缺电子芳烃侧链基的光氧化

研究了9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)和四氯对苯二醌(TCBQ)敏化的甲苯、对氯甲苯、对氰基甲苯和对硝基甲苯的电子转移光氧化反应。DCA和TCBQ均可敏化甲苯和对氯甲苯的光氧化。产物为相应的取代苯甲酸和取代苯甲醛。DCA和TCBQ均不能有效敏化对氰基甲苯和对硝基甲苯的光氧化, 但在反应体系中加入与反应物等摩尔的联苯为共敏化剂后, 两者即可顺利氧化为相应的取代苯甲酸和取代苯甲醛。通过荧光淬灭和共敏化剂联苯、无水盐高氯酸镁、O2捕获剂对苯二醌以及电子给体对二甲氧基苯等外加试剂对光氧化的影响讨论了反应历程。     

富电子芳烃的电子转移光氧化反应

9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)敏化的烯烃和某些小环化合物的电子转移光氧化反应近年来研究很活跃。在芳烃光氧化方面,单重态氧反应限于多环芳烃和高度富电子的苯衍生物。一般烷基苯和富电子程度较小的芳烃,对~1O_2为隋性。因而电子转移历程为芳烃光氧化反应提供了新途径。但迄今芳烃的电子转移光氧化仍研究较少,历程看法也存在分歧。本文报道DCA和四氯对苯二醌(TCBQ)敏化的邻、间、对二甲苯(1,2,3),对-甲氧基     

9,10-二氰基蒽光敏化香豆素加成反应的研究

光化学中的电子转移反应近年来引起了人们广泛的重视。9,10-二氰基蒽(DCA)作为贫电子敏化剂敏化的各类烯烃的光氧化反应,光重排反应,光加成反应等均有报道。我们在研究DCA光敏化香豆素反应时发现,香豆素与DCA能够发生电子转移的给体—受体加成反应,联苯(BP)可以充当二次电子转移体加速反应。     

联苯在β-蒎烯光氧化中的电子中继

β-蒎烯的长时间单重态氧光氧化导致复杂的产物分布。二氰基蒽(DCA)敏化的电子转移光氧化使桃金娘烯醇的产率略有改善, 但是, 添加联苯作共敏化剂使产率几乎翻了一番。在向DCA的竞争性单电子转移中, 联苯超过了β-蒎烯。MNDO计算证实其原因是联苯的HOMO较高。联苯正离子游离基从β-蒎烯回收一个电子, 再生联苯和生成β-蒎烯正离子游离基, 它再与经基态氧与(DCA)^-之间电子转移而生成的超氧负离子(O^-~2)复合。     

二氢吡喃光敏氧化反应的研究

本文研究了二氢吡喃的氰基蒽(9,10-二氰基蒽、9-氰基蒽)敏化光氧化反应。在几种不同溶剂(乙腈、二氯甲烷、苯、四氯化碳)中,其敏化光氧化反应所生成的产物、产物分布及溶剂同位素效应与典型单线态氧的氧化反应相同。荧光淬灭、激基复合物的生成和自由能的变化支持了电子转移反应机理。我们认为,反应首先经过敏化剂的激发单线态与反应底物之间的电子转移反应,尔后在反应过程中生成了活性中间体单线态氧1O2。     

9,10-二氰基蒽光敏夺氢反应的研究

本文研究了缺电子敏化剂9,10-二氰基蒽(DCA)对苄醇类化合物(二苯甲醇、苯甲醇)及甲苯类化合物(甲苯、对-二甲苯)的光敏化夺氢反应,证明上述两类反应是经由两种不同机制进行的。     

光氧化反应研究——Ⅷ.苊酮作为电子给体的电子转移光氧化反应机理

研究了苊酮(ANO)在9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)敏化下的光氧化反应与机理。实验发现,该反应具有逐步氧化模式,依次生成1,8-(3′-羟基)-斗-萘内酯和1,8-萘二甲酸酐。通过循环伏安,荧光淬灭和激基络合物检测,DCA/联苯共敏化反应以及CIDNP效应等研究,证明苊酮可以作为电子给体与单线态DCA发生热力学上有利的电子转移过程。     

光氧化反应的研究 V: 氰基蒽敏化苊烯的电子转移光氧化反应

对于容易发生单线态氧(^1O2)反应的稠环烯烃能否在氰基蒽敏化下发生电子转移光氧化研究甚少. 作者曾报道了氰基蒽敏化的9-本甲叉芴的ET光氧化过程. 本文首次探讨了非交替稠环烃, 苊烯(AN), 在9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)或9-氰基蒽(CNA)敏化下的光氧化反应及其机理.     

9,10-二氰基蒽光敏分解水制氢反应的研究

本文以9、10-二氰基蒽(DCA)为敏化剂,测定了用胺类,单烯类及取代苯类化合物为电子给体时光敏还原甲基紫精(MV²⁺)的量子产率。用三乙醇胺(TEOA)为电子给体,探索了胶体铂存在下DCA光敏分解水制氩的反应条件并研究了用甲苯、对二甲苯为电子给体时DCA光解水制氢的反应。结果表明以DCA为敏化剂时许多化合物(E^ox<2V)均可作为电子给体,在制氢的同时还有可能合成有用化合物等优点。     

硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯敏化光解的研究

本文对硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯类化合物的敏化光解反应进行了研究, 以图扩大其光谱响应范围。工作表明硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯能与芘、北等敏化剂发生电子转移反应, 并进而促使硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯分子裂解, 产生各种分解产物; 气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析结果表明, 敏化光解产物主要为苯甲醛和二苯基二硫醚,在此基础上对标题化合物敏化光解的机制提出了看见。此外, 从该光敏体系能引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合进一步表明, 硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯能与适宜的电子给体组成光敏引发体系, 使该体系的光敏引发可用波长扩展到400nm以上。     

Electron transfer and singlet oxygen mechanisms in the photooxygenation of dibutyl sulfide and thioanisole in MeCN sensitized by N-methylquinolinium tetrafluoborate and 9,10-dicyanoanthracene. The probable involvement of a thiadioxirane intermediate in electron transfer photooxygenations

Photooxygenations of PhSMe and Bu2S sensitized by N-methylquinolinium (NMQ+) and 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) in O2-saturated MeCN have been investigated by laser and steady-state photolysis. Laser photolysis experiments showed that excited NMQ+ promotes the efficient formation of sulfide radical cations with both substrates either in the presence or in absence of a cosensitizer (toluene). In contrast, excited DCA promotes the formation of radical ions with PhSMe, but not with Bu2S. To observe radical ions with the latter substrate, the presence of a cosensitizer (biphenyl) was necessary. With Bu2S, only the dimeric form of the radical cation, (Bu2S)2+*, was observed, while the absorptions of both PhSMe+* and (PhSMe)2+* were present in the PhSMe time-resolved spectra. The decay of the radical cations followed second-order kinetics, which in the presence of O2, was attributed to the reaction of the radical cation (presumably in the monomeric form) with O2-* generated in the reaction between NMQ* or DCA-* and O2. The fluorescence quenching of both NMQ+ and DCA was also investigated, and it was found that the fluorescence of the two sensitizers is efficiently quenched by both sulfides (rates controlled by diffusion) as well by O2 (kq = 5.9 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) with NMQ+ and 6.8 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) with DCA). It was also found that quenching of 1NMQ* by O2 led to the production of 1O2 in significant yield (PhiDelta = 0.86 in O2-saturated solutions) as already observed for 1DCA*. The steady-state photolysis experiments showed that the NMQ+- and DCA-sensitized photooxygenation of PhSMe afford exclusively the corresponding sulfoxide. A different situation holds for Bu2S: with NMQ+, the formation of Bu2SO was accompanied by that of small amounts of Bu2S2; with DCA, the formation of Bu2SO2 was also observed. It was conclusively shown that with both sensitizers, the photooxygenations of PhSMe occur by an electron transfer (ET) mechanism, as no sulfoxidation was observed in the presence of benzoquinone (BQ), which is a trap for O2-*, NMQ*, and DCA-*. BQ also suppressed the NMQ+-sensitized photooxygenation of Bu2S, but not that sensitized by DCA, indicating that the former is an ET process, whereas the second proceeds via singlet oxygen. In agreement with the latter conclusion, it was also found that the relative rate of the DCA-induced photooxygenation of Bu2S decreases by increasing the initial concentration of the substrate and is slowed by DABCO (an efficient singlet oxygen quencher). To shed light on the actual role of a persulfoxide intermediate also in ET photooxygenations, experiments in the presence of Ph2SO (a trap for the persulfoxide) were carried out. Cooxidation of Ph2SO to form Ph2SO2 was, however, observed only in the DCA-induced photooxygenation of Bu2S, in line with the singlet oxygen mechanism suggested for this reaction. No detectable amounts of Ph2SO2 were formed in the ET photooxygenations of PhSMe with both DCA and NMQ+ and of Bu2S with NMQ+. This finding, coupled with the observation that 1O2 and ET photooxygenations lead to different product distributions, makes it unlikely that, as currently believed, the two processes involve the same intermediate, i.e., a nucleophilic persulfoxide. Furthermore, the cooxidation of Ph2SO observed in the DCA-induced photooxygenation of Bu2S was drastically reduced when the reaction was performed in the presence of 0.5 M biphenyl as a cosensitizer, that is, under conditions where an (indirect) ET mechanism should operate. This observation confirms that a persulfoxide is formed in singlet oxygen but not in ET photosulfoxidations. The latter conclusion was further supported by the observation that also the intermediate formed in the reaction of thianthrene radical cation with KO2, a reaction which mimics step d (Scheme 2) in the ET mechanism of photooxygenation, is an electrophilic species, being able to oxidize Ph2S but not Ph2SO. It is thus proposed that the intermediate involved in ET sulfoxidations is a thiadioxirane, whose properties (it is an electrophilic species) seem more in line with the observed chemistry. Theoretical calculations concerning the reaction of a sulfide radical cation with O2-* provide a rationale for this proposal.     

Cosensitization by 9,10-dicyanoanthracene and biphenyl of the electron-transfer photooxygenation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylcyclopropane

Electron-transfer photooxygenation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylcyclopropane with 9,10-dicyanoanthracene in oxygen-saturated acetonitrile yields 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyl-2-propen-1-o1 after reduction of the intermediate hydroperoxide. The rate of reaction is significantly increased by the addition of biphenyl as a cosensitizer.     

PHOTOOXYGENATION OF BIPHENYL AND ITS DERIVATIVES via PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER: EFFECT OF Mg(CIO4)2 ON PHOTOOXYGENATION

The 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA)-sensitized photooxygenation of biphenyl derivatives in the presence of Mg(CIO₄)₂ in acetonitrile produces benzoic acid and its derivatives in high yields. In the absence of Mg(CIO₄)₂, the rates for the consumption of biphenyl derivatives decrease by a factor of 0.5-0.8, compared with those in the presence of Mg(CIO₄)₂. In these cases, however, both biphenyls and DCA are oxygenated to give benzoic acids and anthraquinone, respectively, indicating that the addition of Mg(CIO₄)₂ retards the photooxygenation of DCA. With 4-methylbiphenyl, the photooxygenation proceeds efficiently without added Mg(CIO₄)₂, and benzene rings and methyl groups are competitively oxygenated to give benzoic acid, 4-methylbenzoic acid, 4-phenylbenzoic acid, and 4-phenylbenzaldehyde. The addition of Mg(CIO₄)₂ facilitates the oxidation of benzene rings, giving benzoic acid and 4-methylbenzoic acid as major products. These photooxygenations are initiated by a one-electron transfer from biphenyls to the excited singlet DCA and proceed via the radical cations of biphenyls and the radical anion of DCA.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of substituted benzaldehydes by hexamethylenetetramine‐bromine

The oxidation of thirty‐six monosubstituted benzaldehydes by hexa‐methylenetetramine‐bromine (HABR), in aqueous acetic acid solution, leads to the formation of the corresponding benzoic acids. The reaction is first order with respect to HABR. Michaelis‐Menten–type kinetics were observed with respect to aldehyde. The reaction failed to induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. There is no effect of hexamethylenetetramine on the reaction rate. The oxidation of [²H]benzaldehyde (PhCDO) indicated the presence of a substantial kinetic isotope effect. The effect of solvent composition indicated that the reaction rate increases with an increase in the polarity of the solvent. The rates of oxidation of meta‐ and para‐substituted benzaldehydes showed excellent correlations in terms of Charton's triparametric LDR equation, whereas the oxidation of ortho‐substituted benzaldehydes correlated well with tetraparametric LDRS equation. The oxidation of para‐substituted benzaldehydes is more susceptible to the delocalization effect but the oxidation of ortho‐ and meta‐substituted compounds displayed a greater dependence on the field effect. The positive value of γ suggests the presence of an electron‐deficient reaction center in the rate‐determining step. The reaction is subjected to steric acceleration when ortho‐substituents are present. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 615–622, 2000     

α-甲氧基萘的电子转移光氧化反应

近年来芳烃和杂环化合物的电子转移光氧化反应受到日益的注意^[1-5]。电子转移光氧化反应不仅可应用于很多对¹O₂为惰性的烯烃和芳烃^[1-7],而且对某些¹O₂活性化合物,也可给出与¹O₂反应不同的产物。     

Efficient and Rapid Method for the Oxidation of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids Using Improved Basic Hydrogen Peroxide

An efficient and rapid method for oxidation of electron‐rich aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids in excellent yields was developed. It is based on the oxidation of methoxy‐substituted benzaldehydes in methanol with an improved aqueous basic hydrogen peroxide system. Benzaldehydes with electron‐withdrawing substituents are oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.