水热法合成Bi2S3纳米管及其生长机理

以硝酸铋[Bi(NO)3]和硫化钠(Na2S)为反应原料, 采用水热法在120 ℃下反应12 h, 制备出Bi2S3纳米管. 利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)对其结构和形貌进行了表征. 结果表明, 所制备的产物是结晶良好的正交相Bi2S3纳米管, 其外径为100~500 nm, 内径为50~200 nm, 长为1~5 μm. 根据实验结果讨论了Bi2S3纳米管的生长机理. 初步研究了反应温度和矿化剂种类对产物形貌和结构的影响.     

以CuC2O4微球为模板可控合成一维CuC2O4/ZnO异质结构

以CuC2O4纳米微球为模板,通过水热法在120 ℃、1 h时成功合成了一维CuC2O4/ZnO异质结构。 采用热重分析（TGA）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）、能量散射Ｘ射线谱（EDX）、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和Ｘ射线粉末衍射(XRD)等测试技术对产物的结构和形貌进行了表征。 结果表明,所得产物为一维CuC2O4/ZnO纳米棒束,长约1 μｍ,直径约500 nm。 每个棒束由许多纳米棒沿同一方向组装而成。 TEM照片和EDX光谱表明,CuC2O4和ZnO形成了均匀的异质结构。     

六边形及圆形SmF3微米盘的水热合成与表征

以Sm(NO3)3·6H2O和不同的氟化物(NaBF4,NH4F)在120℃的低温水热条件下反应得到了六边形及圆形的SmF3微米盘.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对产物的晶相和形貌进行了表征.XRD结果显示所得的产物是结晶良好的六方晶系.SEM和TEM测试表明得到大量均匀的厚度约为200 nm的盘状结构.研究发现氟化物种类以及反应时间对形成不同形貌的盘有重要影响.讨论了可能的形成机理.进一步研究了SmF3:Tb3+和SmF3:Eu3+掺杂后的产物的荧光性质.     

pH值对水热合成黄铁矿型CoS2微晶的影响

本文以EDTA-2Na为辅助剂,Na2S2O3.5H2O为硫源,运用水热法制备了黄铁矿型CoS2微晶,研究了溶液pH值对产物结构和形貌的影响。采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对产物的结构和形貌进行了表征。实验结果表明,溶液为酸性环境时(pH=1、3)可得到纯相的黄铁矿型CoS2微晶,形貌为微米尺寸的空心球壳。溶液为中性和碱性环境时(pH=7、11),产物出现少量杂相,形貌变为规则的八面体晶粒。讨论了这些CoS2微晶的形成机制。     

反相微乳液介质中Nd2(CO3)3·8H2 O的可控合成

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)/正丁醇/正辛烷/硝酸钕[Nd(NO3)3]溶液(碳酸钠溶液)所组成的反相微乳液为反应介质, 采用微乳液溶剂热法合成了Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O, 并考察了水/核比([H2O]/[CTAB])和Nd(NO3)3的浓度对其形貌和尺寸的影响. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 热分析(DSC-TGA)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O的晶型、 形貌及尺寸进行了表征, 并提出了不同形貌Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O形成的可能机理. 结果表明, 随着水/核比的增大, Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O的形貌从多面体变成鱼尾状, 再变成针状; 随着Nd(NO3)3浓度的增大, 针状Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O的尺寸逐渐减小.     

MnMoO4·H2O纳米棒生长过程的原位热动力学研究

在298.15 K下采用现代微量热技术监测了微乳液法原位合成MnMoO4·H2O纳米棒过程中能量变化的微量热曲线. 该曲线显示, 反应开始瞬时放热, 有一个尖锐的放热峰, 在随后的过程中分别出现一个强的吸热峰和放热峰. 通过X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、 场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对MnMoO4·H2O纳米棒的结构、 形貌及尺寸进行了表征. 结合微乳液的特性和量热曲线, 讨论了MnMoO4·H2O纳米棒生长过程中的形貌演变和热动力学信息. 整个生长过程包含微乳液的碰撞凝聚、 反应成核、 结晶和生长过程. 经计算, 反应成核过程、 晶化过程及晶体二次生长过程的速率常数分别为6.35×10-3, 7.18×10-4和9.16×10-5 s-1. 生长速率小于成核速率, 这有利于纳米材料的形成.     

新型纳米结构V10O24·12H2O的制备及结构表征

以V2O5粉末为原料, 在常压下制备新型纳米结构V10O24·12H2O材料, 并分析了其反应机制. 利用XRD, TEM, TG-DSC, FTIR和XPS对其结构和形貌等进行了表征. 结果表明, V10O24·12H2O的层间距d(002)≈1.43 nm; 微观形貌为球形, 球径40~60 nm; 有V4+和V5+两种化学状态; IR峰的变化主要由晶格膨胀和V4+引起; 存在吸附水、层间水及结晶水.     

TiO2-SnO2复合氧化物微球的低温水热一步法合成及紫外屏蔽性能

以硫酸钛、 四氯化锡和尿素为原料, 采用低温水热法一步合成了TiO2-SnO2复合氧化物. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜/能量色散X射线谱仪(SEM/EDAX)及紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)对产物的结构与性能进行表征分析, 考察了反应条件对产物晶体结构和形貌的影响. 结果表明, 在静止反应条件下Ti4+/Sn4+摩尔比为6~8时, 可以获得尺寸均一的金红石结构TiO2-SnO2复合氧化物微球, 其平均粒径为2 μm. 产物的紫外吸收性能优于同种方法制备的纯TiO2, SnO2及商品P25.     

Co3O4空心球的简易合成及其电化学性能

通过简易的水热法"一锅"制备了Co3O4空心球。借助X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)等对Co3O4的结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,产物由Co3O4纳米粒子构成,并形成明显的空心多孔结构。循环伏安法(CV)测试表明,所制得的Co3O4空心球呈现良好的电化学性能。本文同时对Co3O4空心球结构的形成过程和可能的机理进行了分析和讨论。     

Co3O4纳米片的制备及对H2O2电还原反应的催化性能简

通过恒电势电沉积和加热处理在泡沫镍基体上制备了Co3O4纳米片. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对纳米片的形貌和结构进行了表征. 采用线性伏安扫描和计时电流技术研究了Co3O4纳米片电极对H2O2的电还原性能. 结果表明,在3.0 mol/L KOH 和 0.4 mol/L H2O2溶液中,当电压为-0.4 V(vs. Ag/AgCl)时,线性伏安扫描电流密度达到-0.386 A/cm2,在1000 s 测试时间内,计时电流密度衰减很小,表明Co3O4纳米片电极对H2O2具有很高的活性和稳定性.     

Zur Trennung von H2, O2, N2, NO, CO, N2O, CO2, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, NO2(N2O4) und Feuchtigkeit

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Theoretical study of polyoxide clusters B20O30, Al20O30, V20O50, Si20O30H20, and Si20O30F20

The structural, electronic, and vibrational characteristics and energies of the isolated polyoxide clusters B₂₀O₃₀, Al₂₀O₃₀, V₂₀O₅₀, Si₂₀O₃₀H₂₀, and Si₂₀O₃₀F₂₀ and their complexes with the H⁻ ion and ammonia complexes Al₂₀O₃₀ · nNH₃ have been calculated by the density functional theory B3LYP method with different basis sets. The computation results show that the symmetric closo structure I _h with oxygen bridges located above the centers of the faces of an empty [M₂₀] dodecahedron is more favorable for V₂₀O₅₀, Si₂₀O₃₀H₂₀, and Si₂₀O₃₀F₂₀. For B₂₀O₃₀, the cage closo isomer is also more favorable than the other isomers, but its structure is severely distorted as compared to a dodecahedron and has a symmetry close to C ₃ . For Al₂₀O₃₀, the I _h structure corresponds to a high-lying local minimum of the potential energy surface. For Al₂₀O₃₀, a set of unusual puckshaped isomers of symmetry C _i , with different numbers of four-coordinate atoms ^IVAl and three-coordinate atoms ^IIIO, was localized; these structures are more than 90 kcal/mol more favorable than the dodecahedron I _h . The most favorable isomer of Al₂₀O₃₀ contains twelve four-coordinate atoms ^IVAl and four five-coordinate atoms ^VAl. The energies of dissociation of the most favorable M₂₀O₃₀ clusters into the M₂O₃ (C _2v ) and M₄O₆ (T _d ) fragments and, in the case of Al₂₀O₃₀, also into the Al₈O₁₂ (O _h ) and Al₁₂O₁₈ (D _3d ) fragments, have been estimated. The conclusion has been drawn that these clusters can, in principle, exist and can be experimentally detected in the isolated state. Analogous calculations have been performed for ammonia complexes Al₂₀O₃₀ · nNH₃ with n varying from 1 to 20. The effect of solvation on the relative stability of the dodecahedral and puckshaped isomers of the Al₂₀O₃₀ cluster is observed. The isomers with ammonia molecules in their first coordination sphere become much closer to one another on the energy scale; however, the dodecahedron remains a considerably less favorable intermediate. Original Russian Text ? O.P. Charkin, N.M. Klimenko, D.O. Charkin, 2008, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 624–635.     

Syntheses, structures, optical properties, and theoretical calculations of Cs2Bi2ZnS5, Cs2Bi2CdS5, and Cs2Bi2MnS5

Three new compounds, Cs₂Bi₂ZnS₅, Cs₂Bi₂CdS₅, and Cs₂Bi₂MnS₅, have been synthesized from the respective elements and a reactive flux Cs₂S₃ at 973 K. The compounds are isostructural and crystallize in a new structure type in space group Pnma of the orthorhombic system with four formula units in cells of dimensions at 153 K of a=15.763(3), b=4.0965(9), c=18.197(4) Å, V=1175.0(4) Å³ for Cs₂Bi₂ZnS₅; a=15.817(2), b=4.1782(6), c=18.473(3)  Å, V=1220.8(3)  ų for Cs₂Bi₂CdS₅; and a=15.830(2), b=4.1515(5), c=18.372(2) Å, V=1207.4(2) Å³ for Cs₂Bi₂MnS₅. The structure is composed of two-dimensional _∞²[Bi₂MS₅²⁻] (M=Zn, Cd, Mn) layers that stack perpendicular to the [100] axis and are separated by Cs⁺ cations. The layers consist of edge-sharing _∞¹[Bi₂S₆⁶⁻] and _∞¹[MS₃⁴⁻] chains built from BiS₆ octahedral and MS₄ tetrahedral units. Two crystallographically unique Cs atoms are coordinated to S atoms in octahedral and monocapped trigonal prismatic environments. The structure of Cs₂Bi₂MS₅, is related to that of Na₂ZrCu₂S₄ and those of the AMM′Q₃ materials (A=alkali metal, M=rare-earth or Group 4 element, M′= Group 11 or 12 element, Q=chalcogen). First-principles theoretical calculations indicate that Cs₂Bi₂ZnS₅ and Cs₂Bi₂CdS₅ are semiconductors with indirect band gaps of 1.85 and 1.75 eV, respectively. The experimental band gap for Cs₂Bi₂CdS₅ is ≈1.7 eV, as derived from its optical absorption spectrum.     

Ionization gauge sensitivities of N2, O2, N2O, NO, NO2, NH3, CClF3 and CH3OH

A Bayard-Alpert (BA) gauge was used to determine apparent relative sensitivites S_rel,X for O₂, N₂O, NO, NO₂, NH₃, CClF₃ and CH₃OH from gauge calibration measurements in the range 1.3×10^–1 Pap1.3·10^–3Pa. Nitrogen was used as a calibration standard.     

Lithium intercalation into PbNb2S5, PbNbS3, SnNb2Se5, BiVS3, SnVSe3, and PbNb2Se5 misfit layer chalcogenides

The intercalation of lithium into various misfit layer chalcogenides of two different stoichiometries was performed by using n-butyl lithium on powders. The reaction was found to proceed topochemically, and a greater expansion in the c direction and higher lithium contents were observed in the lithiated phases with “MM′₂X₅” approximate stoichiometries compared to “MM′X₃” stoichiometries. This behaviour difference is assigned to the different stacking sequence of the slices of the two sublattices formed by double layers of MX and sandwiches of M′X₂. Lattice distortions are induced during lithiation, leading to changes in the relative orientation of MS-type bilayers and to complete amorphization after long reaction times. The synthesis and partial characterization of a new misfit layer selenide of nominal composition “PbNb₂Se₅” is also reported. The value of the c-dimension (c = 37.3₇ Å) suggests a stacking sequence PbSe---NbSe₂---NbSe₂---PbSe---NbSe₂---NbSe₂, etc. This material becomes highly unstable on lithium intercalation and decomposes to its constituents after a few hours of lithiation.     

Singlet-triplet energy separation in divalent seven-membered cyclic conjugated compounds C6H6C, C6H6Si, C6H6Ge, C6H6Sn, and C6H6Pb

The electronic and thermal energy differences, ΔE(t-s); enthalpy differences, ΔH(t-s); and free energy differences between the singlet and triplet states, ΔG(t-s), were calculated for C₆H₆C, C₆H₆Si, C₆H₆Ge, C₆H₆Sn, and C₆H₆Pb at the B3LYP/6-311++G (3df, 2p) level. The singlet-triplet splitting, G _s-t, of C₆H₆C, C₆H₆Si, C₆H₆Ge, C₆H₆Sn, and C₆H₆Pb generally increased from C₆H₆C toward C₆H₆Pb. The most stable tautomers and conformers were suggested for the singlet and triplet states of C₆H₆M (M = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb). The geometrical parameters were calculated and discussed. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Theoretical study of polyoxide clusters Sc20O30, P20O50, Ti20O30F20, and V20O30F20

The structural, electronic, and vibrational characteristics and energies of the isolated polyoxide clusters Sc₂₀O₃₀, P₂₀O₅₀, Ti₂₀O₃₀F₂₀, and V₂₀O₃₀F₂₀ and ammonia complexes Sc₂₀O₃₀ · nNH₃ were calculated by the density functional theory B3LYP method with several basis sets. The computation results show that a fullerene-like closo structure I _h with oxygen bridges located above the midpoints of the edges of an empty [M₂₀] dodecahedron is preferable for the Ti₂₀O₃₀F₂₀ and V₂₀O₃₀F₂₀ clusters with four-coordinate metal atoms protected by the outer M-F bonds. This structure with a cage diameter of ∼1 nm and the diameter of nearly planar decagonal faces (windows) of ∼0.5 nm is stable to dissociation into fragments and to strong geometric distortions and retains its closo shape when molecules like NH₃ and anions like H⁻ are attached to the cage. An analogous closo structure is favorable for the P₂₀O₅₀ cluster; however, in this structure, the [P₂₀] cage is severely distorted and all 12 windows are strongly corrugated. For Sc₂₀O₃₀, the I _h dodecahedron with bare three-coordinate Sc atoms corresponds to a local minimum of the potential energy surface, which is 170–200 kcal/mol less favorable than compact puck-shaped isomers in which four- and five-coordinate metal atoms and three- and four-coordinate oxygen atom prevail. “Solvation” of the dodecahedral and puck-shaped Sc₂₀O₃₀ isomers by ammonia molecules strongly decreases the energy gap between the isomers; however, the dodecahedron I _h in all cases remains a high-lying intermediate. According to calculations, most polyoxides under consideration have a high electron affinity (comparable with or higher than that of fullerenes) and is able to add three to five or more alkali-metal atoms to form radical salts in which clusters are in the state of polyanions. Because of large sizes of the [M₂₀] cages and their windows, the interior of the cage (as distinct from fullerenes) can accommodate a considerable number of atoms and several small molecules. The V₂₀O₃₀F₂₀ cluster has 20 unpaired electrons and can be treated as a molecular magnet. The properties of the [M₂₀] cages depend only slightly on the outer substituents. It is suggested that the pattern will be retained upon the substitution of OH groups for the F atoms and that the hydroxo-substituted clusters can bind to each other through hydrogen bridges and serve as building blocks for self-assembly into ordered nanometer and crystalline structures of various dimensions. Original Russian Text ? O.P. Charkin, N.M. Klimenko, D.O. Charkin, 2009, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2009, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 775–785.     

NaBO2-NaCl-Na2CO3, NaBO2- Na2CO3-NaMoO4, NaBO2- Na2CO3-NaWO4, and NaBO2-NaCl-Na2WO4 ternary systems

The phase diagrams of the NaBO₂-NaCl-Na₂CO₃, NaBO₂-Na₂CO₃-Na₂MoO₄, NaBO₂- Na₂CO₃-Na₂WO₄, and NaBO₂-NaCl-Na₂WO₄ ternary systems were studied by a calculation-experimental method and differential thermal analysis. The coordinates of ternary eutectics were determined: E ₁: 612°C, 16 mol % NaBO₂, 42 mol % NaCl, and 42 mol % Na₂CO₃; E ₂: 568°C, 12 mol % NaBO₂, 28 mol % Na₂CO₃, and 60 mol % Na₂MoO₄; E ₃: 575°C, 12 mol % NaBO₂, 32 mol % Na₂CO₃, and 56 mol % Na₂WO₄; E ₄: 628°C, 8 mol % NaBO₂, 20 mol % NaCl, and 72 mol % Na₂WO₄; and E ₅: 655°C, 9 mol % NaBO₂, 53 mol % NaCl, and 38 mol % Na₂WO₄.     

Structural chemistry of Sr3Cr2WO9, Ca3Cr2WO9, and Ba3Cr2WO9

We have studied the preparation and crystallographic structure of three perovskite-type compounds: Sr₃Cr₂WO₉, cubic, the lattice parameter of which is a = 7.812Å; Ca₃Cr₂WO₉, tetragonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.408 Å and c = 7.635Å; and Ba₃Cr₂WO₉, hexagonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.691 Å and c = 13.957Å. We have compared these three structures and shown the relationship between the dimensions of the alkaline-earth metal and the existence of the different structures.     

Ab Initio calculation of molecular, thermodynamic, and kinetic parameters of CF, CF2, CF3, and C2F5 radicals and CF4, CF3I, C2F4, and C2F6 molecules in gas

Enthalpies of formation of ground states of the gaseous particles CF, CF₂, C₂F₅, CF₄, CF₃I, C₂F₄, and C₂F₆ were calculated by ab initio method in the CCSD(T) approximation with extrapolation to the full basis and regard to the correlation energy. Their equilibrium geometrics, frequencies of normal vibrations, and other values were found by the B3LYP/aug-cc-pvdz method, from which thermodynamic functions within the range of 0–6000 K were calculated. Equilibrium constants were calculated from these functions, and then the information on the rate constants in the limit of high pressures was obtained.