用显示器测量人眼衬比度敏感函数

人眼视觉系统(HVS)特性是图像显示、处理和理解等理论与技术的重要依据,衬比度敏感函数(CSF)是描述视觉系统空间特性的主要指标之一。显示器作为图像信息输出的主要设备,显示器环境下人眼衬比度敏感函数数据更有实际应用价值。研究用阴极射线管(CRT)显示器测量人眼亮度衬比度敏感函数,详细描述采用10 bit图像显示卡产生亮度条纹衬比度达到人眼阈值的方法,提出采用多衬比度交互阈值确定(MITD)衬比度阈值的心理物理学实验方法。对矩形条纹的平均亮度10 cd/m26、0 cd/m29、0 cd/m2三个等级,0.41 cpd,0.82 cpd,1.23 cpd,1.97 cpd,3.08 cpd,3.79 cpd,4.93 cpd,7.04 cpd,9.86 cpd,16.43 cpd,24.64 cpd 11个空间频率和12名正常视力的青年进行了测量。测量结果与国内外采用光学装置方法测量结果进行了比较和讨论。     

人眼亮度和色度对比敏感视觉特性的#br# 测量及其模型研究

为了探讨人眼对比度敏感视觉特性,利用显示器显示11种空间频率、平均亮度为10、60和90 cd/m2的目标光栅,设计实验测量了120名青年的人眼亮度和色度对比敏感度数据,并采用最小二乘法对测量数据进行了分析和拟合,提出了一种多项式调制下的指数形式的人眼亮度和色度对比敏感视觉特性的数学模型,且与国内外典型的模型进行了对比分析。结果表明:随着空间频率f的增加,人眼对比敏感度先增加后减小,当f在3 cpd～4 cpd(周/度)时,人眼最为敏感,其与目前典型的视觉模型基本一致。表明提出的测量方法是有效的、可行的,提出的视觉模型具有一定的科学性;且该测量方法操作简单,视觉模型计算复杂度低,在实际应用中优于典型的测量方法和视觉模型,具有一定的参考价值。     

人眼对比度敏感视觉特性及模型研究

人眼视觉系统特性是图像显示、处理、理解等技术的重要依据,通过实验测试和理论分析研究人眼的视觉特性,使人眼视觉特性模型化,对促进光电成像技术的发展和应用具有重要的作用。结合前人拟合人眼对比度敏感函数和理论提取其数学模型的经验,对用CRT显示器显示目标光栅,在暗室环境下测量三种平均亮度的人眼对比度敏感数据采用线性调制作用下的指数形式的方法进行了拟合,并从理论上得出了一种新的CSF数学模型。通过与国外拟合结果的对比,表明此模型是一种更好的人眼对比对敏感视觉特性模型。     

人眼亮度和色度对比敏感视觉特性的测量及其模型研究

为了探讨人眼对比度敏感视觉特性,利用显示器显示11种空间频率、平均亮度为10、60和90cd/m2的目标光栅,设计实验测量了120名青年的人眼亮度和色度对比敏感度数据,并采用最小二乘法对测量数据进行了分析和拟合,提出了一种多项式调制下的指数形式的人眼亮度和色度对比敏感视觉特性的数学模型,且与国内外典型的模型进行了对比分析。结果表明:随着空间频率f的增加,人眼对比敏感度先增加后减小,当f在3cpd~4cpd(周/度)时,人眼最为敏感,其与目前典型的视觉模型基本一致。表明提出的测量方法是有效的、可行的,提出的视觉模型具有一定的科学性;且该测量方法操作简单,视觉模型计算复杂度低,在实际应用中优于典型的测量方法和视觉模型,具有一定的参考价值。     

基于人眼视觉的电润湿电子纸显示器 亮度非线性校正方法

针对反射式电润湿显示器在不同环境光下,对显示器上内容的清晰度、对比度的影响,提出一种保留相邻灰度人眼视觉响应差的亮度校正方法.该方法保证其它环境光下的人眼对相邻灰度的响应差与参考环境光下的响应差一致.同时为实现电润湿显示器的精准调制,将校正后的亮度进行二次校正,非线性校正.采用本文方法校正后的电压与亮度曲线的关系更接近线性,提高了电润湿显示器对比度,增加图像细节,优化了显示效果.     

指数掺杂GaAs光电阴极分辨力特性分析

通过建立和求解指数掺杂阴极中电子所遵循的二维连续性方程,得到了透射式指数掺杂阴极的调制传递函数表达式,并利用该表达式对阴极分辨力特性进行了理论计算和分析.计算结果显示,与均匀掺杂相比,指数掺杂能较明显地提高阴极的分辨力.当空间频率f在100—400 lp/mm范围时,分辨力的提高最为明显,如当f=200 lp/mm时,分辨力一般可提高20%—50%.与量子效率的提高相同,指数掺杂阴极分辨力的提高也是内建电场作用的结果. 关键词： 指数掺杂 内建电场 分辨力 调制传递函数     

简易-环境光对比度与恰可察觉明度阈值建模

针对环境光对移动终端显示内容室外可读性的影响,以及移动终端设备亮度与环境光的相关性,用液晶显示器(LCD)的移动终端测量了人眼恰可察觉明度阈值。在不同环境光照度,不同设备亮度下,观察不同空间频率和不同平均明度的正弦灰色条纹,记录恰可察觉明度阈值。分析了环境光对不同频率和不同平均明度条纹的恰可察觉明度阈值的影响,建立了简易-环境光对比度与恰可察觉明度阈值模型。结果表明:环境光的影响与条纹的人眼对比敏感度成反比,所建模型可得到较为明确的函数关系,该研究成果可适用于不同环境光下移动终端亮度的优化设置。     

可见光与红外彩色融合图像感知清晰度评价模型

提出了感知清晰度评价模型,来评价人眼对红外与可见光彩色融合图像细节和边缘的可辨识度。首先,利用人眼对比度敏感函数模型,抑制在特定观察条件下图像中人眼不敏感的频率成分。之后,在局部频带对比度模型基础上,结合人眼亮度掩模特性构造了感知对比度模型。最后,计算融合图像人眼兴趣区域(细节和边缘区域)的感知对比度,进而评价融合图像的感知清晰度。实验结果表明,与现有的五种彩色图像清晰(模糊)度的客观评价模型相比,考虑人眼视觉特性感知清晰度模型的计算结果与人眼主观感受具有较好的一致性,可以有效地对彩色融合图像清晰度进行客观评价。     

一种基于深度卷积神经网络的水下光电图像质量优化方法

由于水体对光的吸收和散射,水下光电图像具有低信噪比、低对比度等特点,导致目标难以识别,限制了水下光电成像装备的实际应用和发展。为提高目标的探测精度和识别率,提出包含一维并行卷积和子像素卷积的深度卷积神经网络,利用其从水下光电图像训练集中学习优化图像质量的参数,实现了去噪和对比度增强。实验结果表明,相比于经典去噪方法和对比度增强方法联合处理的结果,本文方法得到的峰值信噪比和均方根对比度分别平均提高了2.93 dB和14.41,能够有效地权衡去噪、对比度增强和亮度提升等,获得适合人眼视觉感受的图像,且处理单幅图像的平均速度是经典方法的9.46倍。利用测试集对网络进行测试,其在一定范围内较好地优化了图像质量,具有一定的泛化特性。     

基于感知对比度的图像清晰度客观评价模型

图像清晰度是评价图像质量时常用的指标之一。现有的清晰度评价模型未能充分考虑人眼视觉的亮度掩盖特性。为此,在均方根对比度基础上,考虑人眼亮度掩盖特性,通过计算图像中人眼感兴趣区域(包含细节、边缘和纹理)的感知对比度构造一种无参考的图像清晰度客观评价模型。并利用IVC数据库来验证模型,结果表明,与已有的4种清晰(模糊)度评价模型相比,该模型的评价结果更接近人眼主观感受,且计算量小,运算耗时短,是一种简单有效的图像清晰度评价模型。     

Detection of temporal gaps in bandlimited noise: effects of variations in bandwidth and signal-to-masker ratio

Thresholds were measured for the detection of a temporal gap in a bandlimited noise signal presented in a continuous wideband masker, using an adaptive forced-choice procedure. In experiment I the ratio of signal spectrum level to masker spectrum level (the SMR) was fixed at 10 dB and gap thresholds were measured as a function of signal bandwidth at three center frequencies: 0.4, 1.0, and 6.5 kHz. Performance improved with increasing bandwidth and increasing center frequency. For a subset of conditions, gap threshold was also measured as bandwidth was varied keeping the upper cutoff frequency of the signal constant. In this case the variation of gap threshold with bandwidth was more gradual, suggesting that subjects detect the gap using primarily the highest frequency region available in the signal. At low center frequencies, however, subjects may have a limited ability to combine information in different frequency regions. In experiment II gap thresholds were measured as a function of SMR for several signal bandwidths at each of three center frequencies: 0.5, 1.0, and 6.5 kHz. Gap thresholds improved with increasing SMR, but the improvement was minimal for SMRs greater than 12-15 dB. The results are used to evaluate the relative importance of factors influencing gap threshold.     

The influence of carrier level and frequency on modulation and beat-detection thresholds for sinusoidal carriers

This paper is concerned with modulation and beat detection for sinusoidal carriers. In the first experiment, temporal modulation transfer functions (TMTFs) were measured for carrier frequencies between 1 and 10 kHz. Modulation rates covered the range from 10 Hz to about the rate equaling the critical bandwidth at the carrier frequency. In experiment 2, TMTFs for three carrier frequencies were obtained as a function of the carrier level. In the final experiment, thresholds for the detection of either the lower or the upper modulation sideband (beat detection) were measured for "carrier" frequencies of 5 and 10 kHz, using the same range of modulation rates as in experiment 1. The TMTFs for carrier frequencies of 2 kHz and higher remained flat up to a modulation rate of about 100-130 Hz and had similar values across carrier frequencies. For higher rates, modulation thresholds initially increased and then decreased rapidly, reflecting the subjects' ability to resolve the sidebands spectrally. Detection thresholds generally improved with increasing carrier level, but large variations in the exact level dependence were observed, across subjects as well as across carrier frequencies. For beat rates up to about 70 Hz (at 5 kHz) and 100 Hz (at 10 kHz), beat detection thresholds were the same for the upper and the lower sidebands and were about 6 dB higher than the level per sideband at the modulation-detection threshold. At higher rates the threshold for both sidebands increased, but the increase was larger for the lower sideband. This reflects an asymmetry in masking with more masking towards lower frequencies. Only at rates well beyond the maximum of the TMTF did detection for the lower sideband start to be better than that for the upper sideband. The asymmetry at intermediate frequency separations can be explained by assuming that detection always takes place in filters centered above the stimulus spectrum. The shape of the TMTF and the beat-detection data reflects a limitation in resolving fast amplitude variations, which must occur central to the inner-ear filtering. Its characteristic resembles that of a first-order low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of about 150 Hz.     

用阴极射线管显示器研究辨色阈值Ⅰ:实验数据及人眼颜色视觉特性分析

为了研究人眼在辨色阈值水平上的颜色视觉特性,在阴极射线管(CRT)显示器上显示颜色刺激,采用交叉阶梯法进行心理物理实验,在CIE1976a*-b*平面上分别测得3名色觉正常的观察者在5个CIE基本颜色中心区域的辨色阈值。采用性能因子PF/3讨论观察者的测试精度,并以色度椭圆表示辨色阈值实验结果。通过对实验数据的详细处理和分析表明,在等明度的a*-b*平面上各色区及各颜色方向上人眼的辨色特性是各向异性的,即CIE1976a*-b*平面为非视觉均匀;人眼在5个CIE基本颜色中心区域上红-绿方向的视觉色差尺度均小于黄-蓝方向。本文的实验结果可为均匀颜色空间及其色差公式的改进和发展提供原始数据和参考依据。     

Temporal modulation transfer functions obtained using sinusoidal carriers with normally hearing and hearing-impaired listeners

Temporal modulation transfer functions were obtained using sinusoidal carriers for four normally hearing subjects and three subjects with mild to moderate cochlear hearing loss. Carrier frequencies were 1000, 2000 and 5000 Hz, and modulation frequencies ranged from 10 to 640 Hz in one-octave steps. The normally hearing subjects were tested using levels of 30 and 80 dB SPL. For the higher level, modulation detection thresholds varied only slightly with modulation frequency for frequencies up to 80 Hz, but decreased for high modulation frequencies. The decrease can be attributed to the detection of spectral sidebands. For the lower level, thresholds varied little with modulation frequency for all three carrier frequencies. The absence of a decrease in the threshold for large modulation frequencies can be explained by the low sensation level of the spectral sidebands. The hearing-impaired subjects were tested at 80 dB SPL, except for two cases where the absolute threshold at the carrier frequency was greater than 70 dB SPL; in these cases a level of 90 dB was used. The results were consistent with the idea that spectral sidebands were less detectable for the hearing-impaired than for the normally hearing subjects. For the two lower carrier frequencies, there were no large decreases in threshold with increasing modulation frequency, and where decreases did occur, this happened only between 320 and 640 Hz. For the 5000-Hz carrier, thresholds were roughly constant for modulation frequencies from 10 to 80 or 160 Hz, and then increased monotonically, becoming unmeasurable at 640 Hz. The results for this carrier may reflect "pure" effects of temporal resolution, without any influence from the detection of spectral sidebands. The results suggest that temporal resolution for deterministic stimuli is similar for normally hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.     

The detection of temporal gaps as a function of frequency region and absolute noise bandwidth.

Temporal gap detection was measured as a function of absolute signal bandwidth at a low-, a mid-, and a high-frequency region in six listeners with normal hearing sensitivity. Gap detection threshold decreased monotonically with increasing stimulus bandwidth at each of the three frequency regions. Given conditions of equivalent absolute bandwidth, gap detection thresholds were not significantly different for upper cutoff frequencies ranging from 600 to 4400 Hz. A second experiment investigated gap detection thresholds at two pressure-spectrum levels, conditions typically resulting in substantially different estimates of frequency selectivity. Estimates of frequency selectivity were collected at the two levels using a notched-noise masker technique. The gap threshold-signal bandwidth functions were almost identical at pressure-spectrum levels of 70 dB and 40 dB for the two subjects in experiment II, while estimates of frequency selectivity showed poorer frequency selectivity at the 70-dB level than at 40 dB. Data from both experiments indicated that gap detection in bandlimited noise was inversely related to signal bandwidth and that gap detection did not vary significantly with changes in signal frequency over the range of 600 to 4400 Hz. Over the range of frequencies investigated, the results indicated no clear relation between gap detection for noise stimuli and peripheral auditory filtering.     

基于滤波差分的双阈值弱划痕提取算法

高质量光学元件表面缺陷中存在一些深度较浅或者宽度较窄的划痕,在暗场成像检测中,该类划痕产生的散射光灰度值很低,甚至淹没在背景光中,很难被目视或常规机器视觉识别,造成划痕缺陷的漏检。针对该问题,以既有的疵病检测系统为基础,根据划痕灰度的等级特征,提出双阈值法分类处理划痕缺陷。在低阈值的弱划痕处理中,根据弱划痕和背景的频率特征以及空间对比度特征,设计了频域滤波及背景差分算法。通过空间域以及频率域的滤波处理,排除高频噪声以及高亮度噪声,根据几何特征等提取弱划痕图像中的复杂背景。经差分处理后,提取弱划痕并增强对比度,最后与正常灰度级划痕信息一同通过高阈值(正常阈值)进行后续划痕的特征提取,即得到所有的划痕信息,为划痕缺陷总长度计算以及最大长度的分级判定奠定基础。实验结果表明,该算法避免了过低二值化阈值引入的背景等不规则噪声,使得划痕与背景的对比度大大增强。目前该算法已经应用于惯性约束聚变系统中大口径光学表面划痕的定量检测,并且使长度计量的准确度已提升到约80%。     

Structural similarity determines search time and detection probability

The recently introduced TSSIM clutter metric is currently the best predictor of human visual search performance for natural images (Chang and Zhang [1]). The TSSIM quantifies the similarity of a target to its background in terms luminance, contrast and structure. It correlates stronger with experimental mean search times and detection probabilities than other clutter metrics (Chang and Zhang [1], [2]). Here we show that it is predominantly the structural similarity component of the TSSIM which determines human visual search performance, whereas the luminance and contrast components of the TSSIM show no relation with human performance. This result agrees with previous reports that human observers mainly rely on structural features to recognize image content. Since the structural similarity component of the TSSIM is equivalent to a matched filter, it appears that matched filtering predicts human visual performance when searching for a known target.