Direct Radioimmunoassay of Proinsulin and Insulin in Human Plasma by Chromatographic Technique

Specific method for direct radioimmunoassay of IRP and IRI separately in human plasma has been described. The method is used for extraction of total insulin and separation of IRP from IRI by paper chromatography to be assayed separately. The separation of the two components are indentified and confirmed by column chromatography, paper chromatography and U.V. spectral analysis in comparison with the standard compounds.

134 plasma samples of different cases were, investigated for determination of IRI, IRP and IRT, of which 39 normals, 16 normal obes, 21 juvinil diabetes, 18 adult oncet diabetes, 10 recent adult diabetes, 12 hypothroid and 18 bilharzial hepatosplenomegaly to evaluate the levels of the test in comparison with blood sugar concentration.     

Label‐free optical detection of type II diabetes based on surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was first employed to detect oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb, the common type of hemoglobin) variation in type II diabetic development without using exogenous reagents. Using silver nanoparticles as SERS‐active substrate, high‐quality SERS spectra are obtained from blood OxyHb samples of 49 diabetic patients and 40 healthy volunteers. Tentative assignment of the observed SERS bands indicates specific structural changes of OxyHb molecule in diabetes, including heme transformation and globin variation. Furthermore, partial least squares and principal component analysis combined with linear discriminate analysis diagnostic algorithms are employed to analyze and classify the SERS spectra acquired from diabetic and healthy OxyHb, yielding the diagnostic accuracies of 90.0% and 95.5%, respectively. This exploratory work suggests that the silver nanoparticles‐based OxyHb SERS method in combination with multivariate statistical analysis has great potential for the label‐free detection of type II diabetes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ICP-AES测定云南楚雄糖尿病患者发样微量元素的研究

探讨微量元素与糖尿病间的关联性及临床意义。采用ICP-AES等离子体发射光谱仪测定了楚雄地区糖尿病患者人发中11种元素,采用2,3-二氨基萘荧光法测定发样中的硒元素。选取糖尿病患者120例,对照组35例。糖尿病组发样中常量元素Ca、Mg低于对照组,P高于对照组;除Cd、Cr、Fe外,微量元素Zn、Se、Ni、Mn、Cu等5种元素低于对照组,并有显著差异(P0.01)。糖尿病组间性别比较数据显示男性除发Ni、Mn、P外,其余元素含量均低于女性,其中发锌远低于女性。3个不同年龄段糖尿病人群的微量元素含量变化显示Fe、P2种元素随年龄增加含量增高;Mg、Cd2种元素随年龄增加含量减少;其余各元素变化情况为Fe、P元素在老年组中较高,Cu、Cd、Mg较低;Mn、Cr、Cu元素含量在中年组中较高,而Zn、Se略低;Zn、Se在青年组较高,而Mn、Cr低。城市人群发中Zn、Cd、Cu、Mg、Ca含量比农村人群高;Se元素含量二者间差别也不大,其余元素含量均低于农村人群。楚雄地区糖尿病患者发中Zn、Se、Mg、Mn4种元素水平低,楚雄地区糖尿病患者致病原因可能与地区属低Se水平和患者体内硒水平低有关。     

Morphology and protein content of hepatocytes in type I diabetic rats submitted to physical exercises

The importance of physical exercise practice in the treatment of diabetes has been reported in many studies recently, but only limited data can be found regarding its benefits on liver morphology and protein content of hepatocytes. In order to assess the changes arising from the development of type I diabetes and the benefits of a training protocol, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary diabetic (SD) and trained diabetic (TD). The training protocol consisted of swimming for 60 min a day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks. Liver samples were collected, processed and analyzed by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Biochemical tests were also conducted to examine the protein content and quantity of DNA in the liver. In morphological assessment, the presence of areas of cytoplasmic basophilia observed in control subjects was not visualized in sedentary diabetics. It was related to differences in the amount of mitochondria in the cytosol. The mitochondrial structure has not undergone relevant changes, and the number of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns was clearly inferior in sedentary diabetics, suggesting lower protein production. However, the biochemical analysis of protein content indicated no statistical differences between groups. The exercise, in turn, was not responsible for major changes in these characteristics. On the whole, the morphological damages arising from type I diabetes were noteworthy. Nevertheless, regular physical training was not responsible for significant improvements in some respects, making evident the need for combined application of a distinct form of treatment.     

Intracardiac lipid accumulation, lipoatrophy of muscle cells and expansion of myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients

The overall mortality of diabetic patients after myocardial infarction is 3-4 times higher than non-diabetics. The cellular mechanisms underlying such a poor clinical prognosis remain incompletely understood. Recent reports suggest that lipotoxicity associated with impaired liporegulation is among the leading factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The goal of this study was to investigate whether excess lipid accumulation specifically in heart muscle cells contributes to the expansion of myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients. Comparative structural analysis of cardiac tissue was performed on autopsy samples from the infracted hearts of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals with special reference to the expansion of the infarction, degenerative changes, lipoatrophy, cell death, and replacement fibrosis. We found that progressive accumulation of lipids in cardiac myocytes was accompanied by considerable loss of myofibrils and was frequently observed in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic patients. This indicates that disassembly of the contractile apparatus in the cells infiltrated with lipids weakens their capability for functional activity. Analysis of degenerative changes in the diabetic tissue has shown that lipid-laden cardiac myocytes were more susceptible to necrotic and apoptotic cells death leading to expansion of the infarction and the development of progressive focal replacement fibrosis both in the perinecrotic zone and in the areas located far from the site of injury. Our data show that lipoatrophy and loss of muscle cells during the post-infarction period aggravate the functional impairment in the diabetic heart and limits its adaptive capacity for compensatory remodeling. This suggests that lipotoxic myocardial injury associated with defects of lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes predisposes its evolution toward congestive heart failure and is an important factor contributing to a high mortality following infarction.     

生物样品维生素PP及其代谢产物分析方法的研究进展

维生素PP在维持细胞正常生命活动中起着很重要的作用.血浆以及尿液维生素PP及具代谢产物的浓度水平可用于疾病的早期诊断,如糖尿病、肥胖以及帕金森等病症.准确测定人体生物样品中维生素PP及其代谢产物浓度的变化,在疾病早期诊断和治疗中具有重要的意义.综述了生物样品中维生素PP及其代谢产物的分析方法,如高效液相色谱法、毛细管电...     

A simple prediction of total body water to aid quality control in isotope dilution studies in subjects 3-87 years of age

The principal method of measuring total body water (TBW) is by isotope dilution. Also, the doubly labelled water method, which is the method of choice for measuring total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living individuals, includes calculation of TBW as the dilution space of the tracer. TBW was measured in 261 subjects (135 males and 126 females), aged 3-87, including healthy children, children with HIV and adults with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes), mild hypertension, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer, either in studies of body composition or TEE. A linear relationship was found between TBW and height in all subjects. When TBW is plotted against height cubed (Ht3, m3) the regression line can be forced through the origin. Considering only adults with 18.5>body mass index <29.9 and all children (n=220), this yielded TBW (l)=7.40 x Ht3, R2=0.95. This simple linear relationship between measured TBW and Ht3 compared favourably with other prediction methods, assuming TBW is a constant proportion (55%) of body weight and TBW predicted from height and weight (mean difference between measured and predicted TBW 0.55 l compared with -1.95 and -1.20 l, respectively). Absolute errors were greater at higher TBW, but use of a log10 transformation reduced this effect. This simple relationship of TBW with Ht3 is too crude to be used as a body composition predictor in individual subjects as it ignores, for instance, body shape. However, it can be used as a quality control tool. Here, use of a log10 transformation and residual plot can serve to identify outliers, which can be checked for gross errors in data input and if necessary samples are re-analysed.     

Rapid biochemical profiling of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes,hypertension and cancer metastasis by hierarchical cluster analysis of Raman spectra

Raman spectroscopy is a label free, versatile, simple and fast method that is increasingly used to detect pathological changes in the cells and tissues that could be useful in medical diagnostics. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Raman spectroscopy may serve to detect endothelial dysfunction in murine models of lifestyle diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction. For that purpose, we analysed spectra from ex vivo vessels taken from mice with diabetes, hypertension and cancer metastasis. We extracted 50–70 random, single spectra, recorded in 0.2 s, from endothelium of mice with diseases and respective control animals and subjected them to hierarchical cluster analysis. Independently on the sample preparation protocol, very good discrimination was obtained for three‐tested murine models, i.e. diabetes, hypertension and cancer metastasis. Obtained sensitivity and specificity parameters were between 93% and 96% (with the exception of sensitivity in the diabetes model equalled to 88%). Our results show that single, random spectra of endothelium, recorded in less than a second, contains enough information on biochemical content of the endothelium to detect endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, we demonstrated that biochemical profile of the endothelial dysfunction in diabetes, hypertension or cancer metastasis differs with a very high specificity and sensitivity. This conclusion can be a good starting point for the development of in vivo fast diagnostic methodology of endothelium in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病人与大鼠红细胞拉曼光谱学比较

使用激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪测量正常大鼠红细胞、正常人红细胞、糖尿病STZ造模大鼠红细胞、糖尿病四氧嘧啶造模大鼠红细胞和人Ⅱ型糖尿病红细胞的拉曼光谱,应用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结合支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)分类器对数据进行判别分析,然后采用类间距离判断两种造模方法与人Ⅱ型糖尿病的接近程度。结果发现糖尿病红细胞与正常红细胞的拉曼光谱存在明显差异,糖尿病在酰胺 ⅥCO变形振动谱带处峰高显著,并在酰胺ⅤN—H变形振动谱带处谱线出现偏移,属于磷脂的脂酰基C—C骨架1 130 cm-1谱线增强,1 088 cm-1谱线强度减弱,说明糖尿病红细胞膜的通透性增强。PCA结合SVM可以很好地区分以上5类红细胞的拉曼光谱,分类器测试结果表明分类准确度达100%。通过分别计算两种造模方法与人Ⅱ型糖尿病的类间距离,发现STZ造模法更接近人Ⅱ型糖尿病。由此得出结论：拉曼光谱法可以用于糖尿病诊断,大鼠糖尿病STZ造模法更接近人类Ⅱ型糖尿病。     

The effect of sand/cement ratio on radon exhalation from cement specimens containing 226Ra

Different ratios of Portland cement and sand were mixed with radium chloride to produce radioactive cylinder specimens. Two types of sand were used (calcite and silica). The release of radon from these samples was studied.Results showed that radon release from the calcite–cement samples was affected by the sand ratios. It was also noticed that the release changed with the size of the sand particles. Same trends were observed from silica–cement samples. In addition, it was found that radon exhalation from calcite–cement samples were less than that of silica–cement samples. The results were explained by the creation of closed free spaces in the samples, which gave radon atoms the possibility to decay in these free spaces rather than exhalation.     

Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy based metabolomic spectral biomarker selection towards optimal diagnostic differentiation of diabetes with and without retinopathy

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy-based serum metabolomic spectral biomarkers using chemometrics for the diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy. FTIR spectroscopy was performed on 85 human serum samples [30 type 2 diabetes patients each without retinopathy and with retinopathy along with 25 normal healthy individuals as control]. Difference between mean spectra (DBMS), forward feature selection (FFS), and Mann–Whitney’s U tests were applied for spectral biomarker selection. Classification of disease conditions was achieved using analysis of different combinations of spectral features with linear, quadratic, and cubic Support Vector Machine at 10-fold cross validation. Twelve spectral signatures extracted by FFS could differentiate diabetes and diabetic retinopathy with 90% sensitivity, 92.7% specificity, and 90.5% overall accuracy. Two peaks (1042, 1114.18?cm^?1) were associated with carbohydrate and polysaccharide content and five peaks (1114.18, 1165, 1211.18, 1402.70, 1451.14, 1657?cm^?1) represented aberrations in total lipid content. Four peaks (1114.18, 1117, 1147, 1165?cm^?1) were associated with protein phosphorylation and three peaks (1527, 1544.71, 1591.10?cm^?1) with Amide II group. Again, lipidic signatures were strongly corroborated with glycosylated hemoglobin levels in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic subjects. Spectral signatures also revealed an elevated level of β-sheet containing proteins in serum in diabetic retinopathy condition. The method was validated through spectral biomarker selection by the DBMS technique. Thus, this method has the capability of diagnostic cost minimization for detection of diabetic retinopathy by label-free spectral biomarker identification.     

活体23Na NMR及在生物医学中的应用

胞内Na⁺浓度和跨膜梯度的维系对于保持组织细胞的正常生理状态具有重要的作用.本文详细介绍了生物组织细胞内Na⁺测定的²³Na NMR方法,并讨论了²³Na NMR在生理病理学研究和疾病诊断等生物医学领域内的应用。     

污水处理厂及受纳水体样品的三维荧光光谱解析

采用三维荧光光谱表征了污水厂各处理单元及受纳水体上下游的样品,应用平行因子分析方法获得了样品中各主成分的激发发射光谱图及荧光强度得分矩阵。结果表明,类蛋白质和类富里酸物质是污水厂和受纳水体样品的主要荧光组分。污水厂进水样品的类蛋白质荧光较强,后续各处理单元样品的荧光强度显著下降。受纳水体上游样品的类蛋白质荧光较弱,经过城区各取样点的类蛋白质荧光显著增加,而污水厂排放口上游荧光强度则显著高于下游。类蛋白质荧光强度得分可与样品COD值建立相关曲线,污水厂与受纳水体样品的相关系数分别为0.930和0.913,类蛋白质荧光可以反映样品点的有机污染程度。该研究为污水处理厂的运行及其对受纳水体影响提供了新的思路和方法。     

Volume-weighted mean volume of the submandibular gland acini in male and female diabetic rats

Mouth dryness is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus but there has been little work on morphological changes of the salivary glands. In the present study, the effects of diabetes mellitus on the serous and mucous acini of submandibular gland of male and female rats, 4 and 12 weeks after diabetes induction were studied. Male and female rats were divided into experimental and control subgroups. Diabetes was induced to experimental rats by streptozotocin. At the end of 4 and 12 weeks, the submandibular glands were removed, random sections obtained and volume-weighted mean acini volume was estimated by point-sampled intercepts method. The data revealed that volume reduction occurred only in serous acini in both male and female rats 12 weeks after diabetes induction and the others remained unchanged. The present research using stereological methods demonstrates that diabetes make some morphological changes in serous acini, the main exocrine part of the rat submandibular gland.     

Mapping local retardance in birefringent samples using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography

We proposed a method to extract depth-resolved local retardance in birefringent samples from conventional polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) that uses one circularly polarized incident light. Despite the wide use of such PSOCT systems in characterizing birefringent samples, the measured cumulative retardance does not represent the true cumulative retardance when optical axis varies with depth. A Jones calculus based algorithm was designed to derive the local depth-resolved retardance from conventional cumulative PSOCT results. The algorithm was tested in samples with homogeneous optical axis as well as samples with depth-dependent optical axis.     

基于扩散理论的生物组织固有荧光光谱复原方法研究

组织固有荧光光谱定义为未受生物组织吸收、散射作用影响的荧光光谱,能够直接反映组织微观结构和生物化学性质信息。为了减少吸收和散射特性对组织荧光光谱的干扰,从实测的组织荧光光谱中复原更能反映组织荧光特性的组织固有荧光光谱,搭建了基于光纤探头的组织光谱测量系统,实现生物组织相同位置处的荧光光谱和漫反射光谱测量。提出运用扩散理论从实测的漫反射光谱中提取组织生理参数,包括组织中血液体积分数、血氧饱和度、黑色素含量以及波长500 nm处约化散射系数和瑞利散射在总散射中的比例,进而计算可见波段范围内的组织光学参数;然后,根据组织光学参数和实测的漫反射光谱,从实测的荧光光谱中复原得到组织固有荧光光谱。进行临床试验验证,采集受试者皮肤组织荧光光谱与组织漫反射光谱,并复原皮肤固有荧光光谱。通过复原得到的固有荧光光谱反映人体皮肤糖基化终产物积聚量,并最终用于糖尿病无创筛查。结果显示,分别使用实测的荧光光谱和复原得到的固有荧光光谱用于糖尿病筛查时,在特异性水平同为75%时,敏感性分别为69%和90%。     

基体分离/MC-ICP-MS测定树皮表层235U/238U同位素比率

分别从日本广岛和京都采集了香樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)树皮样品共12份,用X射线能谱仪研究了树皮表层基体元素组成,并用扫描电镜观察了树皮表层微观形貌.将树皮表层样品进行干灰化法处理后,采用DOWEX(R)1-X8型阴离子交换树脂分离基体元素,然后用多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)测定了树皮表层235U/238U同位素比率.研究结果表明:树皮表层主要基体元素为Al,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Si和C,O,S;采用不同浓度硝酸淋洗DOWEX(R) 1-X8型阴离子交换树脂可实现树皮表层痕量U与基体元素的有效分离.与京都树皮表层相比,广岛树皮表层不仅U含量显著偏高(P=0.012),而且部分样品235U/238U同位素比率亦略高于其自然丰度比.     

Determination of carotenoid and tocopherol content in maize flour and oil samples using near-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract

Secondary metabolites are important components in terms of nutrition and health. Carotenoids and tocopherols, two groups of the fat-soluble components, are also included in this category. There is an increasing interest in the detection of secondary metabolites with near-infrared spectroscopy. However, the number of scientific studies for the detection of these components, especially for tocopherols in corn flour or oil samples by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy is rather limited. This study was carried out to determine the amount of carotenoids and tocopherols in flour and oil samples of 250 different maize genotypes by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy using the partial least squares regression modeling method. Liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometry was used as a reference method in order to determine the contents of five carotenoids and four tocopherol subcomponents. The estimation models were created by using the spectral data collected from ground samples, and oil samples extracted from the same flour; along with the results of the reference analysis. The reliability of these models was tested by external validation (n?=?50). The prediction models generated by the spectra taken from corn flour yielded more successful results than the models created with the spectra taken from the oil samples. Among the models compared, the one developed with the spectra taken from flour samples for lutein was the most successful. It is seen that the estimation models generated from flour samples can be used for screening purposes, though different approaches are needed to increase the success of models.     

基于粪便可见-近红外反射光谱的高山麝慢性肠炎诊断

提出了一种利用粪便可见-近红外反射光谱进行高山麝慢性肠炎诊断的新方法。以FieldSpec？3地物光谱仪采集了125份高山麝粪便（正常粪样70份,慢性肠炎患者粪样55份）的光谱数据,将其随机分成训练集（95份）和检验集（30份）。光谱经S.Golay平滑与一阶导数处理后以主成分分析法（PCA）降维。以前6个主成分（含原始光谱95.16%的特征信息）作为新变量,利用训练集样本,分别以模糊模式识别、BP-神经网络、Fisher线性判别以及Bayes逐步判别四种方法建立高山麝慢性肠炎的诊断模型。对检验集30个未知样的预测表明,Fisher线性判别的准确率为86.7%,模糊模式识别与BP-神经网络模型判别的准确率为90%,Bayes逐步判别的准确率最高,达93.3%。进一步分析发现所有误诊都源于将正常样误判为病样,四种方法对病样的检出率均达100%。说明利用粪便的可见-近红外反射光谱进行高山麝慢性肠炎的快速、非接触性诊断是可行的,且PCA 结合Bayes逐步判别是一种优选方法。