Generation and Preparation of the Sustained Optimal Entropy Squeezing State of a Motional Atom Inside Vacuum Cavity

Considering two two-level atoms initially in Bell state, we send one atom into a vacuum cavity while leaving the other outside, and consider the motion of atom inside the cavity. Using quantum information entropy squeezing theory, the time evolution of the entropy squeezing factor of atom inside the cavity is discussed for two cases, i.e., before and after performing rotation operations and measuring atom outside, the influences of the field mode structure and atomic motions on the atomic entropy squeezing are evaluated. It is shown that atom inside the cavity has no entropy squeezing phenomenon before operating atom outside the cavity. However, the optimal entropy squeezing phenomenon of period T = 2π/p emerges and constant entropy squeezing phenomenon can occur by adjusting rotation operation to R(π/4), and setting the field mode structure parameter 0 < p < 50. In particular, if choosing p > 50, a sustained optimal entropy squeezing state (SOESS) can be generated. We also present the schematic circuit diagram of preparation of SOESS. Our proposal provides a possible way for the initial decoherent state recovering into sustained maximal coherent superposition state of single atom in the quantum noise environment.     

Compton polarimetry detection of small circularly and linearly polarized impurities in Mössbauer 8.4 keV (3/2-1/2) M1 γ-transition of 169Tm

The arrangement of an experiment to detect the P?odd and P, T?odd polarized part of the Mössbauer (⁺3/2– ⁺1/2) gamma transition of a deformed ¹⁶⁹Tm nucleus with an energy of 8.4 keV by Compton polarimetry is discussed. Tm ₂O₃ single crystal with a quadrupolarly split Mössbauer spectrum is proposed as a resonance polarizer. A Be-scatterer-based Compton polarimeter and a synchronously detecting system will be used to measure the P-odd circular polarization P_Cand P, T-odd linear polarization P_L.The expected accuracy of measuring the relative magnitude of the P, T-odd contribution is about 1% of the magnitude of usual weak nucleon–nucleon interaction.     

Squeezing of Relative and Center-of-Orbit Coordinates of a Charged Particle by Step-Wise Variations of a Uniform Magnetic Field with an Arbitrary Linear Vector Potential

We consider a quantum charged particle moving in the xy plane under the action of a time-dependent magnetic field described by means of the linear vector potential A = H(t) [?y(1 + β), x(1 ? β)] /2 with a fixed parameter β. The systems with different values of β are not equivalent for nonstationary magnetic fields due to different structures of induced electric fields, whose lines of force are ellipses for |β| < 1 and hyperbolas for |β| > 1. Using the approximation of the stepwise variation of the magnetic field H(t), we obtain explicit formulas describing the evolution of the principal squeezing in two pairs of noncommuting observables: the coordinates of the center of orbit and relative coordinates with respect to this center. Analysis of these formulas shows that no squeezing can arise for the circular gauge (β = 0). On the other hand, for any nonzero value of β, one can find the regimes of excitations resulting in some degree of squeezing in the both pairs. The maximum degree of squeezing can be obtained for the Landau gauge (|β| = 1) if the magnetic field is switched off and returns to the initial value after some time T, in the limit T → ∞.     

Ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in Eu<Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis> = <Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>): pressure effects

Ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in Eu monochalcogenides have been investigated by ab initio density functional theory in the DFT+U approach. Exchange interaction parameters and Curie temperatures under pressure are studied and discussed using Heisenberg Hamiltonian with first and second-nearest-neighbor interactions. The calculations showed that the hydrostatic pressure perfectly improves the Curie temperature (EuO: T _C = 175 K; EuS: T _C = 33.8 K) and in the other hand it cannot induce the spontaneous polarization (P _s ). The effect of uniaxial and biaxial pressure is also studied. Although the uniaxial strains slightly increases the Curie temperature, it ensures the ferrolectricity in these systems by producing a spontaneous polarization of the order of P _s (EuO) = 57.50 μC/cm² and P _s (EuS) = 42.86 μC/cm² with pressures of 5% and 4%, respectively. The search for new model systems is a necessity to better understand the physics related to multiferroïc materials and to consider possible applications.     

Nonergodic state of relaxation ferroelectric Cd<Subscript>2</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> in a constant electric field

The temperature dependence of the residual polarization of the nonergodic relaxation state (NERS) obtained from the measurements of pyroelectric current during zero-field heating (ZFH) in the temperature interval from 10 to 295 K is investigated for the Cd₂Nb₂O₇ relaxation system in two cases: (1) after sample cooling in a constant electric field E (FC) from T = 295 K to a preset temperature, which is much lower than the “freezing” temperature of the relaxation state (T _f ≈ 182 K), field removal, and subsequent cooling in zero field (ZFC) to T = 10 K and (2) after ZFC from T = 295 K to the same temperature below T _f , application of the same field, and FC to T = 10 K. The behavior of the P _r ^FC (T) and P _r ^ZFC (T) dependences is analyzed. In the field E < 2 kV/cm, the P _r ^ZFC curves as functions of 1/T have a broad low-intensity peak in the region T ≈ T _f , which vanishes in stronger fields, when the P _r ^FC (1/T) curves intersect at T ≈ T _f and have no anomalies. The difference in the behavior of P _r ^ZFC (T) and P _r ^FC (T) indicates the difference in the nature of NERS formed during ZFC and FC of the system upon a transition through T _f . In the ZFC mode, NERS exhibits glasslike behavior; in the FC regime, features of the ferroelectric behavior even in the weak field. Analogous variations of P _r ^ZFC (T) and P _r ^FC (T) in a classical ferroelectric KDP are also given for comparison.     

Partial virial theorems for atomic-molecular systems

New virial relations for three-and four-particle atomic-molecular systems are proposed. Using operators of extension or squeezing of interparticle distances, it is shown that, for all pairs of j and k particles in S states of these systems, the following partial virial relations are valid: 〈2T _jk 〉+〈 V _jk 〉=0, where 〈V _jk 〉 is the average Coulomb interaction energy for a pair of particles and 〈T _jk 〉 is a part of the average kinetic energy of the system. There are three and six such relations for three-and four-particle systems, respectively. The conventional virial theorem (〈 2T〉+〈V〉=0) for the average total kinetic and potential energies of the system (〈 T〉 and 〈V〉, respectively) corresponds to the summation of partial virial relations over all pairs of particles. It is shown by an example of variational calculations of the helium atom ⁴He²⁺ e ^? e ^? and the helium muon-electron mesoatom ⁴He²⁺μ^? e ^? that partial virial relations are a highly sensitive indicator of the accuracy of wave functions.     

Proximity effect of a superconductor on an antiferromagnetic metal

There should be two contributions to the pair breaking energy in an antiferromagnetic metal. The first, already discussed byde Gennes andSarma, is due to disorder on the magnetic sites. The second is a temperature dependent contribution from electron magnon scattering. This term is calculated for the temperature rangeT _N(J/μ)²?T?T _N and found to be of orderT ²/T _N. (T _N = Néel temperature,μ = Fermi energy,J = exchange coupling between conduction electrons and magnetic ions.)     

Optical and x-ray diffraction studies of the symmetry of distorted phases of the (NH<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>ZrF<Subscript>7</Subscript> crystal

(NH₄)₃ZrF₇ single crystals were grown, and polarization-optical and x-ray diffraction studies were performed on powders and crystalline plates of various cuts over a wide temperature range. Phase transitions are revealed at temperatures T _1↑ = 280 K, T _2↑ = 279.6 K, T _3↑ = 260–265 K, and T _4↑ = 238 K on heating and at T _1↓ = 280 K, T _2↓ = 269–270 K, T _3↓ = 246 K, and T _4↓ = 235 K on cooling. The sequence of changes in symmetry is established to be as follows: O _h ⁵ (Z = 4) ? D _2h ²⁵ (Z = 2) ? C _2h ³ (Z = 2) ? C _i ¹ (Z = 108) ? monoclinic²(Z = 216).     

Magnetoresistance of a highly correlated electron liquid

The behavior in a magnetic field of a highly correlated electron liquid approaching the fermion condensation quantum phase transition from the disordered phase is considered. We show that, at sufficiently high temperatures T≥T*(x), the effective mass starts to depend on T, M* ∝T^?1/2. This T^?1/2 dependence of the effective mass at elevated temperatures leads to the non-Fermi liquid behavior of the resistivity, σ(T) ∝ T and at higher temperatures σ(T) ∝ T^3/2. The application of a magnetic field B restores the common T² behavior of the resistivity. The effective mass depends on the magnetic field, M*(B) ∝ B^?2/3, being approximately independent of the temperature at T≤T*(B) ∝ B^4/3. At T≥T*(B), the T^?1/2 dependence of the effective mass is reestablished. We demonstrate that this B-T phase diagram has a strong impact on the magnetoresistance (MR) of the highly correlated electron liquid. The MR as a function of the temperature exhibits a transition from negative values of MR at T→0 to positive values at T ∝ B^4/3. Thus, at T≥T*(B), MR as a function of the temperature possesses a node at T ∝ B^4/3.     

Thermodynamic study of compounds of the Nd-Ba-Cu-O system

Standard enthalpies of formation for solid solutions of composition Nd_{1 + x} Ba_{2 ? x} Cu₃O _y (x = 0–0.8, y = 6.65–7.24) from oxides were determined by solution calorimetry. The heat capacity of NdBa₂Cu₃O_6.87 phase was measured in the range 5–320 K by low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry. The absolute entropy S ^o(T), the difference of enthalpies H ^o(T)-H ^o(0 K), and the reduced Gibbs energy Φ^o(T) = S ^o(T)–[H ^o(T)–H ^o(0)]/T were calculated on the basis of smoothed dependence C _p (T) in the 0–320 K range. An assessment was made for the heat capacities and the absolute entropies of solid solutions Nd_1+x Ba_2?x Cu₃O _y . The obtained set of thermodynamic parameters can be used for the calculation of phase equilibria in the Nd-Ba-Cu-O system.     

Variable-range hopping conduction in LaMnO<Subscript>3 + δ</Subscript>

The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity ρ(T) for ceramic samples of LaMnO_{3 + δ} (δ = 0.100–0.154) are studied in the temperature range T = 15–350 K, in magnetic fields of 0–10 T, and under hydrostatic pressures P of up to 11 kbar. It is shown that, above the ferromagnet-paramagnet transition temperature of LaMnO_{3 + δ}, the dependence ρ(T) of this compound obeys the Shklovskii-Efros variable-range hopping conduction: ρ(T) = ρ₀(T)exp[(T ₀/T)^1/2], where ρ₀(T) = AT ^9/2 (A is a constant). The density of localized states g(?) near the Fermi level is found to have a Coulomb gap Δ and a rigid gap γ(T). The Coulomb gap Δ assumes values of 0.43, 0.46, and 0.48 eV, and the rigid gap satisfies the relationship γ(T) ≈ γ(T _v)(T/T _v)^1/2, where T _v is the temperature of the onset of variable-range hopping conduction and γ(T _v) = 0.13, 0.16, and 0.17 eV for δ = 0.100, 0.125, and 0.154, respectively. The carrier localization lengths a = 1.7, 1.4, and 1.2 Å are determined for the same values of δ. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the variable-range hopping conduction in LaMnO_{3 + δ} with δ = 0.154 is analyzed, and the dependences Δ(P) and γ_v(P) are obtained.     

High-resolution spectroscopy of HoFe<Subscript>3</Subscript>(BO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystal: a study of phase transitions

The transmission spectra of HoFe₃(BO₃) multiferroic single crystals are studied by optical Fourier-transform spectroscopy at temperatures of 1.7–423 K in polarized light in the spectral range 500–10 000 cm^–1 with a resolution up to 0.1 cm^–1. A new first-order structural phase transition close to the second-order transition is recorded at T_c = 360 K by the appearance of a new phonon mode at 976 cm^–1. The reasons for considerable differences in T_c for different samples of holmium ferroborate are discussed. By temperature variations in the spectra of the f–f transitions in the Ho³⁺ ion, we studied two magnetic phase transitions, namely, magnetic ordering into an easy-plane structure as a second-order phase transition at T_N = 39 K and spin reorientation from the ab plane to the c axis as a first-order phase transition at T_SR = 4.7 ± 0.2 K. It is shown that erbium impurity in a concentration of 1 at % decreases the spin-reorientation transition temperature to T_SR = 4.0 K.     

Mössbauer study of the modulated magnetic structure of FeVO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to study the FeVO₄ multiferroic, which undergoes two magnetic phase transitions at T _N1 ≈ 22 K and T _N2 ≈ 15 K. The first transition (T _N1) is related to transformation from a paramagnetic state into a magnetically ordered state of a spin density wave, and the second transition (T _N2) is associated with a change in the type of the spatial magnetic structure of the vanadate. The electric field gradient tensor at ⁵⁷Fe nuclei is calculated to perform a crystal-chemical identification of the partial Mössbauer spectra corresponding to various crystallographic positions of Fe³⁺ cations. The spectra measured in the range T _N2 < T < T _N1 are analyzed on the assumption about amplitude modulation of the magnetic moments of iron atoms μ_Fe. The results of model intersection of the spectra recorded at T < T _N2 point to a high degree of anharmonicity of the helicoidal magnetic structure of the vanadate and to elliptic polarization of μ_Fe. These features are characteristic of type-II multiferroics. The temperature dependences of the hyperfine interaction parameters of ⁵⁷Fe nuclei that were obtained in this work are analyzed in terms of the Weiss molecular field model on the assumption of orbital contribution to the magnetic moments of iron cations.     

Interplay of Curie-type and Pauli-type magnetic susceptibilities in HCl-doped polyaniline pellets

The static magnetic susceptibility (χ) of own-made HCl-doped polyaniline pellets is investigated experimentally over the full range of the protonation level Y and in the temperature (T) range 10–300 K.The obtained results suggest that χ and the electrical conductivity σ – which is known from previous work – are interrelated.Namely, there is a weakly Y dependent crossover temperature T ^* where both χ and σ undergo notable changes.In χ, this refers to a simultaneous enhancement (reduction) of the Pauli-type susceptibility χ _P and reduction (enhancement) of the Curie constant C at T = T ^* when T increases (decreases).Below T < T ^*, where thermal effects are weak to moderate, a steep increase of χ _P(Y) around Y = 0.3 occurs together with a drop of C(Y).The above findings are consistent with a picture in which, at T ^*, spins that disappear from C reappear in χ _P, and vice versa.This model is used to address the longitudinal and transversal electron localisation lengths as functions of Y, the former being estimated to take values in the range 7–8 Åand the latter in the range 1–2 Å.     

Single and double spin asymmetries in the elastic <Emphasis Type="Italic">e</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis> scattering and their dependence on the deuteron wave function

Single and double spin asymmetries in the elastic electron-deuteron (e-d ) scattering were investigated. The tensor-deuteron asymmetries T_2i(i = 0, 1, 2) and the beam-vector-deuteron asymmetries T ^e _1i(i = 0, 1) were calculated and compared with the available experimental data. The sensitivity of the results for these spin asymmetries to the deuteron wave function has been investigated. The predicted asymmetries were found to be agree with one another and with experiment. It was found that, the double spin asymmetry T ^e ₁₀ is much smaller than the T ^e ₁₁-asymmetry. Therefore, in addition to the single tensor-deuteron asymmetry T₂₀, the doubly beam-vector-deuteron asymmetry T ^e ₁₁ can be used as an another tool for extracting the deuteron electromagnetic form factors.     

Formfaktor des π-Mesons und Struktur der Nukleonen

Recent measurements of electron-proton scattering at Stanford have shown that the electric and magnetic form factors are not equal. Therefore, the isotopic vector parts of the form factorsG _e ^v andG _m ^v are recalculated with unsubtracted dispersion relations in the 2π-approximation. For the isotopic scalar parts we useG _e ^s (s)≈G _e ^v (s) andG _m ^s (s)≈ 0 which is known to be valid for moderate energy-momentum transfers. We obtain a simple closed expression for the electromagnetic form factor of the pionF _π in terms of the scattering lengtha ₁ and the effective ranger ₁ of the π-π-scattering in the stateL=T=1.a ₁ is roughly known from pion production by pions. With this value and a suitabler ₁,F _π has a resonance in the region of time-like energy-momentum transfer; and the pion rms-radius becomes\(\overline {v_\pi ^2 } = (0.82 \times 10^{ - 13} cm)^2 \). The calculated anomalous magnetic moment, the electric and the magnetic rms-radii of the proton are then within 10% of the experimental values, the electric charge within 30%. Moreover, the proton form factors are different from each other and up to an energy-momentum transfer of\(s = \frac{{ - q^2 }}{{m_\pi ^2 }} = 23\) within the experimental error of the new measurements. The deviations for higher values of the energy-momentum transfer may be explained in terms of the isotopic scalar parts of the form factors. In this case the electric form factor of the neutron will be different from zero in that region and the magnetic form factor of proton and neutron will no longer be equal. For comparison with other experiments we also calculate the π⁺?π^? cross section with neglect of other states thanL=T=1. Under this assumption the π?π cross section has a resonance for low energy-momentum transfer.     

Electroproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">J/ψ</Emphasis> mesons within the semihard QCD approach and the color-singlet model

The deep-inelastic production of J/ψ mesons in electron-proton interactions at the HERA collider is considered within the semihard (k_T-factorization) QCD approach and within the color-singlet model. The dependence of the Q², p _T ² , z, y* and W distributions of J/ψ mesons on various sets of unintegrated gluon distributions and the dependence of the spin parameter α on p _T ² and Q² are investigated. The results of the calculations are compared with the latest experimental data obtained by the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations at the HERA collider. It is shown that experimental investigations of the polarization properties of J/ψ mesons over the kinematical region Q²<1 GeV² may provide an additional test of the statement that the dynamics of gluon distributions is governed by the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov equations.     

Superconductor-insulator transition tuned by annealing in Bi-film on top of Co-clusters

We deposited amorphous Bi films with a thickness between 3 and 6.5 nm at 4.2 K on top of previously deposited Co clusters having a mean size of ～4.5 nm. The Co cluster layers thickness was between 2.3 and 5 nm. In-situ electrical transport measurements were performed between 2 and 100 K. Measurements on as-prepared samples having a Bi layer thickness of 3.0 nm show hopping (tunneling) conductivity as σ(T) = σ ₀ exp[?(T ₀/T)^1/2] above the superconducting transition temperature T _C and re-entrance behavior again with hopping (tunneling) conductivity below T _C . Annealing of films having a Bi layer thickness of 5.5 nm results in a decrease of resistivity, with variable-range hopping conduction behavior as σ(T) = σ ₀ exp[?(T ₀/T)^1/3 ]. Quite different are the findings for films having a Bi layer thickness of 6.5 nm: annealing of these films results in a power-law behavior as σ(T) = σ ₀ T ^α with α = 2/3, indicating that these films are close to a quantum critical point separating superconducting and insulating phases. A phase diagram including all experimental observations is proposed.