草酸钙结石患者尿液中纳米级和微米级晶体研究

尿液中存在的微晶与尿石症的形成密切相关。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、纳米粒度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了20位草酸钙结石患者尿液中纳米级和微米级晶体的组分、形貌和Zeta电位,并与结石组分进行了比较。结果表明,草酸钙结石中常常含有少量共生的尿酸、磷酸钙和磷酸铵镁;而草酸钙结石患者的尿微晶组分主要为尿酸、磷酸盐和草酸钙等,晶体棱角尖锐,尺寸不一,从几十纳米到几十微米不等,并且有明显的团聚现象。20位草酸钙结石患者的尿纳米晶体的Zeta电位平均值为-5.92 mV,明显高于20位健康对照者尿纳米晶体的Zeta电位(平均值-12.9 mV);相比之下,结石患者尿液pH值(平均值为6.03)则与健康对照者(平均值5.92)没有明显差异。利用现代仪器分析方法分析尿液微晶与尿石组分的关系,可为临床上对症下药,制定预防与治疗措施提供重要的依据。     

尿液pH变化与尿液中纳米微晶组分的关系

采用X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了尿液pH变化与尿液中纳米微晶组分的关系。不但尿pH差异大的不同人尿液中微晶组分存在差异,而且同一人的尿pH发生变化时,其尿微晶亦发生变化。尿pH值较低(如pH＜5.8)时,主要为尿酸、酸式磷酸盐和草酸钙等;尿pH值较高(如pH＞6.2)时,主要为尿酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸铵镁和草酸钙等。联合运用XRD和FTIR两种方法,可以更好地检测尿液中晶体组分,有助于了解尿石症的成因。     

尿酸结石患者尿液中的微晶组分及其与结石形成的关系

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、纳米粒度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了10例尿酸结石患者尿微晶的组分、Zeta电位、形貌及其与尿酸结石形成的关系.结果表明,尿酸结石患者的尿pH值较低,大都在4.8～5.7之间;尿微晶的主要成分为尿酸.其粒度分布很不均匀,从几纳米到几十微米不等,并有聚集现象.相比健康对照者尿纳米微品的Zeta电位(-10.1mV),尿酸结石患者的Zeta电位负值更小(-6.02 mV).对这些患者进行药物治疗(服用柠檬酸钾)后,尿pH可上升到6.5左右,此时尿液中的大部分尿酸转变为溶解度显著增加的尿酸盐,因此,尿酸结石形成的危险性显著降低.本文结果表明,尿石组分、尿微晶组分及尿pH三者之间存在密切的联系.     

尿液中的纳米晶体组分及其对草酸钙结石形成的影响

采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、能谱分析和X射线衍射对草酸钙(CaOx)结石患者尿液中纳米晶体的组分进行了准确分析。这些技术检测到一水草酸钙(COM)、尿酸(UA)和磷酸钙(CaP)的存在,能谱分析检测到大量C,O,Ca和少量N和P等元素,表明尿纳米晶体的主要组分是COM,并含有少量的尿酸和磷酸盐。电子显微镜观察到CaOx结石患者尿纳米晶体的粒径主要分布在几十纳米,其结果与Scherer公式计算相符。采用不同孔径的微孔滤膜(0.45,1.2和3 μm)将尿液过滤后,得到的尿微晶衍射峰的数量随着滤膜孔径的增加而增加,表明尿微晶的种类增加。CaOx尿石的形成过程涉及尿液晶体的成核、生长、团聚和与细胞的粘附等过程。尿液中大量纳米COM晶体的存在是草酸钙结石形成的重要原因。纳米UA,CaP晶体能够作为晶巢促进草酸钙结石的形成。     

不同类型尿石的XRD,FTIR和热释光谱分析

采用热释光谱仪(TLD)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了四类不同类型肾结石的化学组分,它们分别是:草酸钙、尿酸、磷酸钙和磷酸铵镁结石.实验结果表明,在所研究的305例尿石中,草酸钙为主要组分的占63%,尿酸22%,磷酸钙8%,磷酸铵镁5%,其他组分2%.四类肾结石的热释光谱存在显著差异,可为临床上诊断肾结石的类型提供启示.     

服药前后草酸钙结石患者尿微晶的性质变化

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、纳米粒度仪和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了6例草酸钙结石患者在服药前后尿微晶性质的变化.结果表明,服药后尿pH值由服药前的5.87±0.51增加至6.23±0.74;服药前的主要成分为尿酸、一水草酸钙(COM)和磷酸氢盐,服药后尿微晶种类和数量均比服药前减少;服药前,尿微晶的平均粒径为(579±326) nm,服药后减小至(404±338) nm;服药前尿微晶的Zeta电位为(-4.28±2.55) mV,服药后为(-7.29±4.16) mV,Zeta电位变负有利于防止尿微晶沉积;服药前尿微品棱角尖锐,有明显的团聚现象,而服药后尿微晶形貌圆钝,团聚较少.采用现代仪器分析研究服药前后草酸钙结石患者尿液微晶的性质变化,对临床上预防和治疗尿结石具有重要的临床意义.     

泌尿系结石组分分析方法及其研究进展

对泌尿系结石组分进行准确的分析可为治疗尿石症和预防其复发提供重要的参考。文章综述了现代仪器分析方法在草酸钙结石、磷酸盐结石、尿酸和尿酸盐结石及胱氨酸类结石等组分分析中的应用及其研究进展,这些技术包括拉曼光谱、差热-热重(TGA/DTA)、核磁共振(NMR)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等。     

激光散射法对尿液中纳米微晶粒径及其分布的研究

泌尿系结石已经成为威胁人类健康的一种常见病、多发病,目前对其形成的机制尚不清楚。文章采用激光散射法测定了正常人尿液和尿石症患者尿液中纳米粒子的粒径和粒径分布,该方法快速准确、经济、容易操作。正常人尿液比尿石症患者尿液的稳定性好,归因于正常人尿液中纳米微晶尺寸分布均匀,不容易聚集,而尿石症患者尿液的纳米微晶尺寸分布不均匀,粒子间容易聚集而沉降。通过分析尿样稀释、离心或者用微孔滤膜过滤后体系的光强-自相关函数曲线,得到了制备稳定的尿样悬浮液的方法：尿样先稀释20%,然后离心或用1.2 μm微孔滤膜过滤,可得到稳定的尿液悬浮液。激光散射法结果与TEM检测结果一致。从尿液中存在的范德华力、尿液粘度、酸碱性、离子强度、尿液中纳米微晶的表面电荷和Zeta电位等方面解释了尿液稳定的原因。     

哺乳动物尿液中钙镁离子浓度的1H NMR测定方法

哺乳动物体液中的钙镁离子浓度能够反映体内营养代谢的平衡与一些疾病的发生发展. 尿液中钙镁离子浓度的准确测量需要不受基质影响的便捷新方法. 该文使用过量乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)为探针并通过¹H NMR方法测定钙镁离子与EDTA络合物的含量,建立了一种快速原位的尿液钙镁离子浓度测量方法. 将此方法分别用于人、大鼠及小鼠的尿液测定,发现3类哺乳动物的尿液钙镁离子浓度存在显著的物种依赖性和较大的相同物种个体间差异. 上述为生物体液中钙镁离子浓度的快速定量测量提供了便捷方法,也提供了3类哺乳动物尿液钙镁离子浓度的基础数据.     

半导体掺杂玻璃的微晶结构及超快弛豫过程

透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了CdS_0.3,Se_0.7掺杂的半导体微晶玻璃的微晶尺寸分布,微晶尺寸由热处理温度和时间来控制。当微晶尺寸接近或小于激子Bohr半径时,吸收光谱出现亚带结构,带隙能向高能移动,证明了量子尺寸效应。非相干光时间延迟的四波混频(TDFWM-IL)技术测试研究了玻璃的快速弛豫过程。     

EDXRF,FTIR, and XRD characterization of low calcium oxalate urinary stones collected from arid area

Low calcium oxalate urinary stones from the kidney, bladder, and ureter have been collected from the arid area (Taif, Saudi Arabia). After careful washing and drying of the collected stones, the samples were converted into a contamination-free homogenous fine powder with a particles' size smaller than 50 μm. The processed urinary stone powders were studied using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), laboratory setup and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The activated function groups, quantitative phase analysis, and the semi-quantitative elemental analysis of the present urinary stones were identified. Seventeen elements were measured in most of the urinary stone samples. The significant elements are Ca, P, S, Cl, Zn, K, Fe, and Cu, whereas other elements were found alternatively in a few number of urinary stone samples. It was recognized that Ca exists with low concentration, which indicates the presence of different calcium phases even with low percentages. In 33% of the urinary stones, the phosphorus (P) was not measured, but there were high concentrations of sulfur (S) and low concentrations of Ca up to 2.15 ± 0.05%. The ATR-FTIR results indicate that the most compounds of the present urinary stones were urea and cystine combined with low ratios of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate compounds. The quantitative phase analysis of the XRD of selected samples proves the presence of the cystine, urea, and calcium oxalate phases with different weight percent.     

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy identification of urinary stone composition from ureteroscopic lithotripsy urine powder

Urolithiasis is a prevalent, disturbing, and highly recurrent disease. Knowing the composition of a urinary stone is important for prevention purposes. Traditional urinary stone analysis methods need large stone fragments for analysis. However, the advancement of ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) has resulted in micro‐stone fragments and unapparently expelled urinary stone powder. In this study, we developed a micro‐Raman spectroscopy (MRS) based diagnosis method for detecting micro‐stones or stone powders in urine after URSL. In our experiment, urine samples of 10 ml each were collected from 12 patients over the fragmented stone site in the ureter after the URSL procedure. The post‐URSL urine sediments extracted from urine were analyzed by MRS. The small urinary stones caught by grasping forceps were analyzed by both MRS and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We have identified common urinary stone compositions: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), calcium phosphate hydroxide (hydroxyl apatite or HAP), and uric acid, by using a 632.8 nm He‐Ne laser for excitation, a 100× microscope objective lens for irradiation and collection, and a short photobleaching time for fluorescent background reduction. Thus, we developed an MRS‐based method for analyzing the composition of urinary stone powders directly from the urine samples after the URSL procedure. This approach provides a quick and convenient method for urinary stone analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ultrasonic parameters of concentric laminated uric acid stones

Recently a new idea for the disintegration of urinary calculi based upon the large difference of the acoustic impedance inside urinary calculi was suggested. This large difference of acoustical impedance between the two main components of kidney stones, is confirmed in this paper for smooth laminated uric acid stones by two different experimental techniques measuring sound velocities: a surface contact and a submersion technique. Our measured values correlate well with the large differences of the earlier reported measured sound velocities. In general, the disintegration of a urinary stone can be described as follows: a urinary calculus is an inhomogeneous geometrical structure, and its structure plays an important role in the disintegration process.     

福建寿山黑田与坑头黑的谱学与矿物学研究

寿山石是我国国石候选石之一,也是四大图章石之首。寿山石中黑田为黑色田黄石,是田黄中的特殊品种,产于寿山溪两旁的田地中。母源区坑头占的位置产有黑色坑头石。本文将黑田与母源区的黑色坑头石(坑头黑)进行对比研究,采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、红外吸收光谱(IR)、激光剥蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)和扫描电镜(SEM)对它们的矿物成分、红外吸收峰特征、颜色成因以及矿物的微区形貌特征进行对比研究。测试结果显示,黑田与坑头黑的矿物成分不同,红外光谱和X射线粉晶衍射分析表明坑头黑以地开石为主;另外,X射线粉晶衍射分析表明坑头黑中可含有杂质矿物如叶蜡石、伊利石、黄铁矿和石英。而红外光谱和X射线粉晶衍射分析表明黑田的主要成分为地开石或者珍珠陶石;另外,X射线粉晶衍射分析表明黑田中含有少量的硫磷铝锶矿和镁硫铁矿。黑田与坑头黑的矿物微形貌也存在差异,黑田矿物晶粒大小不一致、片状晶体颗粒边缘圆化,说明黑田中矿物晶体曾遭受过水岩反应的溶蚀改造作用。而坑头黑中地开石结晶程度良好,晶粒呈片状,边棱尖锐,晶体颗粒大小较为一致,说明坑头黑为原生矿。根据LA-ICP-MS微量化学成分分析测试,初步认为黑田与坑头黑的黑色皆与Fe元素致色有关,该结论有待进一步测试研究。     

Spectroscopic investigations on kidney stones using Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry

Kidney stone is the most painful and prevalent urological disorder of the urinary system throughout the world. Thus, analysis of kidney stones is an integral part in the evaluation of patents having stone disease. Spectroscopic investigations of stones provide an idea about the pathogenesis of stones for its better cure and treatment. Hence, the present work targets multispectroscopic investigations on kidney stones using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and wave dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WD‐XRF) spectroscopy which are the most useful analytical methods for the purpose of bio‐medical diagnostics. In the present study, FTIR spectral method is used to investigate the chemical composition and classification of kidney stones. The multicomponents of kidney stones such as calcium oxalate, hydroxyl apatite, phosphates, carbonates, and struvite were investigated and studied. Qualitative and quantitative determination of major and trace elements present in the kidney stones was performed employing WD‐XRF spectroscopy. The wide range of elements determined in the kidney stones were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), iodine (I), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), strontium (Sr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and bromine (Br). For the first time, ruthenium was detected in kidney stone samples employing WD‐XRF in very low concentration. Our results revealed that the presence and relative concentrations of trace elements in different kinds of stones are different and depend on the stone types. From the experiments carried out on kidney stones for trace elemental detection, it was found that WD‐XRF is a robust analytical tool that can be useful for the diagnosis of urological disorders. We have also compared our findings with the results reported using XRF technique. The results obtained in the present paper show interesting prospects for FTIR and WD‐XRF spectrometry in nephrolithiasis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Infrared Analysis of Urinary Stones,Using a Single Reflection Accessory and a KBr Pellet Transmission*

This work is a comparative study of two FTIR techniques applied to urinary stones analysis: single reflection diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) and KBr pellet transmission (KPT). We show that the two methods allow the identification of all stone components. The ATR technique is more useful and rapid to identify the species without sample pretreatment. Nevertheless, KPT is more appropriate for components determination in urinary stones.

These techniques were applied to the study of a series of 313 calculi. The stone constituents were first identified by ATR, and in a second step, the proportion of each species present in the stone was determined by KPT in whole‐stone mixture.

The results obtained showed the presence of 11 different components classified as follows with the frequency of detection in the stones studied: calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite), 78.9%; carbapatite, 33.9%; calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite), 24%; uric acid anhydrous, 19.2%; ammonium hydrogen urate, 7%; struvite, 4.8%; cystine, 1%; ammonium sodium urate and other phosphates (amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate, brushite, whitlockite), each in less than 1%.