白芥子炒制过程的红外及二维相关光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术动态跟踪药用植物白芥子的炒制过程,获得了不同炒制时间样本的红外谱,二阶导数谱和热扰动下的二维相关红外谱。白芥子的红外谱表明,白芥子在炒制过程中1 747 cm-1油脂特征蜂的相对强度变化不明显,说明白芥子羧酸酯相对较稳定;而1 657 cm-1附近酰胺Ⅰ带峰和1 546 cm-1附近的酰胺Ⅱ带的吸收峰相对强度显著减小,是因为白芥子在高温炒制过程中,蛋白质(酶)发生了热变性;1 055 cm-1附近的纤维多糖的特征吸收峰在炒制10 min后明显减弱,这与药材表皮纤维多糖加热分解相关联。二阶导数谱和二维相关红外谱的变化规律与红外谱的结果相一致,进一步验证了白芥子药材在炒制过程中发生的主要变化是蛋白质变性及多糖的分解。该方法揭示了药材在炮制过程中所发生的物理化学变化过程,从分子光谱水平上奠定了白芥子药材炮制的目的“杀酶保甙”的理论基础。     

玉米花粉中营养物质的傅里叶变换红外光谱特征

为了研究玉米花粉中的蛋白质和多糖等营养物质,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合技术分析曲辰9号和靖丰3号两种杂交玉米花粉.玉米花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱显示蛋白质的特征吸收峰酰胺I带、酰胺II带和酰胺III带出现在1 653cm-1、1 546cm-1和1 241cm-1附近,多糖特征吸收峰出现在1 078cm-1、1 056cm-1、1 030cm-1和995cm-1附近.对比它们的傅里叶变换红外光谱的蛋白质和多糖特征吸收带,两种玉米花粉存在一定差异,表明它们所含的蛋白质和多糖含量不同.对1 900~950cm-1吸收带实施傅里叶自去卷积和二阶导数处理后再进行曲线拟合分析,剥离出因光谱叠加而掩盖的特征吸收子峰.子峰信息显示曲辰9号玉米花粉中多糖的含量高于靖丰3号玉米花粉,而蛋白质的含量关系则相反.研究表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术可为玉米花粉中营养物质的研究提供一种便捷的手段.     

面粉中蛋白质二级结构的红外光谱研究

测定了不同温度下面粉蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带的一维红外光谱,二阶导数红外光谱和去卷积红外光谱。研究发现:随着测定温度的升高,面粉蛋白质中的α-螺旋结构的、β-转角结构、无规卷曲结构和β-折叠结构红外吸收强度均有所增加。进一步研究了面粉蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带的二维红外光谱。研究发现:随着测定温度的升高,面粉中蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带的红外吸收强度变化快慢趋势是:1312cm-1(α-螺旋结构)1285cm-1(β-转角结构)1260cm-1(无规卷曲结构)1229cm-1(β-折叠结构)。     

FTIR结合曲线拟合分析用于普洱熟茶陈化过程的研究

为了研究陈化时间对普洱熟茶所含化学成分的影响,分析了同一品种普洱熟茶在不同陈化时间的傅里叶变换红外光谱,光谱初步显示不同陈化时间的普洱熟茶的化学成分存在差异。茶叶是一个复杂的体系,其红外光谱由所含成分的特征吸收带叠加而成。为了深入探索发生变化的特征带,对光谱中的1 900～900 cm-1吸收带进行傅里叶自去卷积,确定该范围内叠加子峰的个数和预估波数位置,然后进行曲线拟合分析。通过曲线拟合分析确定不同陈化时间普洱熟茶红外光谱中的蛋白质、茶多酚、果胶和多聚糖的子峰位置。蛋白质的特征吸收酰胺Ⅱ带子峰出现在1 520 cm-1,茶多酚和果胶吸收子峰分别出现在1 278和1 103 cm-1,葡甘露聚糖和阿拉伯聚糖的吸收子峰波数是1 063和1 037 cm-1,分别利用这些子峰面积和叠加带面积的比例间接反映蛋白质、茶多酚、果胶和多聚糖的含量在陈化过程中的变化情况。曲线拟合结果显示,随着陈化时间的增加,茶叶中的酰胺Ⅱ带子峰面积比例先增大后减小,同时茶多酚和果胶类物质含量比例减少,可溶性多聚糖类物质含量比例增加。这解释了普洱熟茶随着陈化时间增加其苦涩味减弱,口感上出现甜味的原因。研究表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合分析能反映普洱熟茶陈化过程中化学成分的变化,为其品质的评定提供有效依据。     

常见野生蘑菇的红外光谱及其二维相关红外光谱的鉴别

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱对13种常见野生蘑菇进行鉴别研究。结果显示13种野生蘑菇的红外光谱光谱特征相似,主要由蛋白质、多糖的吸收组成,13种样品的相关系数最小为0.779,最大值为0.960。在1 700~1 400和1 400~800 cm-1范围的二阶导数光谱中,各样品吸收峰的强度、位置和形状均有明显差异。二维相关红外光谱在1 380~1 680 cm-1范围的强自动峰整体相近,但自动峰和交叉峰位置、形状存在差异;在920~1 230 cm-1的范围,各样品的自动峰和交叉峰的数量、强度和位置差异明显。结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱有望发展为区分不同种类蘑菇的快速方法。     

鱼胶原蛋白肽与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯相互作用的研究

运用荧光光谱、红外光谱、圆二色谱和拉曼光谱等四种光谱手段, 研究了鱼胶原蛋白肽(FCP)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)在水溶液中的相互作用。荧光结果表明: EGCG使FCP中的酪氨酸荧光强度减小, 促进了二酪氨酸的形成;FCP与EGCG能够形成FCP-EGCG非共价复合物, 同时, EGCG影响了FCP中酪氨酸的微环境。红外光谱分析表明: FCP具有胶原蛋白特征吸收带;EGCG的加入使3 281 cm-1处的吸收峰消失, 3 076 cm-1处的吸收峰红移, 表明EGCG影响了酰胺A带和酰胺B带;1 659和1 689 cm-1处的吸收峰蓝移, 1 547 cm-1处的吸收峰红移以及1 248 cm-1处吸收峰的消失, 表明FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带均受到EGCG的影响。圆二色谱分析表明: 添加EGCG后, FCP 222 nm处的负峰消失, 198 nm处的负峰依次红移至200和204 nm, 说明EGCG影响了FCP的二级结构。拉曼光谱分析结果表明: EGCG的加入影响了FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带的吸收;同时, EGCG的添加使863和932 cm-1处的峰红移, 前者峰强度降低, 后者峰强度大幅增加, 表明羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸均参与了与EGCG的结合, 且EGCG浓度的增加使更多的脯氨酸暴漏。     

七种牛肝菌的红外光谱鉴别

运用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二维相关谱及主成分分析对7种同属牛肝菌进行分析鉴别。结果显示：7种牛肝菌的原始光谱总体特征相似,主要由蛋白质、多糖等的吸收峰组成,但在吸收峰强度、位置仍存在差异。对样品进行二维相关红外光谱分析,在二维相关红外光谱1 680～1 300 cm-1范围内,茶褐牛肝菌和双色牛肝菌出现了6个明显的自动峰;小美牛肝菌出现了5个明显的自动峰;灰褐牛肝菌和美柄牛肝菌出现4个明显自动峰;美味牛肝菌和铜色牛肝菌自动峰相对较少,只出现了3个明显的自动峰;而且自动峰和交叉峰的强度、位置也存在较大差异。同样在二维相关红外光谱1 150～920 cm-1范围内,不同牛肝菌的同步谱中自动峰和交叉峰的数量、强度和位置也不同。对光谱1 800～800 cm-1范围内的二阶导数进行主成分分析,所有样品均区分开,其分类正确率达100%。结果表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱结合二维相关红外光谱或者主成分分析可以有效地区分茶褐牛肝菌、小美牛肝菌、双色牛肝菌、灰褐牛肝菌、美柄牛肝菌、美味牛肝菌和铜色牛肝菌。该方法对于分类鉴别蘑菇是一种快速、准确、有效的方法。     

鱼胶原蛋白肽与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯相互作用的研究

运用荧光光谱、红外光谱、圆二色谱和拉曼光谱等四种光谱手段,研究了鱼胶原蛋白肽(FCP)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)在水溶液中的相互作用。荧光结果表明：EGCG使FCP中的酪氨酸荧光强度减小,促进了二酪氨酸的形成;FCP与EGCG能够形成FCP-EGCG非共价复合物,同时,EGCG影响了FCP中酪氨酸的微环境。红外光谱分析表明：FCP具有胶原蛋白特征吸收带;EGCG的加入使3 281 cm-1处的吸收峰消失,3 076 cm-1处的吸收峰红移,表明EGCG影响了酰胺A带和酰胺B带;1 659和1 689 cm-1处的吸收峰蓝移,1 547 cm-1处的吸收峰红移以及1 248 cm-1处吸收峰的消失,表明FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带均受到EGCG的影响。圆二色谱分析表明：添加EGCG后,FCP 222 nm处的负峰消失,198 nm处的负峰依次红移至200和204 nm,说明EGCG影响了FCP的二级结构。拉曼光谱分析结果表明：EGCG的加入影响了FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带的吸收;同时,EGCG的添加使863和932 cm-1处的峰红移,前者峰强度降低,后者峰强度大幅增加,表明羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸均参与了与EGCG的结合,且EGCG浓度的增加使更多的脯氨酸暴漏。     

乳菇和红菇的红外光谱及其二维相关红外光谱的分析与鉴别

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱原始谱、二阶导数光谱以及二维相关谱的三级鉴定方法,对红菇属和乳菇属六种蘑菇进行了鉴别分析。六种样品的原始光谱吸收峰非常相似,主要为蛋白质和碳水化合物的吸收组成,但在各样品吸收峰强度、峰形和峰位上仍有微小差异。对其进行二阶导数分析,在二阶导数谱中,1 800～1 400和1 200～800 cm-1范围内的吸收峰强度、位置、峰形状显示出明显差异。二维相关红外光谱提高了光谱的分辨率;对六种蘑菇样品进行二维相关红外光谱分析,发现在1 690～1 420 cm-1范围内,三种乳菇出现了3个明显的自动峰,另外三种红菇出现了4个自动峰,而且自动峰和交叉峰位置、强度均不同;在1 110～920 cm-1二维光谱范围内,六种蘑菇的自动峰和交叉峰的数量、位置和强度也都不同;说明不同样品中蛋白质和糖类化合物的显著不同。结果表明：应用红外光谱、二阶导数谱和二维相关红外光谱三级鉴定的技术可以快速有效地分析和鉴别辣乳菇、绒白乳菇、香乳菇、稀褶红菇、变绿红菇和近似酒红菇。该多级鉴定的方法对于分类鉴别蘑菇是一种快速、准确、有效的方法。     

温度对鱼鳞胶原蛋白二级结构的影响

从草鱼鱼鳞中提取酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC),通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析为典型Ⅰ型胶原蛋白且达到电泳纯。在此基础上利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和圆二色谱(CD)研究了温度对鱼鳞胶原蛋白二级结构的影响。FTIR分析表明：鱼鳞胶原蛋白具有典型的胶原蛋白特征吸收带,酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ和酰胺Ⅲ带的特征吸收频率分别出现在1658,1552和1238cm-1处。随温度升高,酰胺A和酰胺B峰位向低波数移动,1658cm-1处吸收峰裂解成多个吸收峰;1552cm-1处的吸收峰在35℃微略红移,随后发生明显蓝移;1238cm-1处吸收峰随温度升高向低波数移动。在拉曼光谱中,胶原蛋白的酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ和酰胺Ⅲ带的特征吸收频率分别出现在1669,1557和1245cm-1处,都较红外光谱的波数高;此外,921和855cm-1处脯氨酸的特征谱峰在拉曼光谱中体现出来。圆二色谱分析表明,胶原蛋白溶液在221.6和204.4nm分别有一正、负峰,具有典型胶原蛋白三螺旋结构的特征圆二色谱峰型。胶原蛋白冻干品的FTIR光谱和Raman谱线大都在35～60℃时发生波数和强度改变,而胶原蛋白乙酸溶液的CD谱线在20～35℃之间发生剧烈改变。由此可以判断胶原蛋白在固态和溶液状态下,变性温度存在一定差异,胶原蛋白冻干品比其乙酸溶液更稳定。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.