Activity and Conformation of Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase (YADH) Entrapped in Reverse Micelles

Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) solubilized in reverse micelles of aerosol OT (i.e., AOT or sodium bis (2-ethyl hexyl) sulfosuccinate) in isooctane has been shown to be catalytically more active than that in aqueous buffer under optimum conditions of pH, temperature, and water content in reverse micelles. Studies of the secondary structure conformational changes of the enzyme in reverse micelles have been made from circular dichroism spectroscopy. It has been seen that the conformation of YADH in reverse micelles is extremely sensitive to pH, temperature, and water content. A comparison has been made between the catalytic activity of the enzyme and the α-helix content in the conformation and it has been observed that the enzyme is most active at the maximum α-helix content. While the β-sheet content in the conformation of the entrapped enzyme was found to be dependent on the enzyme–micelle interface interaction, the α-helix and random coil conformations are governed by the degree of entrapment and the extent of rigidity provided by the micelle core to the enzyme structure.     

混合反胶束的电导与微结构研究

反胶束是两亲分子在非极性溶剂中形成的一种有序组合体，在医药、化工、采油、胶束催化及酶催化等领域中有重要应用．与胶束溶液相比，人们对反胶束的形成与结构的了解至今仍不充分．特别是对于由混合表面活性剂形成的反胶束的研究几乎无人涉及．本文采用动态光散射、电导及荧光光谱等手段对阴离子表面活性剂AOT与非离子表面活性剂形成的混合反胶束进行了研究，旨在探讨利用表面活性剂的复配来调节和控制反胶束的结构和性能．亚实验部分二异辛基磺化琉璃酸钠（AOT，Sigma公司）；Brij30为含4个氧乙烯基（EO基）的十二碳醇（AcrosOrgani…     

Influence of Gold Nanoparticles of Varying Size in Improving the Lipase Activity within Cationic Reverse Micelles

Herein, we report the effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in enhancing lipase activity in reverse micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/water/isooctane/n‐hexanol. The size and concentration of the nanoparticles were varied and their specific roles were assessed in detail. An overall enhancement of activity was observed in the GNP‐doped CTAB reverse micelles. The improvement in activity becomes more prominent with increasing concentration and size of the GNPs (0–52 μM and ca. 3–30 nm, respectively). The observed highest lipase activity (k₂=1070±12 cm³ g^?1 s^?1) in GNP‐doped CTAB reverse micelles ([GNP]: 52 μm, ca. 20 nm) is 2.5‐fold higher than in CTAB reverse micelles without GNPs. Improvement in the lipase activity is only specific to the GNP‐doped reverse micellar media, whereas GNP deactivates and structurally deforms the enzyme in aqueous media. The reason for this activation is probably due to the formation of larger‐sized reverse micelles in which the GNP acts as a polar core and the surfactants aggregate around the nanoparticle (‘GNP pool’) instead of only water. Lipase at the augmented interface of the GNP‐doped reverse micelle showed improved activity because of enhancement in both the substrate and enzyme concentrations and increased flexibility in the lipase conformation. The extent of the activation is greater in the case of the larger‐sized GNPs. A correlation has been established between the activity of lipase and its secondary structure by using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The generalized influence of GNP is verified in the reverse micelles of another surfactant, namely, cetyltripropylammonium bromide (CTPAB). TEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis were utilized to characterize the GNPs and the organized aggregates. For the first time, CTAB‐based reverse micelles have been found to be an excellent host for lipase simply by doping with appropriately sized GNPs.     

有机溶剂对酶催化活性和选择性的影响

有机溶剂中酶的结构与功能与在水中有很大的不同, 通过调整反应介质可系统地改善酶针对目标反应的活性和选择性。重点阐述了溶剂对酶催化反应的活性和选择性的影响及其控制策略, 给出了酶催化选择性的热力学预测模型。     

Photophysics of Indocarbocyanine Dyes in Organic Solvents

The absorption and fluorescence properties of a series of 18 indocarbocyanine dyes in organic solvents have been determined. The wavelengths of the absorption and fluorescence maxima, the fluorescence lifetimes and the fluorescence quantum yields relative to the benzo-15-crown-5-substituted phthalocyanine have been measured. The results are discussed in relation to the molecular structures or the dye studied.     

AEOT反胶束中脂肪酶的催化活性

反胶束已广泛应用于膜模拟化学和蛋白质的液 液萃取中[1～ 3] ,反胶束酶反应作为实现有机相酶催化的方法之一 ,具有许多独特的优点 ,反胶束独特的结构特征使表面活性剂分子组成的膜将油水相隔开 ,从而有利于保持酶的活性和稳定性。酶在反胶束的微水环境中比在水溶液中更接近天然的细胞内环境 ,在这里酶和底物分子均可得到有效的分散 ,接触几率大大提高 ,因而催化效率也得到很大提高。反胶束可以适用于各种类型的 (亲水的、疏水的和双亲的 )底物[4] ,已逐步形成“胶束酶学”的研究分支 ,研究胶束酶学的Martinek等[3] 曾预言 :反胶束体系有可…     

Catalysis in Organic Solvents with Lipase Immobilized by Sol-Gel Technique

A series of immobilized lipases were obtained by sol-gel process, using silica prepolymers prepared from tetramethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. The activities of these biocatalysts were compared with the lipase adsorbed on poly(methylhydroxysiloxane) and encapsulated into a silicone rubber, lipase entrapped in nanoporous silica matrix and commercial sol-gel lipase. Model reactions were the esterification of stearic acid and Corey lactone bisalcohol (an intermediate of prostaglandin synthesis). The positive effect of hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface, created by the addition of organosilanes, on the activity of biocatalysts was partially reduced by decreasing specific surface of mesopores. Hydrophobic solvents increased the activity of the lipase entrapped in tetramethoxysilane–methyltrimethoxysilane prepolymer in the sequence acetone < toluene < benzene < decane < hexane. The activity of silicone rubber-encapsulated biocatalysts was proportional to polymer swelling in organic solvents (hexane > toluene > acetone).     

脂酶催化及其在光学活性有机化合物合成中的应用

讨论了脂肪酶的一般特性，介绍了它们在制备光学活性天然产物以及在医药、农药等方面的应用。     

脂肪酶在有机溶剂中催化酯合成和酯交换反应

报道了猪胰脂肪酶在冻干时的pH值、有机溶剂的极性、反应系统的含水量、温度以及底物碳链的长度和支链对酶在有机相中催化活性的影响规律。利用该酶合成了具有玫瑰香味的月桂酸香茅酯和辛酸香茅酯。     

盐酸胍对反胶束中RNase A活性的影响

以胞嘧啶核苷酸2',3'-环单磷酸酯为底物研究了变性剂盐酸胍对十二胺丁酸盐-环己烷反胶束溶液中核糖核酸酶A活性的影响,同水溶液相比,盐酸胍对反胶束中酶活性的抑制作用很小。反胶束的大小限制了酶分子天然态构象的改变,从而保证了其活性中心的完整性。核糖核酸酶A的内源荧光研究发现,同水溶液相比,反胶束中蛋白的最大发射波长没有发生变化,但荧光偏振极化度增加,也表明了在反胶束中酶分子的运动自由度较在水溶液中有所降低。     

Effects of Organic Solvents on Immobilized Lipase in Pectin Microspheres

Lipase from Brevibacillus agri 52 was found stable up to 90% diethylenglycol (DEG), glycerol (GLY), and 1,2 propanediol (1,2 PRO) at 37 degrees C for 1 h and the stability was reduced only approximately 20% after 12 h incubation, but in 40% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), lipase activity was stable only for 1 h. Inhibition of the biocatalysts with dimethylformamide (DMF) was detected at 20% solvent concentration. In water immiscible systems, the stability of lipase in n-hexane, n-tetradecane and n-heptane resembles the water activity, but in the presence of isobutanol, 1-hexanol, and butylbutirate, the stability was significantly reduced. Lipase 52 precipitates in the presence of 50% acetone or ethanol/water mixtures, but enzymatic activity was partially recovered by adding 20% GLY, DEG, 1,2 PRO, or DMSO to the reaction mixture. Furthermore, by increasing DEG in 70% DMF/DEG mixtures, the lipase activity was protected. Encapsulation of lipase in pectin gels cross-linked with calcium ions brings three to four times more enzymatic activity in 70% water miscible organic solvents compared to aqueous systems.     

Effect of the Constrained Environment on the Interactions between the Surfactant and Different Polar Solvents Encapsulated within AOT Reverse Micelles

Herein, we report a study of the interactions between different nonaqueous polar solvents, namely, ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (GY), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethylacetamide (DMA), and the polar heads of sodium 1,4‐bis‐2‐ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT) in nonaqueous AOT/n‐heptane reverse micelles. The goal of our study is to gain insights into the unique reverse‐micelle microenvironment created upon encapsulation of these polar solvents. For the first time, the study is focused on determining which regions of the AOT molecular structure are involved in the interactions with the polar solvents. We use FTIR spectroscopy—a noninvasive technique—to follow the changes in the AOT C?O band and the symmetric and asymmetric SO₃^? vibration modes upon increasing the content of polar solvents in the micelles. The results show that GY interacts through H bonds with the SO₃^? group, thereby removing the Na⁺ counterions from the interface remaining in the polar core of the micelles. PG and EG interact through H bonds, mainly with the C?O group of AOT, penetrating into the oil side of the interface. Thus, they interact weakly with the Na⁺ counterion, which seems to be close to the AOT sulfonate group. Finally, DMF and DMA, encapsulated inside the reverse micelles, interact neither with the C?O nor with the SO₃^? groups, but their weakly bulk‐associated structure is broken because of the interactions with Na⁺. We suggest that DMF and DMA can complex the Na⁺ ions through their carbonyl and nitrogen groups. Hence, our results do not only give insights into how the constrained environment affects the bulk properties of polar solvents encapsulated within reverse micelles but—more importantly—they also help us to answer the tricky question about which regions of the AOT moiety are involved in the interactions with the polar solvents. We believe that our results show a clear picture of the interactions present at the nonaqueous reverse‐micelle interface; this is important because these media are interesting nanoreactors for heterogeneous chemistry, templates for nanoparticles, and models for membranes.     

Pretreatment of Polymer-Supported Pd-Co and Its Catalytic Activity

l/or if llctcrogclleous catalyst, it is c('lllllloll that dillbrcnt 1llcthods of preparation result ina dillbrcllcc ill tile catalytic activity, altllotlgll its composition is the same. For atriltlitiotlill if')lllogctlcolls catalyst witll ljxc(l c(f)lllpositioll, its catalytic activity usuallydt)es hot cllallgc Witll tile llletllod elf l,l'cl,arutioll. I'olylller-supported catalysts are calledtile lletcrogcllizc(1 llolllogcllcolls catalysts that colllbille the nlcrits of h()1llogcncous andllc…     

Photoluminescence of Acenaphthenone in Organic Solvents and Aqueoug Media

The configuration of the lowest excited state of acenaphthenone, S₁(π, π^*) or T₁(π, π^*), depending on the solvent, dominates photoluminescence. The T₁(n, π^*) state in aprotic organic solvents is responsible for the phosphorescence of acenaphthenone. The wavelengths of the phosphorescence measured in benzene are 576 nm and 635 nm (vibronic) with 3.3 × 10^?4 quantum efficiency. However, the S₁(π, π^*) state in protic solution which dominates the fluorescence emission depending upon acidity is the most distinctive feature of acenaphthenone. The wavelengths of the emissions are 446 nm under water solvation with 0.185 quantum efficiency and 538 nm with 0.097 quantum efficiency under high acidity. The emission at 446 nm is assigned from a H-bonded keto-form excited state, whereas the emission at 538 nm is probably due to the excited state of protonated keto-form. The pK_a value in aqueous solution measured by diminution of fluorescence in basic solutions is 12.5 ± 0.4.     

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic agricultural waste for delignification,rapid hydrolysis,and enhanced biogas production: A review

Lignocellulosic biomass can play a pivotal role in achieving the goal of sustainable development of a predominantly agrarian country like India. The abundant availability of lignocellulosic materials makes it more suitable to go for the energization of this waste material. Lignocellulosic agriculture waste is essentially renewable and carbon-neutral source of energy. It has the potential to minimize greenhouse gas emissions by adopting proper biomass to energy conversion routes like biochemical conversion to mitigate climate change. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a compulsory step for delignification before hydrolysis and subsequent AD or fermentation process to facilitate enhanced biofuel (biogas/bioethanol) generation. The most studied pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic agricultural biomass in the past 10 years including acid, alkali, ionic liquid, microwave, ultrasonication, steam explosion, liquid hot water, ammonia-based, biological, and electrohydrolysis pretreatments methods are discussed in this review paper. The criteria to measure pretreatment efficiency, different pretreatment processes parameters, and their pros and cons are also discussed. The alkaline pretreatment method is most promising in the delignification of lignocellulosic agricultural biomass residues like rice straw. This review may impart help to the prospective researchers in understanding rubrics of different pretreatment processes for further research work in the area of pretreatment.     

果菠萝蛋白酶在有机溶剂微扰时的分子折叠与活力变化的研究

本文用荧光、紫外差示及CD光谱研究果菠萝蛋白酶经甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇微扰后的构象与活力变化情况.酶的荧光强度随有机溶剂浓度增大而增强,表明Tyr、Trp微环境发生明显变化。232nm和285nm处出现紫外差吸收正峰。前峰与酶分于折叠的变化有关,而后峰与Tyr、Trp微环境的变化相关.甲醇、乙醇微扰后,天然酶的208nm和225nmCD双负峰逐渐加强,而乙二醇微扰后,225nm负峰加强。208nm负峰减弱并红移直至完全消失,说明酶分子完全伸展.     

有机相中蚕丝固定化脂肪酶催化酯化反应性能研究

研究了有机相中蚕丝固定化脂肪酶催化酶化反应的催化活性。考究了有机溶剂,底物、反应温度,ＰＨ值和体系含水量等因素对固定化脂肪酶催化活性的影响。结果表明,以异辛烷为有机溶剂,在反应温度为５０℃ＰＨ值为７．４时,酶催化活性最好。     

General Aspects and Optimization of Enantioselective Biocatalysis in Organic Solvents: The Use of Lipases [New Synthetic Methods (76)]

Enantioselective biocatalysis in nonaqueous media is becoming increasingly important in preparative synthetic chemistry. This article discusses (1) the general catalytic properties of enzymes in nonaqueous environments, (2) the basic principles that govern lipase-catalyzed enantioselective esterification and transesterification reactions in organic media for the preparation of optically active acids and alcohols, (3) the determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, and (4) the quantitative analysis of published data.     

核糖核酸酶A在DAB-环乙烷溶液中的活性和构象

The activity and conformation of ribonuclerse A (RNaseA) solubilized in cyclohexane via dodecylammonium butyrate(DAB) reverse micelles were investigated. The activity of RNaseA was studied using the cytidine 2’,3’ -phosphate as the substrate, and it was found that kcat increases significantly with respect to that in water attended by an increased Km•FT-IR spectra of RNaseA in reverse micellar solution were investigated as a function of w0(= [H2O]/ [DAB]), and it was noted that the structure of RNaseA became losser in reverse micelles campared to that in aqueous solution. The relation between activity and conformation was discussed.