appearance of X-ray diffraction peaks in the first step. We have quantitatively demonstrated that the microwave irradiation accelerates not only the nucleation but also crystal growth. However, the contribution to decrease the synthesis time by microwave irradiation is larger in the nucleation stage than in the step of crystal growth. The crystal size increases in the order of MW-MW相似文献   

Microwave-assisted enzyme-catalyzed reactions in various solvent systems

The work describes the accelerated enzymatic digestion of several proteins in various solvent systems under microwave irradiation. The tryptic fragments of the proteins were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Under the influence of rapid microwave heating, these enzymatic reactions can proceed in a solvent such as chloroform, which, under traditional digestion conditions, renders the enzyme inactive. The digestion efficiencies and sequence coverages were increased when the trypsin digestions occurred in acetonitrile-, methanol- and chloroform-containing solutions that were heated under microwave irradiation for 10 min using a commercial microwave applicator. The percentage of the protein digested under microwave irradiation increased with the relative acetonitrile content, but decreased as the methanol content was increased. These observations suggest that acetonitrile does not deactivate the enzyme during the irradiation period; in contrast, methanol does deactivate it. In all cases, the digestion efficiencies under microwave irradiation exceed those under conventional conditions.     

Selectivity under microwave irradiation. Benzylation of 2-pyridone: an experimental and theoretical study

The reaction of 2-pyridone with benzyl bromide in the absence of base and under solvent-free conditions has been studied experimentally and by computational methods. This reaction was one of the first reported examples in which modification of selectivity under microwave irradiation was observed. C- and/or N-alkylations were obtained depending on the benzyl halide and the heating system. N-Alkylation through mechanism A (S_N2 mechanism) is kinetically favoured while C-alkylation through an S_N1-type mechanism is thermodynamically favoured and is observed under microwave irradiation. Two S_N1-type mechanisms (mechanisms B and C) have been calculated, mechanism C being a kind of S_Ni. The influence of the pyridone/benzyl bromide ratio was studied. A second molecule of pyridone stabilizes the transition state and assists the leaving of the bromide ion. The occurrence of C-alkylation under microwave irradiation is explained by the predominance of the thermodynamic control in these conditions. Under microwave irradiation N-alkylation through an S_N1-type mechanism (mechanism C) can also occur. The dependence of the outcome of N-alkylation on the benzyl bromide ratio has been explained by a shift in the mechanism from S_N2 to S_N1 under microwave irradiation. Computational calculations have shown to be a useful tool for determination of the origin of the selectivity under microwave irradiation.     

微波辐照方式对CdS和Bi2S3纳米粒子结晶度的影响

The effect of traveling microwave irradiation on the crystallinities of CdS nanoparticles and Bi₂S₃ nanorods was studied. Results showed that as compared with stationary microwave irradiation the crystallinities and the crystal growth of sulfide nanoparticles were improved. Traveling microwave irradiation can supply narrower frequency distribution and stronger power density of irradiation， CdS nanoparticles and Bi₂S₃ nanorods obtained are better in crystallinities and larger in size than under stationary microwave irradiation.     

植物纤维微波辐射预处理的研究进展

综述了微波辐射预处理技术在植物纤维发酵、纸浆生产、木材加工三个化学加工中的应用研究进展。结果表明,微波辐射预处理能有效地提高植物纤维的化学反应和加工性能,而且预处理作用深度大,具有缩短反应时间,提高生产效率,降低生产能耗等优点。并且指出了微波辐射预处理植物纤维的不足:应用范围有限,其工业化研究处于探索阶段;升温快,反应过程不易控制。最后提出未来研究的重点:微波辐射预处理植物纤维加速反应机理、温度的控制和检测方法等方面。     

微波场中甲烷部分氧化制合成气 Ⅰ.Ni/La_2O_3催化剂在微波场中的升温行为及催化活性

微波场中甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ⅰ．Ｎｉ／Ｌａ２Ｏ３催化剂在微波场中的升温行为及催化活性毕先钧段爱红（云南师范大学化学系，昆明６５００９２）王真洪品杰戴树珊（云南大学化学系，昆明６５００９１）关键词微波，甲烷，合成气，氧化镍，氧化镧分类号Ｏ６４３近年来，...     

Rapid and easy access to indoles via microwave-assisted Hemetsberger-Knittel synthesis

Hemetsberger-Knittel indole synthesis can be carried out under microwave activation. The optimum reaction conditions were found by using different solvents and by varying irradiation times and temperature. After 10 min of microwave irradiation, high conversion into the corresponding indole products was achieved without formation of any side products.