Electric-field-induced in-plane effective 90° magnetization rotation in Co_2FeAl/PMN-PT structure

The in-plane effective 90° magnetization rotation of Co_2 Fe Al thin film grown on PMN-PT substrate induced by the electric field is investigated at room temperature. The magnetic hysteresis loops under different positive and negative electric fields are obtained, which reveals remanent magnetization can be mediated by the electric field. Moreover, under positive electric fields, the obvious 90° magnetization rotation can be observed, while remanent magnetization is nearly unchanged under negative electric fields. The result is consistent with the electric field dependence of effective magnetic field,which can be attributed to the piezostrain effect in Co_2 Fe Al/PMN-PT structure. In addition, the piezostrain-mediated 90° magnetization rotation can be demonstrated by the result of resonance field changing with electric field in the measurement of ferromagnetic resonance, which is promising for the design of future multiferroic devices.     

The transverse laser induced thermoelectric voltages in step flow growth （1-x）Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 thin films

This paper reports that the transverse laser induced thermoelectric voltages (LITV) are observed for the first time in the step flow growth (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT,x = 0.20, 0.33, 0.50) thin films deposited on vicinal-cut strontium titanate single crystal substrates. Because lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate is a solid solution of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) and lead titanate (PT), there are two types of signals. One is wide with a time response of a microsecond, and the other superimposed with the wide signal is narrow with a time response of a nanosecond. The transverse LITV signals depend on the ratio of PMN to PT drastically. Under the irradiation of 28-ns pulsed KrF excimer laser with the 248-nm wavelength,the largest induced voltage is observed in the 0.50Pb(Mg1/Nb2/3)O3-0.50PbTiO3 films. Moreover, the effects of film thickness, substrates, and tilt angles of substrates are also investigated.     

Anomalous in-plane magnetoresistance of electron-doped cuprate La_(2.x)Ce_xCuO_(4±δ)

We report systematic in-plane magnetoresistance measurements on the electron-doped cuprate La_(2.x)Ce_xCuO_(4±δ) thin films as a function of Ce doping and oxygen content in the magnetic field up to 14 T. A crossover from negative to positive magnetoresistance occurs between the doping level x = 0.07 and 0.08. Above x = 0.08, the positive magnetoresistance effect appears, and is almost indiscernible at x = 0.15. By tuning the oxygen content, the as-grown samples show negative magnetoresistance effect, whereas the optimally annealed ones display positive magnetoresistance effect at the doping level x = 0.15. Intriguingly, a linear-field dependence of in-plane magnetoresistance is observed at the underdoping level x = 0.06, the optimal doping level x = 0.1 and slightly overdoping level x = 0.11. These anomalies of in-plane magnetoresistance may be related to the intrinsic inhomogeneity in the cuprates, which is discussed in the framework of network model.     

Tunneling field effect transistors based on in-plane and vertical layered phosphorus heterostructures

Tunneling field effect transistors(TFETs) based on two-dimensional materials are promising contenders to the traditional metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor, mainly due to potential applications in low power devices. Here,we investigate the TFETs based on two different integration types: in-plane and vertical heterostructures composed of two kinds of layered phosphorous(β-P and δ-P) by ab initio quantum transport simulations. NDR effects have been observed in both in-plane and vertical heterostructures, and the effects become significant with the highest peak-to-valley ratio(PVR)when the intrinsic region length is near zero. Compared with the in-plane TFET based on β-P and δ-P, better performance with a higher on/off current ratio of ～ 10~6 and a steeper subthreshold swing(SS) of ～ 23 m V/dec is achieved in the vertical TFET. Such differences in the NDR effects, on/off current ratio and SS are attributed to the distinct interaction nature of theβ-P and δ-P layers in the in-plane and vertical heterostructures.     

Spectroscope studies of YAlO_3: (Lu~(3 )Nd~(3 ))

An increase of the Nd~(3 ) doping concentration and an enhancement of the laser induced fluorescence in the single crystal of YAlO_3: (Lu~(3 ), Nd~(3 )) have been observed and are attributed to the size compensation effect. The low temperature (4.2K) fluorescence spectra indicate that the structure of the sharp lines arising from the radiative transitions of Nd~(3 ) ions is not changed by the existence of Lu~(3 ) ions, but the emission lines are inhomogeneously more broadened. Besides, it has been observed that the fluorescence due to the radiative transition from the Stark's sublevel R_2 of the metastable level ~4F_(3/2) to the sublevels Y_1 of the manifold ~4I_(11/2) decreases with decreasing temperature and the fluorescence arising from the transitions R_1→Y_1 is relatively increased. The experimental fact is qualitatively interpreted.     

Strain Field in GaAs/GaN Wafer-Bonding Interface and Its Microstructure

The strain fields in a wafer-bonded GaAs/GaN structure are measured by electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD）. Image quality （IQ） of EBSD Kikuchi patterns and rotation angles of crystal lattices as strain sensitive parameters axe employed to chaxacterize the distortion and the rotation of crystal lattices in the GaAs-interface-GaN structure, as well as to display the strain fields. The results indicate that the influence region of the strains in the wafer-bonded GaAs/GaN structure is mainly located in GaAs side because the strength of GaAs is weaker than that of GaN. The cross-sectional image of transmission electron microscopy （TEM） further reveals the distortion and the rotation of crystal lattices induced by strains systematically.     

Micromagnetism simulation on effects of soft phase size on Nd_2Fe_(14)B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnet with soft phase imbedded in hard phase

In this study, micromagnetism simulation by using finite difference method is carried out on the Nd_2Fe_(14)B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnet with soft phase imbedded in hard phase. The effects of soft magnetic phase size(S) on the magnetic properties and magnetic reversal modes are systematically analyzed. As S increases from 1 nm to 48 nm,the remanence(J_r) increases, while the coercivity(H_(ci)) decreases, leading to the result that the magnetic energy product [(BH)_(max)] first increases slowly, and then decreases rapidly, peaking at S = 24 nm with the(BH)_(max) of 72.9 MGOe(1 MGOe = 7.95775 kJ·m~(-3)). Besides, with the increase of S, the coercivity mechanism of the nanocomposite magnet changes from nucleation to pinning. Furthermore, by observing the magnetic moment evolution in demagnetization process, the magnetic reversal of the soft phase in the nanocomposite magnet can be divided into three modes with the increase of S: coherent rotation(S 3 nm), quasi-coherent rotation(3 nm ≤S 36 nm), and the vortex-like rotation(S 36 nm).     

Differences in the adsorption of FePc on coinage metal surfaces

A study of the electronic and structural properties of iron phthalocyanine(FePc) molecules adsorbed on coinage metal surfaces Cu(100) and Cu(110) has been conducted by means of density functional theory calculations.The strength of the molecule-substrate interactions is interpreted in terms of the lateral adsorption geometry and the site specific electronic structure of the molecule.In the case of FePc on a(100)-oriented copper surface,the benzopyrrole leg is found to be oriented at an angle of 9° or 3° from the [01-1] substrate direction.Further,an upward bend in the molecular plane ranging from 7° to 10° is also observed;giving an almost buckled shape to the molecule.However,in the case of FePc on Cu(110),neither a bend nor a sizable rotation is observed.From the knowledge of the principle structural and electronic properties,it is concluded that FePc-Cu(100) interaction is relatively stronger than FePc-Cu(110) interaction,which is further evidenced by the charge transfer,work function changes,changes in the shape of the adsorbed molecular orbitals,and the orbital shifts.Furthermore,density of states analysis shows that the valence band level shift is surface-and site-dependent.     

数字式超声内窥成像系统(英文)

The development of a novel push-type ultrasonic endoscope is described in which probe rotation is accomplished by a small motor situated near the transducer. A digital FPGA-based ultrasound imaging system is implemented which uses coded excitation to increase the SNR and penetration depth, with probe rotation accomplished by a small motor situated near the transducer replacing the external motor and the long steel wire used in other ultrasonic endoscopes. The apparatus is tested continuously for 300 hours with no obvious problems. The coded excitation, digital quadrature demodulation imaging system can obtain ultrasonic images of higher quality and more information of the echo is preserved compared with the analog imaging system, because the analog digital conversion is moved to the first step of the signal processing.The digital imaging system possesses a higher SNR resulting in a sharp image. Locating the motor near the probe improves the consistency of rotational speed in comparison with external guide-wire rotation, and increases the image quality and life-span of these devices.     

Passively Q-switched Nd~(3+):YAG laser with corner cube

A passively Q-switched Nd3 :YAG laser with corner cube is theoretically and experimentally studied. We analyze the polarization variation in cavity and simulate the peak power, pulse energy and pulse width changed with the rotation angle of corner cube numerically. An experiment is made to verify the theoretical results. With rotating the angle of corner cube about the axis the variation range of peak power is 1.77 MW (from 10.36 to 8.59 MW), and that of pulse energy is 14.9 mJ (from 159.5 to 174.4 mJ), the fluctuation of pulse width is 2.95 ns. The experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis to the extent of variation rules. The most dynamic to static energy ratio of 62.5% is achieved.     

Temperature effect on emission lines and fluorescence lifetime of the ~4F_(3/2) state of Nd:YVO_4

By measuring the absorption and fluorescence spectra and the fluorescence lifetime of 4F3/2 state of Nd3+ ions in YVO4 (2 at.-%) crystal at different temperature, the effects of temperature on the spectra and the lifetime of F3/2 state have been investigated. As the temperature is increased, the line width of the 4F3/2 -4I11/2 transitions is found to increase and the spectral line toward the longer wavelength, which are duo to the ion-phonon interaction. The variation fluorescence lifetime of the 4F3/2 state of Nd:YVO4 is found to be anomalous in the measured range 8 - 300 K. It is about 81 us at room temperature and decreases to 30 us at 8 K. The experimental results are explained by ascribing to the thermal mixing between the two Stark levels of 4F3/2 state with different lifetime.     

Curvature-induced noncommutativity of two different components of momentum for a particle on a hypersurface

As a nonrelativistic particle constrained to remain on an(N?1)-dimensional((N≥2))hypersurface embedded in an N-dimensional Euclidean space,two different components pi and pj(i,j=1,2,3,...N)of the Cartesian momentum of the particle are not mutually commutative,and explicitly commutation relations[p^{^}_i,p^{^}_j](≠0) depend on products of positions and momenta in uncontrollable ways.The generalized Dupin indicatrix of the hypersurface,a local analysis technique,is utilized to explore the dependence of the noncommutativity on the curvatures around a local point of the hypersurface.The first finding is that the noncommutativity can be grouped into two categories;one is the product of a sectional curvature and the angular momentum,and another is the product of a principal curvature and the momentum.The second finding is that,for a small circle lying a tangential plane covering the local point,the noncommutativity leads to a rotation operator and the amount of the rotation is an angle anholonomy;and along each of the normal sectional curves centering the given point the noncommutativity leads to a translation plus an additional rotation and the amount of the rotation is one half of the tangential angle change of the arc.     

Growth of high quality Ce~(3 ):YAP and (Ce~(3 ) Nd~(3 )): YAP single crystals

The effect of melt pretreatment of Ce~(3 ): YAP and (Ce~(3 ) Nd~(3 )): YAP and their growth ambient gases on the quality of the crystals are described. Firstly, a superheating pretreatment of YAP melt is adopted in a nitrogen atmosphere containing a little oxygen to eliminate carbon; then the YAP melt is superheated in a reduction atmosphere to fully reduce Ce~(4 ) ions into Ce~(3 ) ions in the melt. Finally, in a growth atmosphere of pure nitrogen, high quality Ce~(3 ): YAP and (Ce~(3 ) Nd~(3 )): YAP single crystals with high Ce~(3 ) concentration with only few light scattering centers were grown.     

Spin torque nano-oscillators with a perpendicular spin polarizer

We present an overview in the understanding of spin-transfer torque(STT) induced magnetization dynamics in spintorque nano-oscillator(STNO) devices. The STNO contains an in-plane(IP) magnetized free layer and an out-of-plane(OP) magnetized spin polarizing layer. After a brief introduction, we first use mesoscopic micromagnetic simulations,which are based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation including the STT effect, to specify how a spin-torque term may tune the magnetization precession orbits of the free layer, showing that the oscillator frequency is proportional to the current density and the z-component of the free layer magnetization. Next, we propose a pendulum-like model within the macrospin approximation to describe the dynamic properties in such type of STNOs. After that, we further show the procession dynamics of the STNOs excited by IP and OP dual spin-polarizers. Both the numerical simulations and analytical theory indicate that the precession frequency is linearly proportional to the spin-torque of the OP polarizer only and is irrelevant to the spin-torque of the IP polarizer. Finally, a promising approach of coordinate transformation from the laboratory frame to the rotation frame is introduced, by which the nonstationary OP magnetization precession process is therefore transformed into the stationary process in the rotation frame. Through this method, a promising digital frequency shift-key modulation technique is presented, in which the magnetization precession can be well controlled at a given orbit as well as its precession frequency can be tuned with the co-action of spin polarized current and magnetic field(or electric field) pulses.     

Improvement on the magneto-optical Kerr effect of cobalt film with a quadrilayer structure

The magneto-optical Kerr effect of the HfO2 /Co/HfO2 /Al multilayer structure is investigated in this work, and an obvious cavity enhancement of the Kerr response for the HfO2 semiconductor is found both theoretically and experimentally. Surprisingly, a maximum value of about -3 ° of the polar Kerr rotation for s-polarized incident light is observed in our experiment. We propose that this improvement on the Kerr effect can be attributed to the multiple reflection and optical interference in the cavity, which can also be proved by simulation using the finite element method.     

Probing the magnetization switching with in-plane magnetic anisotropy through field-modified magnetoresistance measurement

Effective probing current-induced magnetization switching is highly required in the study of emerging spin-orbit torque(SOT)effect.However,the measurement of in-plane magnetization switching typically relies on the giant/tunneling magnetoresistance measurement in a spin valve structure calling for complicated fabrication process,or the non-electric approach of Kerr imaging technique.Here,we present a reliable and convenient method to electrically probe the SOT-induced in-plane magnetization switching in a simple Hall bar device through analyzing the MR signal modified by a magnetic field.In this case,the symmetry of MR is broken,resulting in a resistance difference for opposite magnetization orientations.Moreover,the feasibility of our method is widely evidenced in heavy metal/ferromagnet(Pt/Ni₂₀Fe₈₀ and W/Co₂₀Fe₆₀B₂₀)and the topological insulator/ferromagnet(Bi₂Se₃/Ni₂₀Fe₈₀).Our work simplifies the characterization process of the in-plane magnetization switching,which can promote the development of SOT-based devices.     

Snapshot imaging spectrometer based on a microlens array

This Letter proposes a snapshot imaging spectrometer, which obtains the spectral information and spatial information in one "shot". The device proposed can achieve the data cube size of 21 × 29 × 40 in the waveband of400–800 nm. The core element of this system is the microlens array, which contains 60 × 60 microlenses in a square arrangement, each microlens has an aperture of 125 μm× 125 μm, and the F number is 15. The microlens array is mounted in a rotation mount, which provides 360° of rotation around the optical axis to maximize the spectral resolution. The final resolution of the system is about 10 nm.     

Magnetization reversal process in Fe/Si (001) single-crystalline film investigated by planar Hall effect

A planar Hall effect(PHE) is introduced to investigate the magnetization reversal process in single-crystalline iron film grown on a Si(001) substrate.Owing to the domain structure of iron film and the characteristics of PHE,the magnetization switches sharply in an angular range of the external field for two steps of 90° domain wall displacement and one step of 180°domain wall displacement near the easy axis,respectively.However,the magnetization reversal process near the hard axis is completed by only one step of 90° domain wall displacement and then rotates coherently.The magnetization reversal process mechanism near the hard axis seems to be a combination of coherent rotation and domain wall displacement.Furthermore,the domain wall pinning energy and uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy can also be derived from the PHE measurement.     

Optical response of an inverted InAs/GaSb quantum well in an in-plane magnetic field

The optical response of an inverted InAs/GaSb quantum well is studied theoretically. The influence of an in-plane magnetic field that is applied parallel to the quantum well is considered. This in-plane magnetic field will induce a dynamical polarization even when the electric field component of the external optical field is parallel to the quantum well.The electron–electron interaction in the quantum well system will lead to the de-polarization effect. This effect is found to be important and is taken into account in the calculation of the optical response. It is found that the main feature in the frequency dependence of the velocity–velocity correlation function remains when the velocity considered is parallel to the in-plane magnetic field. When the direction of the velocity is perpendicular to the in-plane magnetic field, the depolarization effect will suppress the oscillatory behavior in the corresponding velocity–velocity correlation function. The in-plane magnetic field can change the band structure of the quantum well drastically from a gapped semiconductor to a no-gapped semi-metal, but it is found that the distribution of the velocity matrix elements or the optical transition matrix elements in the wave vector space has the same two-tadpole topology.     

The first-principles study of ferroelectric behaviours of PbTiO3/SrTiO3 and BaTiOn/SrTiO3 superlattices

We have performed the first-principles calculation to investigate the origins of ferroelectricities and different po- larization behaviours of superlattices BaTiO3/SrTiO3 and PbTiO3/SrTiO3. The density of state （DOS） and electronic charge profiles show that there are strong hybridizations between atoms Ti and O and between atoms Pb and O which play very important roles in producing the ferroelectricities of superlattices BaTiO3/SrTiO3 and PbTiO3/SrTiO3. Ow- ing to the decline of internal electric field in SrTiO3 （ST） layer, the tetragonality and polarizations of superlattices decrease with increasing the fraction of SrTiO3 in the superlattices. We find that the polarization of PbTiO3/SrTiO3 is largerthan that of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 at the same ratio of components, because the polarization mismatch between PbTiO3 and SrTiO3 is larger than that between BaTiO3 and SrTiO3. The polarization and tetragonality are en- hanced with respect to those of bulk tetragonal BaTiO3 in the superlattices BaTiO3/SrTiO3, while the polarization and tetragonality are reduced with respect to those of bulk tetragonal PbTiO3 in superlattices PbTiO3/SrTiO3.