立方氮化硅及其冲击波合成

 立方氮化硅是高温高压研究近期合成得到的一种新物相，与已经在工业上普遍使用的氮化硅的两种六方物相（α相和β相）相比，新物相的密度增加了26%，预期是一种新型功能材料。简要综述了立方氮化硅的研究进展和存在的问题，讨论了立方氮化硅的人工合成和相关物性研究、Ⅳ(A)族氮化物（Ge₃N₄、Sn₃N₄、C₃N₄）的高密度物相研究，以及后尖晶石相氮化物的实验和理论探索等问题。介绍了作者最近利用炸药爆轰加载技术开展的冲击波合成实验结果，以α相氮化硅为冲击压缩前驱体，实现了在单次冲击波压缩实验中合成出了克量级立方氮化硅粉体，为进一步开展立方氮化硅的性能研究奠定了基础。     

A forced gas-cooled single-disk window using silicon nitride composite for high power CW millimeter waves

Silicon nitride composite as a candidate of a window material for high power CW (Continuous Wave) millimeter-waves was high power tested especially with a surface cooling by impinging gas nitrogen jets on the single-disk surface. Gas-cooling dramatically suppressed the temperature of the window disk even with gas flow rate of around 100 l/min. With gas cooling of 465l/min., 130kW CW power of HE₁₁ mode could be transmitted through the silicon nitride window with a diameter of 88.9mm. The peak window temperature was completely saturated on 123.6 °C. Without gas-cooling it did not saturate and reached 323 °C during 30 seconds pulse. A possibility of 1MW CW single disk Brewster windows with a forced gas-cooling is discussed, resulting in convinced prospects of the windows with realistic size and thickness.     

The Influence of Window Parameters on the Transmission Characteristics of Millimeter Waves

This work reports about the influence of some window parameters, such as the mechanical tolerance of disk thickness, the variation of distance between two disks, and the frequency drift during gyrotron operation on the transmission characteristics of millimeter waves. Detailed calculations of the transmission characteristics for a single-disk gyrotron window and frequency tunable double-disk plasma fusion torus windows have been performed. The geometry of the window units has been optimized in order to obtain a suitable transmission characteristic, i.e. power reflection less than –20 dB within a frequency bandwidth of about 1 GHz around the chosen frequencies.     

Low-Temperature Sputtered Ultralow-Loss Silicon Nitride for Hybrid Photonic Integration

Silicon-nitride-on-insulator (Si₃N₄) photonic circuits have seen tremendous advances in many applications, such as on-chip frequency combs, Lidar, telecommunications, and spectroscopy. So far, the best film quality has been achieved with low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and high-temperature annealing (1200°C). However, high processing temperatures pose challenges to the cointegration of Si₃N₄ with pre-processed silicon electronic and photonic devices, lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI), and Ge-on-Si photodiodes. This limits LPCVD as a front-end-of-line process. Here, ultralow-loss Si₃N₄ photonics based on room-temperature reactive sputtering is demonstrated. Propagation losses as low as 5.4 dB m⁻¹ after 400°C annealing and 3.5 dB m⁻¹ after 800°C annealing are achieved, enabling ring resonators with highest optical quality factors of > 10 million and an average quality factor of 7.5 million. To the best of the knowledge, these are the lowest propagation losses achieved with low temperature Si₃N₄. This ultralow loss enables the generation of microresonator soliton frequency combs with threshold powers of 1.1 mW. The introduced sputtering process offers full complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility with front-end silicon electronics and photonics. This could enable hybrid 3D integration of low loss waveguides with integrated lasers and lithium niobate on insulator.     

Comparison of Volume and Integrated P-I-N Modulators in Millimeter Wave Range

Volume and based on surface oriented integrated p-i-n-structures modulators have demonstrated high efficiency in millimeter wave range as quasi-optical modulators and phase shifters. These structures possess high modulation and high-speed properties; sustain great EM powers. However, the modulation characteristics of p-i-n modulators of both mentioned types in millimeter wave range have not been investigated yet. Here, a comparison and criteria of volume and integrated based on Si surface oriented structure modulators in millimeter wave range are presented.     

Design of Wide-Band Microstrip Antenna Array at Millimeter Wave Frequencies

This paper describes the Design of Broadside 8-Elements Microstrip Antenna Array at Ka-Band using corporate feed. Array is designed for the Broadband applications for 32 GHz to 36 GHz (4 GHz Bandwidth). The Gain of the Antenna Array is 18 dBi and the 3-dB Beamwidth in E - & H - Plane is 18 degree and 27 degree respectively with minimum sidelobe level of 15 dBc. Antenna test results show a close agreement between the designed and measured values. The Antenna Array has been printed on 10 mil RT-Duriod (_r = 2.22) substrate.     

退火温度对富硅氮化硅薄膜发光特性和结构的影响

采用直流等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)法在(100)单晶硅片表面生长富硅氮化硅薄膜,研究了不同的退火温度对氮化硅薄膜发光性质和结构的影响。研究发现,随着退火温度的升高,氮化硅薄膜的发光强度逐渐减弱,发光是由缺陷能级引起的,在900 ℃时荧光基本消失。XPS测试表明,在N₂氛围900 ℃下退火,氮化硅薄膜中未有硅相析出,故未表现出硅量子点的发光。FTIR测试也为PL结论提供了一定的证据。     

CAD of Millimeter Wave Y-Junction Circulators with a Ferrite Sphere

A gradient optimization technique along with a definition of cost function is applied to the CAD of the circulator with a magnetized ferrite sphere for millimeter wave communications. A three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach for the analysis of this ferrite sphere based microstrip circulator is presented. The topology of the structure is enforced at each step of optimization and its physical dimensions are used as optimization variables. The cost function is defined using location of zeros and poles of the circulator's transmission, isolation, and reflection functions. Numerical tests show that the optimization process converges from an arbitrarily selected starting point with the new definition of the cost function.     

Fabrication of Liquid Helium-Free Superconducting Magnet for Millimeter Wave Gyrotron

A liquid helium free superconducting magnet was designed and fabricated and for an application to a millimeter wave gyrotron and a peniotron. The magnet generates a magnetic field of 5T in a 100mm room temperature bore and has been continuously working for more than 5,400 hours without troubles.The magnet system was applied to the millimeter wave gyrotron experiments to confirm the stability of the magnet. In the experiments, stable operations of the gyrotron were achieved in the frequency range of 30 - 133GHz.     

发光窗口对MOS结构硅LED电光性能的影响

通过0.18μm标准CMOS工艺设计并制备了一种MOS结构的硅基发光器件。该光源器件在一个n阱中设计了两个相同的PMOS,分别利用p⁺源/漏区与n阱形成的p⁺n结进行反偏雪崩击穿而发射可见光。测试结果显示,该光源器件在正偏状态下的开启电压为0.8 V,在6 V的反偏电压下发生雪崩击穿,能够发出黄色的可见光,发光频谱范围为420～780 nm。本文对比了0.5μm和2μm两个不同发光窗口宽度的测试结果,发现该光源器件在更小发光窗口具有更高的发光强度和更好的发光均匀度,该特征与发光器件的反向电流密度分布和光在金属电极间的反射有关。研究成果在片上硅基光电集成回路中具有一定的应用价值。     

Analysis of Millimeter Wave Power Density Received by Cell Monolayers Inside Culture Dishes

One sort of experiment concerning biological effects of millimeter waves (MMWs) at the cellular level is performed using a culture dish containing a cell monolayer with MMW irradiated from the underneath. For culture dishes with diameters much larger than the wavelength, analysis is carried out with respect to the relationship between the portion of the incident MMW power density (PD) received by the cell monolayer and influencing factors such as the culture dish bottom thickness, MMW wavelength, and the electromagnetic properties of the dish and culture solution. Another analysis is conducted by the FDTD method to reveal the effect of culture dish configuration on MMW PD received by the cell monolayer in a typical culture dish with a diameter not much longer than the wavelength. With the illustrated results, the conclusion is reached that rigorous analysis, precise measurement and accurate calculation of MMW PD should accompany such experiments, and large-diameter culture dishes are more preferred in experiments to small-caliber dishes.     

Analysis of the H-Plane T-Junction Millimeter Wave Waveguide Circulator with a Ferrite Sphere

This paper presents an approximate but efficient field treatment of the new easy-to-fabricate ferrite sphere based H-plane waveguide circulator for potentially low-cost millimeter wave communication systems. A new three-dimension modeling strategy using a self-inconsistent mixed coordinates based mode matching technique is developed, i.e. the solutions of the Helmholz wave equations in the ferrite sphere and in the surrounding areas are deduced in the form of infinite summation of spherical, cylindrical and general Cartesian modes respectively. The point matching method is then used on the interface to numerically obtain the coefficients of different orders basis functions of the field. Therefore, the field distributions as well as the characteristics of the circulator are numerically calculated and the good agreement is observed between the numerical results and the measured data.     

氮化硅陶瓷层裂强度的研究

 用一级轻气炮冲击加载装置，对氮化硅陶瓷进行了冲击性能实验研究。发展了一种新的方法用于研究层裂特性，即通过在样品中埋设电磁粒子速度计来记录氮化硅陶瓷内部的层裂特性。该方法不同于常用的VISAR激光干涉法和锰铜计法，记录的是样品内部粒子速度的变化特征，位于层裂面后方的粒子速度计能清晰地表征材料的层裂特性。通过实验，得到了密度为3.12 g/cm³的氮化硅陶瓷的层裂强度为0.73 GPa，和Nahme等得到的强度较为接近，对称碰撞得到的裂片厚度与该次实验的飞片厚度相当。实验表明，电磁粒子速度计的方法可以用于研究非磁屏蔽材料的层裂特性。由于采用多个计进行记录，还得到了材料在弹性区内（1.8~3.6 GPa）的Hugoniot冲击绝热线。     

典型光谱吸收模型对静止轨道毫米波辐射分析

为分析我国未来拟发展的高轨静止卫星毫米波大气辐射特征,选择最佳模拟其毫米波辐射的光谱吸收线库方案,选取了三种基于典型光谱吸收线库逐线吸收模型(毫米波传播模型(M PM)、罗氏模型(ROS)和高分辨率分子吸收传输模型(HITRAN)),针对拟新增的静止轨道毫米波探测频率424 GHz,分析了三种大气吸收模型模拟该频率大气...     

Analysis of Anionic Polymer Dispersant Behavior in Dense Silicon Nitride and Carbide Suspensions Using an AFM

The paper focuses on the interaction mechanism caused by anionic polymer dispersants in dense silicon nitride and silicon carbide suspensions. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to determine the relationship between the macroscopic suspension viscosity and the microscopic structure adsorbing of a polymer dispersant at the solid/liquid interface. The surface interactions within the suspensions were analyzed under various dispersant pH values and additive conditions. The addition of an anionic polymer dispersant decreased the viscosity of silicon nitride and silicon carbide suspension and increased the electrosteric repulsive force on the non-oxide surface in solution at pH > 6, which was the isoelectric point of the materials. Based on the above results, we estimated the adsorption mechanism of anionic polymer dispersants on each solid surface in solution under relatively high pH conditions.     

毫米波被动探测信号的熵特征研究

针对毫米波被动探测系统中以幅度值作为判决特征时,容易将无源干扰(如平面金属、地面积水等)误识别为装甲目标的问题,提出了毫米波被动探测信号的新特征量——熵。从毫米波被动探测典型地物目标的天线温度基本组成出发,提出了熵的提取方法。对一定样本量的地物探测信号进行熵特征分析,结果表明装甲目标的熵与平面金属及地面积水有明显差异,对装甲目标识别的研究提供了新的分析思路和理论指导。     

高功率窄脉冲毫米波返波管粒子模拟与实验研究

采用数值模拟方法优化设计出BWO(Backward Wave Oscillator)慢波结构, 并在RADAN303加速器平台上进行了实验研究, 在电子束电压177kV、电流785A、磁场强度1.7T的条件下, 产生毫米波辐射功率18MW、频率39.8GHz、脉冲宽度3ns、模式为TE₁₁的毫米波输出.     

Amplitude Statistics of Sea-Ice Clutter Using a Millimeter Wave Radar

Sea-ice clutter was measured using a millimeter wave radar with frequency of 34.86GHz and pulse length of 30ns. To determine the sea-ice clutter amplitude statistics, we investigated the log-normal, Weibull, log-Weibull and K-distributions using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), which is more rigorous fit of the distribution to the data than the least-squares method. It is shown that the amplitude of sea-ice clutter obeys almost a log-Weibull distribution.     

Modeling of Multilayer Suspended Microstrip Line and its Discontinuities on CMOS Grade Silicon Substrate for Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuit Applications

Transmission line parameters such as characteristic impedance Z₀, effective dielectric constant ε_eff, attenuation constant α of suspended microstrip line on multilayer low resistively silicon substrate are investigated using full wave FEM simulator HFSS. Effect of variation in the thickness of Si₃N_4, polyimide and metal layers on attenuation are studied. Due to suspended nature, significant reduction in transmission loss is observed in the simulation at 60 GHz frequency. Discontinuities such as open end, gap and step in width of strip conductor are analyzed to extract their lumped equivalent circuits which can be used in the design of integrated circuits.     

Multiple Scattering Solution of Millimeter Wave Propagation in Strong Sandstorm

As the operating frequencies of communication systems more higher into the millimeter wave range, and the density of particles in medium is more denser, the effects of multiple scattering in sandstorm become more significant. This paper treats the problems of electromagnetic multiple scattering in strong sandstorm by the Monte Carlo method. Based on the analytical theory of multiple scattering, the millimeter wave propagation and scattering in discrete random media are investigated by means of the particle-tracking technique. The millimeter wave is regarded as a Markov chain of wave particle collisions in a medium in which it is scattered and absorbed. Considering the effect of multiple scattering, millimeter wave attenuation induced by strong sandstorm is simulated numerically. The values of theoretical calculation are in good agreement with the measured results of simulated experiment at 34 and 93 GHz.