Raman study on conformational equilibria of fluoroacetone in aqueous solutions

The effects of water and heavy water on conformational equilibria of fluoroacetone have been investigated via Raman spectroscopy. Additional Raman bands have been observed in the C-F stretching and the C-C-C symmetric stretching regions for the aqueous solutions. Based on enthalpy and volume differences between the conformers, these bands are assigned to the syn conformer which has hydrogen bonds between the fluorine atom and water molecules (syn' conformer). The number of H2O molecules binding to the syn' conformer is estimated to be 2.4 from the concentration dependence of the spectrum. The enthalpy and the volume differences between the cis and syn conformers in the aqueous solutions show anomalous values in comparison with those in organic solvents. We discuss these thermodynamic behaviors from the viewpoint of the hydration structures of fluoroacetone.     

Conformational equilibrium of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anion of a room-temperature ionic liquid: Raman spectroscopic study and DFT calculations

The structure of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI-) in the liquid state has been studied by means of Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Raman spectra of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI+) TFSI- show relatively strong bands arising from TFSI- at about 398 and 407 cm(-1). Interestingly, the 407 cm(-1) band, relative to the 398 cm(-1) one, is appreciably intensified with raising temperature, suggesting that an equilibrium is established between TFSI- conformers in the liquid state. According to DFT calculations followed by normal frequency analyses, two conformers of C2 and C1 symmetry, respectively, constitute global and local minima, with an energy difference 2.2-3.3 kJ mol(-1). The wagging omega-SO2 vibration appears at 396 and 430 cm(-1) for the C1 conformer and at 387 and 402 cm(-1) for the C2 one. Observed Raman spectra over the range 380-440 cm(-1) were deconvoluted to extract intrinsic bands of TFSI- conformers, and the enthalpy of conformational change from C2 to C1 was evaluated. The enthalpy value is in good agreement with that obtained by theoretical calculations. We thus conclude that a conformational equilibrium is established between the C1 and C2 conformers of TFSI- in the liquid EMI+TFSI-, and the C2 conformer is more favorable than the C1 one.     

Spectra and structure of silicon containing compounds. XXXII. Raman and infrared spectra,conformational stability,vibrational assignment and ab initio calculations of n-propylsilane-d0 and Si-d3

The infrared (3100-40 cm(-1)) and Raman (3100-20 cm(-1)) spectra of gaseous and solid n-propylsilane, CH(3)CH(2)CH(2)SiH(3) and the Si-d(3) isotopomer, CH(3)CH(2)CH(2)SiD(3), have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectra of the liquids have been recorded and qualitative depolarization values obtained. Both the anti and gauche conformers have been identified in the fluid phases but only the anti conformer remains in the solid. Variable temperature (-105 to -150 degrees C) studies of the infrared spectra of n-propylsilane dissolved in liquid krypton have been recorded and the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 220+/-22 cm(-1) (2.63+/-0.26 kJ mol(-1)) with the anti conformer the more stable form. A similar value of 234+/-23 cm(-1) (2.80+/-0.28 kJ mol(-1)) was obtained for deltaH for the Si-d(3) isotopomer. At ambient temperature it is estimated that there is 30+/-2% of the gauche conformer present. The potential function governing the conformation interchange has been estimated from the far infrared spectral data, the enthalpy difference, and the dihedral angle of the gauche conformer, which is compared to the one predicted from ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. The barriers to conformational interchange are: 942, 970 and 716 cm(-1) for the anti to gauche, gauche to gauche, and gauche to anti conformers, respectively. Relatively complete vibrational assignments are proposed for both the n-propylsilane-d(0) and Si-d(3) molecules based on the relative infrared and Raman spectral intensities, infrared band contours, depolarization ratios, and normal coordinate calculations. The geometrical parameters, harmonic force constants, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities and depolarization ratios, and energy differences have been obtained for the anti and gauche conformers from ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. Structural parameters and energy differences have also been obtained utilizing the larger 6-311 + G(d,p) and 6-311 + G(2d,2p) basis sets. From the isolated Si-H stretching frequency from the Si-d(2) isotopomer the r(0) distances of 1.484 and 1.485 A have been determined for the SiH(s) and SiH(a) bonds, respectively, for the anti conformer, and 1.486 A for the SiH bond for the gauche conformer. Utilizing previously reported microwave rotational constants for the anti conformer and the determined SiH distances along with ab initio predicted parameters 'adjusted r(0)' parameters have been obtained for the anti conformer. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.     

Spectra and structure of silicon containing compounds. XXXIX. Raman and infrared spectra,conformational stability,vibrational assignment and ab initio calculations of n-propyltrifluorosilane

The infrared (3100-40 cm(-1)) spectra of gaseous and solid and Raman (3200-20 cm(-1)) spectra of liquid with qualitative depolarization values and solid n-propyltrifluorosilane, CH(3)CH(2)CH(2)SiF(3), have been recorded. Additionally the infrared spectra of the sample in nitrogen and argon matrices have been recorded. Both the anti and gauche conformers have been identified in the fluid phases but only the anti conformer remains in the solid. Variable temperature (-105 to -150 degrees C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton have been recorded and the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 135+/-14 cm(-1) (1.62+/-0.17 kJ mol(-1)) with the anti conformer the more stable form. At ambient temperature it is estimated that there is 51+/-2% of the gauche conformer present. Also the enthalpy difference in the liquid was obtained from variable temperature studies of the Raman spectra and from three conformer pairs an average value of 179+/-18 cm(-1) (2.14+/-0.22 kJ mol(-1)) was obtained again with the anti form the more stable conformer. Relatively complete vibrational assignments are proposed for both conformers based on the relative infrared and Raman spectral intensities, infrared band contours, depolarization ratios which are supported by normal coordinate calculations. The geometrical parameters, harmonic force constants, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios, and energy differences have been obtained for the anti and gauche conformers from ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. Structural parameters and energy differences have also been obtained utilizing the larger 6-311+G(d, p) and 6-311+G(2d, 2p) basis sets. By utilizing the previously reported microwave rotational constants for five isotopomers of CH(3)SiF(3) along with ab initio predicted structural values, r(0) parameters have been obtained for methyltrifluorosilane. Similarly, from the ab initio predicted parameters "adjusted r(0)" parameters have been estimated for both conformers of n-propyltrifluorosilane. The results are discussed and compared with those obtained for some similar molecules.     

Conformational stability, r0 structural parameters, and vibrational assignments of mono-substituted cyclobutanes: fluorocyclobutane

Variable temperature (-55 to -100°C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500-400 cm(-1)) of fluorocyclobutane, c-C(4)H(7)F, dissolved in liquid xenon have been carried out as well as the infrared spectra of the gas. By utilizing eight pairs of conformers at 10 different temperatures, the enthalpy difference between the more stable equatorial conformer and the axial form has been determined to be 496±40 cm(-1) (5.93±0.48 kJ/mol). The percentage of the axial conformer present at ambient temperature is estimated to be 8±1%. The ab initio MP2(full) average predicted energy difference from a variety of basis sets is 732±47 cm(-1) (9.04±0.44 kJ/mol) and the average value of 602±20 cm(-1) from density functional theory predictions by the B3LYP method are significantly larger than the experimentally determined enthalpy value. By utilizing previously reported microwave rotational constants for the equatorial and axial conformers combined with ab initio MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) predicted structural values, adjusted r(0) parameters have been obtained. The determined heavy atom structural parameters for the equatorial [axial] conformer are: distances (?) C-F=1.383(3) [1.407(3)], C(α)-C(β)=1.543(3) [1.546(3)], C(β)-C(γ)=1.554(3) [1.554(3)] and angles (°) ∠C(α)C(β)C(γ)=85.0(5) [89.2(5)], ∠C(β)C(α)C(β)=89.3(5) [89.2(5)], ∠F-(C(β)C(α)C(β))=117.4(5) [109.2(5)] and a puckering angle of 37.4(5) [20.7(5)]. The conformational stabilities, harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios and vibrational frequencies have been obtained for both conformers from MP2(full)/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations and compared to experimental values where available. The results are discussed and compared to the corresponding properties of some other monosubstituted cyclobutanes with halogen and pseudo-halogen substituents.     

MOF-5: enthalpy of formation and energy landscape of porous materials

The first experimental thermodynamic analysis of a metal-organic framework (MOF) has been performed. Measurement of the enthalpy of formation of MOF-5 from the dense components zinc oxide (ZnO), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H(2)BDC), and occluded N,N-diethylformamide (DEF) (if any) gave values of 78.64 ± 2.95 and 99.47 ± 3.62 kJ·[mol of Zn(4)O(BDC)(3)·xDEF](-1) for the as-made form and the desolvated structure, respectively. These as-made and desolvated enthalpies correspond to the values 19.66 ± 0.74 and 24.87 ± 0.94 kJ·(mol of Zn)(-1), respectively. The energetics of desolvated MOF-5 per mole of Zn falls in line with trends relating the enthalpy of inorganic porous materials (zeolites, zeotypes, and mesoporous materials) to molar volume. MOF-5 extends a plateauing trend first suggested by thermodynamic studies of mesoporous materials. This leveling off of the destabilization energetics as the void space swells suggests that additional void volume beyond a certain point may begin to act as a parameter "external" to the structure and not destabilize it further. This could help explain the rich landscape of large-volume MOFs and their ease of desolvation.     

Conformational stability from variable temperature infrared spectra of xenon solutions, r0 structural parameters, and ab initio calculations of cyclopropylisocyanate

Infrared spectra (4000 to 400 cm(-1)) of the gas and variable temperature xenon solutions, and the Raman spectrum of the liquid have been recorded for cyclopropylisocyanate. The enthalpy difference has been determined to be 77 ± 8 cm(-1) (0.92 ± 0.10 kJ/mol) with the trans form more stable than the cis conformer with 59 ± 2% present at ambient temperature. By utilizing three rotational constants for each conformer, combined with structural parameters predicted from MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations, the adjusted r(0) parameters have been obtained. Heavy atom structural parameters for the trans [cis] conformers are the following: distances (?) (C-C(2,3)) = 1.509(3) [1.509(3)], (C(2)-C(3)) = 1.523(3) [1.521(3)], (C-N) = 1.412(3) [1.411(3)], (N═C) =1.214(3) [1.212(3)], (C═O) = 1.163(3) [1.164(3)]; angles (°) ∠CCN = 116.7(5) [120.1(5)], ∠CNC = 136.3(5) [137.6(5)]. The centrifugal distortion constants have been predicted from ab initio and DFT calculations and are compared to the experimentally determined values.     

Energetics of the N-O bonds in 2-hydroxyphenazine-di-N-oxide

The standard enthalpy of formation and the enthalpy of sublimation of crystalline 2-hydroxyphenazine-di-N-oxide, at T = 298.15 K, were determined from isoperibol static bomb combustion calorimetry and from Knudsen effusion experiments, as -76.7 +/- 4.2 kJ.mol(-1) and 197 +/- 5 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. The sum of these two quantities gives the standard enthalpy of formation in the gas-phase for this compound, delta(f)H(m)degrees(g) = 120 +/- 6 kJ.mol(-1). This value was combined with the gas-phase standard enthalpy of formation for 2-hydroxyphenazine retrieved from a group estimative method yielding the mean (N-O) bond dissociation enthalpy, in the gas-phase, for 2-hydroxyphenazine-di-N-oxide. The result obtained with this strategy is (DH(m)degrees (N - O)) = 263 +/- 4 kJ.mol(-1), which is in excellent agreement with the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) computed value, 265 kJ.mol(-1).     

Conformational and thermodynamic properties of gaseous levulinic acid

Molecular modeling is used to determine low-energy conformational structures and thermodynamic properties of levulinic acid in the gas phase. Structure and IR vibrational frequencies are obtained using density functional and M?ller-Plesset perturbation theories. Electronic energies are computed using G3//B3LYP and CBS-QB3 model chemistries. Computed anharmonic frequencies are consistent with reported experimental data. Population analysis shows a boat- and a chainlike structure to be most abundant at 298 K, with increasing proportions of two other conformers at higher temperatures. Population mean distribution values for thermodynamic quantities are derived. At 298 K and 1 atm, the enthalpy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity are -613.1 ± 1.0 kJ·mol(-1), 407.4 J·mol(-1)·K(-1), and 132.3 J·mol(-1)·K(-1), respectively.     

Experimental and computational thermochemical study of barbituric acids: structure-energy relationship in 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid

This paper reports an experimental and computational thermochemical study on 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid. The value of the standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpy of formation in the gas phase at T = 298.15 K has been determined. The energy of combustion was measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry, and from the result obtained, the standard molar enthalpy of formation in the crystalline state at T = 298.15 K was calculated as -639.6 ± 1.9 kJ·mol(-1). The enthalpy of sublimation was determined using a transference (transpiration) method in a saturated N(2) stream and a value of the enthalpy of sublimation at T = 298.15 K was derived as 92.3 ± 0.6 kJ·mol(-1). From these results a value of -547.3 ± 2.0 kJ·mol(-1) for the gas-phase enthalpy of formation at T = 298.15 K was determined. Theoretical calculations at the G3 and G4 levels were performed, and a study on molecular and electronic structure of the compound has been carried out. Calculated enthalpies of formation are in very good agreement with the experimental value.     

Experimental and computational thermochemical study of 2-thiobarbituric acid: structure-energy relationship

This paper reports an experimental and computational thermochemical study on 2-thiobarbituric acid (2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione), [CAS 504-17-6]. The value of the standard (p(0) = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpy of formation in the gas phase at T = 298.15 K has been determined. The energy of combustion was measured by bomb combustion calorimetry, using a rotatory bomb, and from the result obtained, the standard molar enthalpy of formation in the crystalline state at T = 298.15 K was calculated as -(396.8 ± 0.9) kJ·mol(-1). The enthalpy of sublimation was determined using a transference (transpiration) method in a saturated N(2) stream and a value of the enthalpy of sublimation at T = 298.15 K was derived as (118.3 ± 2.2) kJ·mol(-1). From these results a value of -(278.5 ± 2.4) kJ·mol(-1) for the gas-phase enthalpy of formation at T = 298.15 K was determined. Theoretical calculations at the G3 and G4 levels were performed, and a study of the molecular and electronic structure of the compound has been carried out. Calculated enthalpies of formation are in very good agreement with the experimental value.     

Solvation enthalpies of free radicals: O-O bond strength in di-tert-butylperoxide.

The photolysis reaction of di-tert-butylperoxide was studied in various solvents by photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC). This technique allows the determination of the enthalpy of this homolysis reaction, which by definition corresponds to the O-O bond dissociation enthalpy of the peroxide in solution, DHsin(degrees)(O-O). The derived value from these experiments in benzene, 156.7 +/- 9.9 kJ mol(-1), is very similar to a widely accepted value for the gas-phase bond dissociation enthalpy, DH(degrees)(O-O) = 159.0 +/- 2.1 kJ mol(-1). However, when the PAC-based value is used together with auxiliary experimental data and Drago's ECW model to estimate the required solvation terms, it leads to 172.3 +/- 10.2 kJ mol(-1) for the gas-phase bond dissociation enthalpy. This result, significantly higher than the early literature value, is however in excellent agreement with a recent gas-phase determination of 172.5 +/- 6.6 kJ mol(-1). The procedure to derive the gas-phase DH(degrees)(O-O) was tested by repeating the PAC experiments in carbon tetrachloride and acetonitrile. The average of the values thus obtained was DH(degrees)(O-O) = 179.6 +/- 4.5 kJ mol(-1), confirming that the early gas-phase result is a lower limit. More importantly, the present study questions the usual assumption that the solvation terms of homolysis reactions producing free radicals in solution should cancel, and suggests a methodology to estimate solvation enthalpies of free radicals.     

Anion conformation of low-viscosity room-temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide

Anion conformation of a low-viscosity room-temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide (EMI+FSI-) has been studied by Raman spectra and theoretical DFT calculations. Three strong Raman bands were found at 293, 328, and 360 cm(-1), which are ascribed to the FSI- ion. These Raman bands show significant temperature dependence, implying that two FSI- conformers coexist in equilibrium. This is supported by theoretical calculations that the FSI- ion is present as either C2 (trans) or C1 (cis) conformer; the former gives the global minimum, and the latter has a higher SCF energy of about 4 kJ mol(-1). Full geometry optimizations followed by normal frequency analyses show that the observed bands at 293, 328, and 360 cm(-1) are ascribed to the C2 conformer. The corresponding vibrations at 305, 320, and 353 cm(-1) were extracted according to deconvolution of the observed Raman bands in the range280-400 cm(-1 )and are ascribed to the C1 conformer. The enthalpy DeltaH degrees of conformational change from C2 to C1 was experimentally evaluated to be ca. 4.5 kJ mol(-1), which is in good agreement with the predicted value by theoretical calculations. The bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anion (TFSI-) shows a conformational equilibrium between C1 and C2 analogues (DeltaH degrees = 3.5 kJ mol(-1)). However, the profile of the potential energy surface of the conformational change for FSI- (the F-S-N-S dihedral angle) is significantly different from that for TFSI- (the C-S-N-S dihedral angle).     

Spectroscopic studies of the interaction between pirimicarb and calf thymus DNA

The interaction between pirimicarb and calf thymus DNA in physiological buffer (pH 7.4) was investigated with the use of Neutral Red (NR) dye as a spectral probe by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, as well as viscosity measurements and DNA melting techniques. The results revealed that an intercalation binding should be the interaction mode of pirimicarb to DNA. CD spectra indicated that pirimicarb induced conformational changes of DNA. The binding constants of pirimicarb with DNA were obtained by the fluorescence quenching method. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔHθ) and entropy change (ΔSθ) were calculated to be -52.13±2.04 kJ mol(-1) and -108.8±6.72 J mol(-1) K(-1) according to the van't Hoff equation, which suggested that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces might play a major role in the binding of pirimicarb to DNA. Further, the alternative least squares (ALS) method was applied to resolve a complex two-way array of the absorption spectra data, which provided simultaneously the concentration information for the three reaction components, pirimicarb, NR and DNA-NR. This ALS analysis indicated that the intercalation of pirimicarb into the DNA by substituting for NR in the DNA-NR complex.     

Photoelectron spectroscopy of anilinide and acidity of aniline

The photoelectron spectrum of the anilinide ion has been measured. The spectrum exhibits a vibrational progression of the CCC in-plane bending mode of the anilino radical in its electronic ground state. The observed fundamental frequency is 524 ± 10 cm(-1). The electron affinity (EA) of the radical is determined to be 1.607 ± 0.004 eV. The EA value is combined with the N-H bond dissociation energy of aniline in a negative ion thermochemical cycle to derive the deprotonation enthalpy of aniline at 0 K; Δ(acid)H(0)(PhHN-H) = 1535.4 ± 0.7 kJ mol(-1). Temperature corrections are made to obtain the corresponding value at 298 K and the gas-phase acidity; Δ(acid)H(298)(PhHN-H) = 1540.8 ± 1.0 kJ mol(-1) and Δ(acid)G(298)(PhHN-H) = 1509.2 ± 1.5 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The compatibility of this value in the acidity scale that is currently available is examined by utilizing the acidity of acetaldehyde as a reference.     

Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, ab initio calculations of structure, and vibrational assignment of ethynylmethyl cyclobutane.

The infrared spectra (3200-300 cm(-1)) of the gas and solid and the Raman spectra (3200-30 cm(-1) of the liquid with quantitative depolarization values and the solid have been recorded of ethynylmethyl cyclobutane (cyclobutylmethyl acetylene), c-C4H7CH2C[ triple bond]CH. Both the equatorial and the axial conformers have been identified in the fluid phases and both the gauche and trans conformations of the methyl acetylenic group have been identified for each ring conformer. Variable temperature (-105 to -150 degrees C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton have been carried out. From these data the enthalpy differences have been determined to the 112 +/- 11 cm(-1) (1.34 +/- 0.13 kJ mol) between the most stable equatorial-trans (Et) conformer and the equatorial-gauche (Eg) conformer which is the second most stable conformer and 327 +/- 35 cm(-1) (3.91 + 0.42 kJ/mol) with the axial-gauche (Ag) conformer which is the least stable conformer. The enthalpy difference between the axial-trans (At) and the equatorial-gauche(Eg) is 56 +/- 6 cm(-1). At ambient temperature there is approximately 33% of the Et conformer, 38% of the Eg form, 15% of the At and 14% of the Ag conformer. For the polycrystalline solid the Eg conformer is the only form present which probably results form the packing in the crystal. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both equatorial conformers and additionally a few of the fundamentals of the At and Ag conformers have been assigned. The vibrational assignments are supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing the force constants from ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. Complete equilibrium geometries have been determined for all four possible rotamers by ab initio calculations employing the 6-31G(d) and 6-311 + + G(d,p) basis sets at levels of restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and /or Moller-Plesset (MP2) with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.     

Thermochemistry of 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile-1,4-dioxide. Evaluation of the mean dissociation enthalpy of the (N-O) bond

The standard enthalpy of formation of the 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile-1,4-dioxide compound in the gas-phase was derived from the enthalpies of combustion of the crystalline solid measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry and its enthalpy of sublimation determined by Knudsen mass-loss effusion at T= 298.15 K. This value is (383.8 +/- 5.4) kJ mol(-1) and was subsequently combined with the experimental gas-phase enthalpy of formation of atomic oxygen and with the computed gas-phase enthalpy of formation of 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile, (382.0 +/- 6.3) kJ mol(-1), in order to estimate the mean (N-O) bond dissociation enthalpy in the gas-phase of 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile-1,4-dioxide. The result obtained is (248.3 +/- 8.3) kJ mol(-1), which is in excellent agreement with the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) computed value.     

The thermochemistry of 2,4-pentanedione revisited: observance of a nonzero enthalpy of mixing between tautomers and its effects on enthalpies of formation

The enthalpies of formation of pure liquid and gas-phase (Z)-4-hydroxy-3-penten-2-one and 2,4-pentanedione are examined in the light of some more recent NMR studies on the enthalpy differences between gas-phase enthalpies of the two tautomers. Correlation gas chromatography experiments are used to evaluate the vaporization enthalpies of the pure tautomers. Values of (51.2 +/- 2.2) and (50.8 +/- 0.6) kJ.mol(-1) are measured for pure 2,4-pentanedione and (Z)-4-hydroxy-3-penten-2-one, respectively. The value of (50.8 +/- 0.6) kJ.mol(-1) can be contrasted to a value of (43.2 +/- 0.2) kJ.mol(-1) calculated for pure (Z)-4-hydroxy-3-penten-2-one when the vaporization enthalpy is measured in a mixture of tautomers. The difference is attributed to an endothermic enthalpy of mixing that destabilizes the mixture relative to the pure components. Calculation of new enthalpies of formation for (Z)-4-hydroxy-3-penten-2-one and 2,4-pentanedione in both the gas, Delta(f)H degrees (m)(g) = (-378.2 +/- 1.2) and (-358.9 +/- 2.5) kJ.mol(-1), respectively, and liquid phases, Delta(f)H degrees (m)(l) = (-429.0 +/- 1.0) and (-410.1 +/- 1.2) kJ.mol(-1), respectively, results in enthalpy differences between the two tautomers both in the liquid and gas phases that are identical within experimental error, and in excellent agreement with recent gas-phase NMR studies.     

Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of 2-fluorobutane

The infrared spectra (3500-50 cm-1) of gas and solid and the Raman spectrum (3500-50 cm-1) of liquid 2-fluorobutane, CH3CHFCH2CH3, have been recorded. Variable temperature studies over the range -105 to -150 degrees C of the infrared spectra (3500-400 cm-1) of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton have also been recorded. By utilizing the relative intensities of six conformer pairs each for both Me-trans/F-trans and Me-trans/H-trans, the Me-trans conformer is found to be the lowest energy form with an enthalpy difference to the F-trans conformer of 102 +/- 10 cm-1 ( 1.21+/- 0.12 kJmol-1) whereas the H-trans conformer is the highest energy form with an enthalpy difference of 208 +/- 21 cm-1 ( 2.49 +/- 0.25 kJmol-1) higher than the Me-trans form. At ambient temperature, it is estimated that there is 50 +/- 2% of the Me-trans form, 31 +/- 1% of the F-trans form, and 19 +/- 1% of the H-trans conformer present. Equilibrium geometries and total energies of the three conformers have been determined by ab initio calculations with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order using a number of basis sets. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the Me-trans conformer and many of the fundamentals have been identified for the other two forms based on the force constants, relative infrared and Raman intensities, and depolarization ratios obtained from MP2/6-31Gd ab initio calculations. The spectroscopic and theoretical results are compared to the corresponding properties for some similar molecules.     

室温固相反应制备纳米四水磷酸锌的热化学研究

Nanocrystalline zinc phosphate tetrahydrate was synthesized by solid-state reaction at ambient temperature using Na3PO4·12H2O and ZnSO4·7H2O as regents. The enthalpy of reaction and the standard enthalpy of formation of zinc phosphate tetrahydrate were studied by microcalorimeter. According to Hess s law, a new thermochemical cycle was designed. The dissolution enthalpies of reactant (△H1) and product (△H2) were performed by a RD496 microcalorimeter at 298.15 K using aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (4mol/L) as a calorimetric solvent. Ultraviolet spectrum, conductivity and refractive index were measured respectively. The results show as follows: △H1=(-47.180±0.084) kJ/mol, △H2=(-7.617±0.096 )kJ/mol. The ultraviolet spectra of the above solution are the same. Conductivity values after 500 times diluted are 2180 and 2181μs/cm respectively. Refractive indexes are 1.3679 and 1.3678 respectively. The standard enthalpy value of the reaction was calculated: △rHm=-39.530 kJ/mol. The standard enthalpy of formation for zinc phosphate tetrahydrate are recommended -4354.004 kJ/mol.