基于ISC-SVR方法预测Th细胞表位

外源性抗原蛋白被抗原提呈细胞(APC)摄取送入溶酶体中被降解为长度不一的肽段. 在HLA-DM分子辅助下, MHC II类分子相关恒定链多肽(class II-associated invariant chain peptide, CLIP)从MHC II类分子的肽结合槽解离, 使得外源性抗原降解的肽段进入MHC II类分子空的肽结合槽中, 形成稳定的抗原肽-MHC II类分子复合物. 之后再被提呈到APC细胞表面供CD4⁺Th细胞的TCR识别, 激活Th细胞分泌细胞因子, 促进CTL细胞特异性杀伤靶细胞或辅助B细胞产生抗体. Th细胞的活化对机体的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能都有重要的辅助作用. 本工作基于迭代自洽策略与支持向量回归机(ISC-SVR)方法建立了MHC II类分子与外源性抗原肽结合亲合力预测模型, 采用13mer扩展核心结合序列可以提高预测模型的性能, 分别按照均值法、最大值法、结合法、加权平均值法4种方法计算MHC II类分子与抗原肽的结合亲合力值. 对17种MHC II类分子配型进行了回归分析, 与其他预测模型相比较, 本工作模型都得到了最佳AUC值. 最后, 以HLA DRB1*0101分子为例, 分析讨论了MHC II类分子与抗原肽的结合特异性.     

基于环境的编码方法在预测HLA-A*0201结合多肽中的应用

T淋巴细胞对抗原的识别是产生与调节有效免疫应答的关键, T细胞只识别主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)呈递上来的抗原, 因此MHC与抗原多肽的结合就成为一系列免疫应答过程中基础的一环. 为了辅助疫苗设计, 多种机器学习技术已被普遍应用于MHC结合多肽的预报领域中. 本文以支持向量机(SVM)为手段, 以HLA-A*0201的实验数据集为对象, 对多种肽段编码方法形成的模型进行评价, 得到的AUC值的范围在0.932~0.936之间. 提出一种新的利用抗原多肽结合环境的编码方法, 使预报的AUC值提高到0.953. 对独立数据集进行建模预报, 同样证明环境编码模型的预报准确率高于传统编码方法的准确率.     

抗原肽与MHC分子相互作用QM/MM分子动力学模拟研究

在MHC I类(major histocompatibility complex class I)分子抗原加工提呈过程中抗原蛋白在抗原提呈细胞(antigen-presenting cells, APC)的胞浆中被蛋白酶体(proteasome)裂解成短肽peptide, 由转运相关蛋白(transporter associated with antigen processing, TAP)将蛋白酶体裂解产生的短肽片段从胞浆转运至内质网腔. 短肽peptide在内质网中与新生成的MHC I类分子结合, 形成peptide-MHC复合体被提呈到APC细胞表面, 与T细胞表面抗原受体(T cell receptor, TCR)特异性识别结合, 使得CTL细胞开始活化、增殖、分化, 进而对肿瘤细胞进行特异性杀伤. 目前对CTL细胞如何识别抗原肽-MHC复合物分子及抗原短肽peptide如何与主要组织相容性复合体MHC分子的相互作用识别结合的机理还不是很清楚. 传统的预测CTL细胞表位的方法没有考虑受体与配体结合过程中电子结构的变化, 电子结构的变化需要用量子力学方法来处理. 本文采用QM/MM多尺度生物大分子的分子动力学模拟方法, 以天然抗原肽TAX (LLFGYPVYVYU)与HLA-A*0201分子结合的晶体结构为模板, 替换抗原肽“锚点”氨基酸, 将口袋氨基酸残基的原子极化电荷在空间形成的静电势用电多极矩分量表示. 用箱线图分析每个口袋氨基酸分子静电势变化和功能, 确定Pocket B的Glu63和Lys66的功能是精细识别氨基酸和一级结合氨基酸, Pocket F的Asp77, Tyr84的功能是精细识别氨基酸, 而Asp77, Lys146是一级结合氨基酸, 表明QM/MM方法在提取抗原肽与MHC I类分子识别结合特异性信息是可行的, 这对了解免疫识别机理和指导肿瘤疫苗的开发都具有指导意义.     

基于SVM方法分析蛋白酶体裂解位点的特异性

真核细胞中的泛素-蛋白酶体系统在抗原肽加工呈递途径中发挥着重要作用. 为了进一步研究蛋白酶体的酶切位点特异性, 采用支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)方法建立了蛋白酶体的酶切位点预测模型. 在相同检验集下, 将本模型性能指标与其他预测模型方法比较, 结果是本模型性能指标优先, 预测准确度为83.1%. 由样本数据相应氨基酸对酶切位点形成的权重系数, 得出蛋白酶体酶切位点及其两侧区域氨基酸的裂解特异性, 反映了蛋白酶体裂解抗原蛋白的相互作用信息, 这表明蛋白酶体对抗原蛋白的酶切处理不是随机的, 而是有一定模式和选择性的.     

基于深度学习的微管蛋白秋水仙碱位点抑制剂的预测研究

为构建基于深度学习的微管蛋白秋水仙碱位点抑制剂(CBSIs)预测模型,进行CBSIs的活性预测和药物虚拟筛选,我们收集了1 482个结构多样性的靶向微管蛋白秋水仙碱位点的抑制剂和非抑制剂,以分子指纹和分子图为特征表述,采用图卷积神经网络深度学习方法,建立分类预测模型。对所建立模型的预测结果进行比较,发现了一个最优预测模型(Model-Chemprop),它在测试集上的敏感度(SE)值为0.910 9、特异性(SP)值为0.812 5、总体准确度(Q)值为87.92%、AUC值为0.891。因此,基于深度学习建立的最优模型可以作为虚拟筛选工具,用于新型CBSIs的活性预测和发现,以及靶向富集库的构建。     

前列腺癌细胞核酸适配体支持向量机分类模型

本文将前列腺癌(Prostate Cancer,PCa)PC-3M-1E8细胞为标靶的核酸适配体序列翻译成氨基酸序列,计算氨基酸序列的分子参数,然后用这些分子参数建立核酸适配体亲和性的构-效关系模型。所用的候选核酸适配体序列是采用以细胞为靶标的指数富集配体系统进化(Cell-SELEX)技术筛选得到。模型训练集、测试集分别包含150、50条核酸序列,均由第3轮和11轮的候选核酸适配体组成。将第3轮的核酸序列类标签值设置为"1",代表低亲和性、低特异性的候选核酸适配序列;将第11轮筛选所得核酸序列类标签值设置为"2",代表高亲和性、高特异性候选核酸适配序列。基于二值分类问题的支持向量机分类(SVC)算法用于建模。SVC模型对训练集、测试集的预测准确度分别为87.3%、86%。另外,采用SVC模型对第5、7、9轮的序列也进行了预测。第3、5、7、9、11轮的高亲和性与高特异性核酸适配体的分率分别是0.23、0.41、0.61、0.64、0.87,预测结果符合SELEX筛选的适配体进行规律。     

基于吡咯烷与正丁烷类衍生物CCR5拮抗剂的药效团模型构建

吡咯烷与正丁烷类CCR5(化学趋化因子受体5)拮抗剂可通过抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)包膜蛋白与CCR5的相互作用而阻断病毒进入细胞. 本文使用已知拮抗剂结构和活性信息构建了一个三维药效团模型. 按照Catalyst/HypoGen模块的要求, 选择了25个结构和活性均具备差异性的分子作为药效团产生的训练集. 其中训练集分子以IC50值表示的生物活性值跨度为0.06到10000 nmol·L-1. 最好的药效团模型(Hypo 1)由两个正离子化特征以及三个疏水特征组成, 训练集预测相关系数为0.924, 均方根偏差为1.068. 模型用于预测由74个分子组成的测试集化合物活性, 结果表明模型可以提供较好的活性预测结果并用于新的拮抗剂的设计.     

R基团搜索技术用于PTH类Tau蛋白抑制剂的分子设计

对26个PTH类Tau蛋白抑制剂进行了Topomer CoMFA研究, 建立了拟合及预测能力良好的Topomer CoMFA模型, 获得的模型拟合、 交互验证及外部预测的复相关系数分别为0.976, 0.603和0.795, 估计标准偏差和Fisher验证值F分别为0.110和115.778. 使用ZINC化合物数据集作为结构片段源, 通过三维定量构效关系(3D-QSAR)模型搜索具有特定活性贡献的R基团. 以样本中活性最高的1号分子过滤, R₁和R₂贡献值均提高了20%的片段分别有9个与2个. 以此交替取代1号样本的R₁与R₂, 得到18个新颖化合物并预测其活性, 其中的15个预测活性值优于模板分子. 研究结果表明, Topomer search可有效地用于分子设计, 所设计的分子为阿尔茨海默病(AD)药物的研发提供了新的候选物.     

抗原肽与MHC分子相互作用的QSAR模型研究

分别采用氨基酸序列及氨基酸结构描述符方法定量研究了短肽-MHC(major histocompatibility complex)分子结合亲合力的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型, 用这两个模型对短肽与HLA-A*0201分子结合的805个预测样本进行了预测, 预测准确度分别达到66.8%和65.5%. 采用了去除“劣点”方法检验模型的鲁棒性, 结果证明两个模型都具有良好的鲁棒性. 通过改变两个模型的参数, 对氨基酸残基个数为8或10的CTL(cytotoxicy T lymphocyte)表位进行预测.     

多肽序列的结构特征与其MHC限制性

从多肽序列的一级结构出发,基于多肽序列中氨基酸侧链间距离和氨基酸侧链的电性特征,构建了多肽序列特征矢量,简称ζ矢量,选取文献中主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)中的14个A^d限制性和14个非A^d限制性多肽序列作为训练集建立辅助性T细胞(helperTlymphocytc,Th)表位预测的定量模型,为了检验该预报系统的精确性,进行了随机抽样检验和交互检验.结果表明,该预报系统具有稳定性好、预测能力强的特点,该方法可用于人的MHCⅠ和Ⅱ类表位的预测、蛋白质抗原免疫识别、亚单位疫苗分子设计及研制.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.