Stereoselective synthesis of 3-substituted 2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid derivatives and their incorporation into short 12-helical beta-peptides that fold in water

A stereoselective synthetic route is reported for the introduction of side chains at the 3-position of trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC). Ring opening of the aziridine 2-benzyloxymethyl-6-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane with selected nucleophiles occurs in a regioselective manner and provides ACPC precursors with functional groups at the 3-position, trans to the 2-amino group. Oligomers composed of the 3-substituted ACPC residues maintain the 12-helical conformation displayed by the nonsubstituted analogues, as shown by their similar circular dichroism signatures. The added diversity of the new residues provides good dispersion of NMR signals, allowing the assignment of nearly all the NOE signals of a selected hexamer in aqueous solution. The NOEs between protons on nonadjacent residues are characteristic of the 12-helix. 3-Substituted ACPC residues allow one to arrange specific functional groups in a geometrically defined fashion, which should facilitate the design of beta-peptides for biological applications.     

Bifunctional Initiators: Synthesis,Characterization, and Initiator Properties of Azo-Benzoin Initiators

Two new azo-benzoin initiators were synthesized by the condensation of 4,4′-azo-bis-(4-cyanopentanoic acid chloride) (ACPC) with benzoin (B) and α-methylolbenzoin methyl ether. The initiator structures were confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The kinetics of the bulk polymerization of styrene initiated by the azo benzoin initiator, obtained from ACPC and B, was investigated and the kinetic parameters evaluated. The initiation of polymerization of styrene by means of azo-benzoin initiators yields polymers with terminal photoactive benzoin groups.     

Synthesis and transformations of 5,5-disubstituted 3-alkenyloxolan-2-ones

By alkylation of 4,4-disubstituted 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)butanolides new 4,4-disubstituted 2-alkenyl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)butanolides were synthesized, which at alkaline hydrolysis formed 4,4-disubstituted 2-alkenylbutanolides. By oxidation of the latter with hydrogen peroxide and formic acid diololactones were obtained that in conditions of pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement and oxidation with lead tetraacetate afforded formyl- and epoxybutanolides of new structure.     

Thorpe-Ingold effect in the reaction of vicinal amino primary alcohol hydrogen sulfates and carbon disulfide

The Thorpe-Ingold effect is a key factor that affects the ring-closure rates and efficiency, as well as the structure of products in some ring-closure reactions. The reaction of vicinal amino primary alcohol hydrogen sulfates and carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium hydroxide produces the desired 4,4-disubstituted thiazolidine-2-thiones, and their isomers 5,5-disubstituted derivatives companying with their oxygen analogues 4,4-disubstituted oxazolidine-2-thiones. The formation of 5,5-disubstituted thiazolidine-2-thiones was rationalized via 2,2-disubstituted aziridine-1-carbodithioate intermediates, which were generated due to the Thorpe-Ingold effect. 4,4-Disubstituted oxazolidine-2-thiones were generated from carbon disulfide and free amino alcohols yielded via basic hydrolysis of active amino alcohol hydrogen sulfates in the reaction system.     

新的二苯并环状溴鎓盐的合成及性质研究

以4,4'-二取代联苯(或4,4'-二取代二苯甲烷)为原料合成了几种新的3,7-二取代二苯并环状溴(鎓)盐.对几种溴(鎓)盐与KBH₄及与NaN₃的反应进行了研究.结果表明,前一反应主产物为2-溴-4,4'-二取代联苯(或2-溴-4,4'-二取代二苯甲烷),后一反应的主产物为2-叠氮基-2'-溴-4,4'-二取代联苯(20a-20d).通过20a-20d的热反应合成几种新的多取代咔唑(21a-21d).     

Synthesis of new macro-azo-initiators having two kinds of azo linkages in repeating unit and block copolymerization by two-step radical polymerization initiated with them

Two kinds of new macro-azo-initiator (MAI) having dual decomposition temperatures were synthesized by polycondensation between 4,4′-azobis-4-cyanopentanoyl chloride (ACPC) and 2,2′-azobis-2-cyanopentanol (ACPO) (MAI [2A]), and between ACPC and 2,2′-azobis-2-methyl-N-2-hydroxyethylpropionamide (AHPA) (MAI [2B]). MAI [2A] and [2B] were compared with MAI [1] having a single decomposition temperature synthesized by polycondensation between ACPC and bisphenol-Z. Two step polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate initiated with MAI [1], [2A], and [2B] was carried out. It was confirmed that the new MAI [2A] and [2B] initiated effectively at each step of polymerization due to their dual decomposability, resulting in higher conversion of the comonomers to yield block copolymers than the case initiated with MAI [1]. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The mass spectrometry of DT-and monosubstituted biphenyls: Dependence of fragmentation patterns on position of substitution

This paper describes the mass spectroscopy of a series of biphenyl derivatives substituted in the 2,2′, 4,4′ and 2 positions. The substitutent functional groups are carbomethoxy, carbothoxy, carboxylic acid and hydroxymethyl. In addition, some results are reported on the spectroscopy of the d₅-carboethoxy derivatives, the 2- and 2,2′-αd₂- hydroxymethyl derivatives and fluorene-4-methanol. The molecular ions of the 4,4′-disubstituted biphenyl derivatives are far more stable than those of the 2,2′ isomers. It is also observed that the fragmentation patterns of these two sets of isomers are sharply different. Paradoxically, the 2-substituted biphenyl derivatives give relatively stable molecular ions and their fragmentation patterns are frequently different from those of the corresponding 2,2′-disubstituted biphenyls. The bulk of the evidence presented in this paper suggests that the usual sort of ‘ortho effect’ is not a significant factor in the fragmentation mechanisms proposed for the 2,2′-disubstituted biphenyl derivatives.     

Synthesis and Conformational Characterisation of Hexameric β‐Peptide Foldamers by Using Double POAC Spin Labelling and cw‐EPR

A selected set of terminally protected β‐hexapeptides, each containing two nitroxide‐based (3R,4R)‐4‐amino‐1‐oxyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethylpyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylic acid (POAC) residues combined with four (1S,2S)‐2‐aminocyclopentane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACPC) residues, was synthesised by using solution methods and was fully characterised. The two POAC residues are separated in the sequences by different numbers of intervening ACPC residues. The conformational features of the doubly spin‐labelled β‐hexapeptides were examined in chloroform by FTIR absorption and continuous‐wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. In particular, the biradical exchange coupling (J) between two POAC residues within each peptide indicates unambiguously that the secondary structure overwhelmingly adopted is the 12‐helix. Taken together, these results support the view that POAC is an excellent β‐amino acid for exploring this type of helical conformation in doubly labelled β‐peptides.     

Gated channels in a honeycomb-like zinc-dicarboxylate-bipyridine framework with flexible alkyl ether side chains

Covalent functionalization of 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (bdc) with methoxyethoxy groups induces conformational freedom in this molecule. Applying these 2,5-disubstituted bdc derivatives in metal-organic framework synthesis together with 4,4'-bipyridine as coligand yields novel honeycomb-like structures. The cylindrical channels of these materials are populated with flexible groups, which act as molecular gates for guest molecules. This allows highly selective sorption of CO(2) over N(2) and CH(4).     

Desulfurization and ortho-metalation reactions of dimanganese decacarbonyl

Thiobenzophenone, and 4,4′-disubstituted derivatives having moderately electron-donating (methyl, methoxy) or electron-withdrawing (fluoro) groups, react with dimanganese decacarbonyl in refluxing heptane to produce olefins (and a sulfur manganese carbonyl complex) in good yield. 4,4′-Bis(dialkylamino)thiobenzophenones reacted with the metal carbonyl to give sulfur-donor ligand ortho-metalated complexes as the major product and 4,4′-bis(dialkylamino)diphenylmethanes as by-products. A mechanistic scheme is proposed for these reactions.     

用含偶氮基的聚苯乙烯大分子引发剂合成两亲性嵌段共聚物

采用含偶氮基的聚苯乙烯预聚物（ＰＳ ＡＣＰＣ）作为引发剂，合成了苯乙烯（Ｓｔ）分别与甲基丙烯酸（ＭＡＡ）、甲基丙烯酸（β 羟丙酯）（ＨＰＭＡ）的嵌段共聚物，考察了ＰＳ ＡＣＰＣ引发第二单体的聚合反应行为，以及影响第二单体转化率和均聚物含量、共聚物组成的因素．用溶解性、凝胶渗透色谱（ＧＰＣ）、红外光谱（ＩＲ）、核磁共振（ＮＭＲ）、动态接触角（ＤＣＡ）等表征了嵌段共聚物．     

Oxidation of aldehyde semicarbazones with lead dioxide: Application to the syntheses of 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 2,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-3-ones

The oxidation of aldehyde semicarbazones with lead dioxide in acid media was effected. The 4,4-disubstituted semicarbazones of aromatic aldehydes afford 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. The 2,4-disubstituted semicarbazones give 2,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-3-ones, often in higher yields than the known methods. The mechanisms for the formation of these compounds are proposed.     

Reaction of ketenes with N,N-disubstituted α-aminomethyleneketones. X. Synthesis of N,N-disubstituted 6-alkyl-4-amino-3,3-dichloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones and of 6-alkyl-4-amino-3-chloro-2H-pyran-2-ones

Cycloaddition of dichloroketene to N,N-disubstituted 1-amino-4-methyl-1-penten-3-ones and 1-amino-4,4-dimethyl-1-penten-3-ones occurred in moderate to fair yield only in the case of aromatic N-substitution to give N,N-disubstituted 6-alkyl-4-amino-3,3-dichloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones, which were dehydrochlorinated with DBN to afford in good yield N,N-disubstituted 6-alkyl-4-amino-3-chloro-2H-pyran-2-ones. In the case of aliphatic N,N-disubstitution, cyclo-addition led directly to 6-alkyl-4-dialkylamino-3-chloro-2H-pyran-2-ones only for N,N-disubstituted 1-amino-4,4-dimethyl-1-penten-3-ones. The reaction between 1-dimethylamino-4-methyl-1-penten-3-one and dichloroketene gave 3-chloro-4-dimethylamino-3,6-dihydro-6-isopropylidene-2H-pyran-2-one in low yield.     

Accommodation of alpha-substituted residues in the beta-peptide 12-helix: expanding the range of substitution patterns available to a foldamer scaffold

Beta-amino acid oligomers composed exclusively of homochiral trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) residues and/or related pyrrolidine-based residues are known to favor a specific helical secondary structure that is defined by 12-membered ring C=O(i)- -H-N(i+3) hydrogen bonds ("12-helix"). The 12-helix is structurally similar to the familiar alpha-helix and therefore represents a source of potential alpha-helix-mimics. The 12-helix will be most useful in this regard if this conformational scaffold can be employed to arrange specific sets of protein-like side chains in space. Here we examine whether the 12-helix tolerates insertion of acyclic beta-amino acid residues bearing a substituent in the alpha-position ("beta(2)-residues"). Seventeen homologous beta-peptide heptamers have been prepared in which one to four beta(2)-residues reside among ACPC and/or pyrrolidine residues. Circular dichroism comparisons suggest that beta(2)-residues have a lower 12-helical propensity than do residues preorganized by a five-membered ring, as expected, but that beta-peptides containing beta(2)-residues at one or two of the seven positions retain a significant preference for 12-helix formation. These results indicate that a limited number of beta(2)-residues can be used to introduce side chains at specific positions along the surface of a 12-helix.     

Studies on the synthesis of amino acids XIII. Dibenzylation of 2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one

4,4-Dibenzyl-2-phenyl-2-oxazollin-5-ones are prepared by one step reaction of 2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one with magnesium methyl carbonate (MMC) and benzylhalides. It is a novel and convenient method for the synthesis of α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids by hydrolysis of 4,4-dibenzyl-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-ones.     

Reaction of superoxide anion radical [O2-] with cyclohex-2-en-1-ones

Cyclohex-2-en-1-ones with available acidic hydrogens undrgo base catalyzed autoxidation in the presence of KO₂/18-crown-6 in benzene yielding 2-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones in the case of 4,4- and 5,5-disubstituted substrates and 2,3-epoxycyclohexanones in the case of 6,6-disubstituted analogs; 4,4,6,6-tetrasubstituted cyclohexenones are totally inert.     

77Se n.m.r. studies of organoselenium compounds: III—substituent effects in 4,4′-disubstituted diphenyl selenides and 4,4′-disubstituted diphenylmethanes studied by 1H, 13C and 77Se spectroscopy

⁷⁷Se N.m.r. spectra of 4,4′-disubstituted diphenyl selenides have been obtained. The chemical shifts could be correlated with substituent constants of the Hammett type or with Swain and Lupton two-parameter equations. No correlations were observed between these ⁷⁷Se shifts and the ¹³C shifts of the CH₂ group of 4,4′-disubstituted diphenylmethanes, the latter shifts showing no correlation with substituent constants. On the other hand linear correlation was observed between the ⁷⁷Se shifts of the 4,4′-disubstituted diphenyl selenides and the ¹H shifts of the CH₂ group of the diphenylmethanes, the ¹³C shifts of their 1-carbons and the ¹⁹F shifts of 4-substituted fluorobenzenes.     

Substitution reactions involving the 2,6-methyl groups of 1,4-dihydropyridines

4,4-Disubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines (I) are brominated with bromine in chloroform to give 2,6-bis(bromomethyl)-4,4-disubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines (II), whereas 2,6-bis(dibromomethyl)-4,4-disubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines (III) are obtained in the case of bromination of I in acetic acid. The bromine atoms in II and III are labile and readily undergo nucleophilic substitution.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1519–1524, November, 1978.     

Solvent effects on the tautomeric equilibria of 4,4/5,5-disubstituted 4H/5H-imidazol-5/4-ones

The tautomerism of 4,4/5,5-disubstituted 4H/5H-imidazol-5/4-ones has been investigated by ir, uv, and pK studies. In nonpolar solvents the non-conjugated tautomer predominates, but in polar solvents varying amounts of the conjugated tautomer may also be observed. The proportion of conjugated tautomer is increased by the presence of electron-releasing groups at the 2-position.     

Phenanthrene synthesis by iron-catalyzed [4+2] benzannulation between alkyne and biaryl or 2-alkenylphenyl Grignard reagent

The [4+2] benzannulation reaction of internal or terminal alkynes with 2-biaryl, 2-heteroarylphenyl, or 2-alkenylphenyl Grignard reagents in the presence of Fe(acac)(3), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridyl, and 1,2-dichloro-2-methylpropane takes place at room temperature in 1 h to give 9-substituted or 9,10-disubstituted phenanthrenes and congeners in moderate to excellent yields. The reaction tolerates sensitive functional groups such as bromide and olefin. When applied to a 1,3-diyne, the annulation reaction takes place on both acetylenic moieties to give a bisphenanthrene derivative.