Calculation of the eigenvalues of pure quadrupole interaction in Mössbauer effect studies

Summary Two approximate formulae to calculate the eigenvalues of pure quadrupole interaction in M?ssbauer effect studies have been proposed and the eigenvalue coefficients in the formulae have been given for various excited states and ground states of the nucleus with different spin. All the eigenvalues of pure quadrupole interaction between both excited state and ground state of nucleus with spinI=3/2÷9/2 and the electric-field gradient with different asymmetry parameter (η=0÷1.0) have been calculated by these formulae. The results show that the accuracies in all the calculations are more satisfactory or same in comparison with those obtained by the formula of Shenoy and Dunlap, especially when the asymmetry parameter of electric-field gradient is larger than 0.8 for the nucleus with spinI=5/2.     

A study by Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron-pollucite

Summary Synthetic samples of pollucite with different amounts of aluminum-iron substitution, or with both aluminum-boron and aluminum-iron substitutions, were investigated by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Experimental data show that the tetrahedral sites of silicon and aluminum ions are substantially equivalent, but with iron substitutions as large as 75% or more, lattice deformations are originated which make the sites different.     

A Mössbauer study of tertiary-era andesitic lava from sardinia

Summary A sample of tertiary-era andesitic lava was investigated by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Besides the presence of magnetite, the spectral data showed a clinopyroxene component in which calcium ions were replaced by divalent iron and magnesium ions by divalent and trivalent iron.     

A Mössbauer-effect investigation of some electrochemically inserted lithium thiospinels

Summary We present here a study carried out on In₁₆Sn₄S₃₂ and In₁₆Fe₈S₃₂ spinels. Electronic and local environment changes of Sn and Fe are discussed from recorded M?ssbauer parameters. In the case of the tin thiospinel, a reduction process from Sn^IV to Sn^II is obvious till an amount of 8 inserted Li. For the iron thiospinel a migration of iron atoms from the octahedral to the tetrahedral sites is observed. In the region of higher lithium amounts (10– Li), in both spinels a further environment appears indicating an increase of covalency. Paper presented at ICAME-95, Rimini, 10–16 September 1995.     

A non-magnetic Fe probe of multiple magnetic phase transitions in RMn2Si2−x Ge x,R=rare earth

Summary Dilute⁵⁷Fe M?ssbauer-spectroscopy studies of RMn₂X₂ (X=Si and/or Ge, R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd) at 4.2 to 650 K yield the following results: Fe in RMn₂X₂ does not carry a magnetic moment. It reveals the magnetic order in the Mn and R sublattices through transferred hyperfine fields (∼100 kOe). The compounds LaMn₂Si₂, LaMn₂Ge₂, CeMn₂Ge₂, PrMn₂Ge₂, NdMn₂Ge₂ and SmMn₂Ge₂, known to be ferromagnets withT _c=300–350 K, are antiferromagnetically ordered above their correspondingT _c. TherT _N values extend from 385 K (SmMn₂Ge₂) to 470 K (LaMn₂Si₂). At the ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic phase transition, a sharp reorientation of the Mn magnetic moments relative to the crystalline axes occurs. In RMn₂Si_2−x Ge _x with intermediatex values, the Ge is much more dominant in determining the magnetic properties of the Mn sublattice. While PrMn₂Si₂ is an antiferromagnet (T _N=365 K) and PrMn₂Ge₂ is a ferromagnetantiferromagnet (T _c=328 K,T _N=415 K), we find that in PrMn₂SiGe, the magnetic behaviour is similar to that in pure PrMn₂Ge₂,T _c=305 K andT _N=395 K. Paper presented at ICAME-95, Rimini, 10–16 September 1995.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy of tektites

Summary Different tektite samples have been investigated by⁵⁷Fe room temperature M?ssbauer spectroscopy. The data indicate iron degrees of oxidation larger than those previously determined by wet chemical analysis.     

57Fe Mössbauer study of Fe nitrides

Summary Magnetic properties of Fe nitrides have been re-examined by⁵⁷Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Hyperfine magnetic fields for α″-Fe₁₆N₂ are 30, 31 and 39T at 298K, but the averaged hyperfine field is 33T and nearly equal to the value of pure α-Fe. σ-Fe₂ N is an antiferromagnet below 9K having a small magnetic moment less than 0.1 μ_B, although γ′-Fe₄N and ε-Fe_3–2N are ferromagnets. ZnS-type FeN is non-magnetic at 4.2K. M?ssbauer spectra obtained from NaCl-type FeN are complex and some Fe atoms in this nitride show a surprisingly large hyperfine magnetic field of 49T. Paper presented at the ICAME-95, Rimini, 10–16 September 1995.     

On the polarization measurements of the Mössbauer gamma-rays

Summary A theoretical analysis of polarization of the M?ssbauer radiation has been attempted by using the Stokes parametrization technique. Explicit results for theM1 (3/2⁻→1/2⁻) andE2 (2⁺→0⁺) radiations in relation to polarization and hyperfine-field parameters in the crystal fixed-axis system are discussed. To speed up publication, the authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

Energy and line width in the induced emission of Mössbauer radiation

Summary Some promising schemes proposed for extending the range of lasers to the X-ray and gamma-ray regions are those involving a transition from a long-lived nuclear excited state. While metastable states allow the creation of conditions for population inversion, they also give rise to problems due to the narrowness of the expected line width. We discuss the line width of the radiation due to gamma transitions between excited states and derive a corrected relation for the cross-section in this case. Criteria for choosing an appropriate isotope are deduced from the corrected crosssection, showing that the problems derived from the narrowness of the line width can be avoided in a transition from an isomeric state to a lower short-lived excited state in which case the line width of the radiation is totally determined by the breadth of the lower excited state.

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Riassunto Alcuni schemi promettenti proposti per estendere il campo dei laser alle regioni dei raggi X e dei raggi gamma sono quelli che coinvolgono una transizione da uno stato eccitato nucleare a vita lunga. Mentre gli stati metastabili permettono la creazione delle condizioni per l’inversione della popolazione, essi danno luogo anche ai problemi dovuti alla ristrettezza dell’ampiezza della linea attesa. Si discute l’ampiezza di linea della radiazione dovuta alle transizioni gamma tra gli stati eccitati e si deduce una relazione corretta per la sezione d’urto in questo caso. Si deducono i criteri per scegliere un isotopo appropriato dalla sezione d’urto corretta, mostrando che i problemi che derivano dalla ristrettezza dell’ampiezza di linea si possono evitare in una transizione da uno stato isomerico a uno stato eccitato piú basso a vita breve, nel qual caso l’ampiezza di linea della radiazione si determina totalmente dalla larghezza dello stato eccitato piú basso.

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Резюме Были предложены обнадеживающие схемы для расширения области лазеров в рентгеновскую и гамма-области. Эти схемы вкяючают переход из долгоживущего ядерного возбужденного состояния. Так как метастабильные состояния допускают создание условий для инверсной заселенности, то они также приводят к проблемам, обусловленным узостью ожидаемой ширины линии. Мы обсуждаем ширину линии излучения, обусловленную гамма-переходами между возбужденными состояниями и выводим соотношение для поперечного сечения в этом случае. Выводятся критерии для выбора соответствующего изотопа из полученного поперечного сечения. Показывается, что проблемы, связанные с узостью ширины линии, можно обойти в случае перехода из изомерного состояния в низшее короткоживущее возбужденное состояние, причем в этом случае ширина линии излучения полностью определяется шириной низшего возбужденного состояния.

     

Investigation of the La24Fe6Li22O56 compound by Mössbauer spectroscopy

Summary Quadrupole splittings of the M?ssbauer spectrum of the La₂₄Fe₆Li₂₂O₅₆ compound are compared with structural data obtained by XRD single-crystal analysis. Agreement turns out to be rather good, in spite of the crude model utilized for evaluating the electric-field gradient on the resonant nucleus     

Temperature dependence of phonon energy spectra with nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation

Summary The phonon energy spectra of a polycrystalline α-Fe foil were observed at 150 K and 300 K by using the nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation. In each spectrum, inelastic scattering was observed at both sides of the elastic peak. It was found that the ratio of the elastic-scattering component and the asymmetry of the intensity of the side bands observed at 150 K are larger than those observed at 300 K, respectively. The observed temperature-dependent spectra are in good agreement with the spectra calculated from the phonon energy distribution function. One of the advantageous features of this method is that the excitation of only a specific element is possible. Our results show that this method is applicable to the study of lattice dynamics and opens a new field of the nuclear resonant scattering spectroscopy. Paper presented at ICAME-95, Rimini, 10–16 September 1995.     

Iron(III) species formed during iron(II) oxidation and iron-core formation in the bacterioferritin of Escherichia coli

Summary This paper describes a preliminary investigation of the mechanisms of Fe(II) oxidation and storage of Fe(III) in the bacterioferritin ofEscherichia coli (EcBFR). Using M?ssbauer spectroscopy to examine the initial oxidation of iron by EcBFR we have confirmed that this ferritin exhibits ?ferroxidase? activity and have shown that dimeric and monomeric iron species are produced as intermediates. We compare the characteristics of ferroxidase activity in EcBFR with those of human H-chain ferritin (HuHF) and discuss the different M?ssbauer parameters of their dimeric iron with reference to the structures of their di-metal sites. In addition, we present preliminary findings suggesting that after an initial ?burst?, the rate of oxidation is greatly reduced, possibly due to blockage of the ferroxidase centre by bound iron. A new component, not found in HuHF and probably representing a small cluster of Fe(III) atoms, is reported. Paper presented at the ICAME-95, Rimini, 10–16 September 1995.     

Mössbauer,X-ray fluorescence and paleomagnetic studies of deep-sea sediments from the Peru Basin: two million years of sedimentation history

Summary Sediment cores with different sub-bottom depths (I: 45 cm and II: 700 cm) from the Peru Basin have been investigated. From the depth profile of the relative amount of Fe(II) a redox zone is obtained which correlates with the organic carbon flux into the sediment (core I). M?ssbauer parameters suggest that the iron in the sediments is mainly contained in clay minerals and to varying extent also in goethite. Paper presented at ICAME-95, Rimini, 10–16 September 1995.     

Effect of the Zn2+ distribution on the magnetic properties of Ba2Zn2Fe12O22(Zn2-Y) hexaferrite investigated by thermal-scan Mössbauer spectroscopy

Summary The role of the cation distribution on the magnetic characteristics of Ba₂Zn₂Fe₁₂O₂₂(Zn₂-Y) hexaferrite has been analysed by using M?ssbauer techniques. For this purpose we developed a low-cost microcomputer-controlled thermal-scan M?ssbauer apparatus that allows accurate measurements of the Curie temperature. The measuring times are much shorter than those attained with previously described similar apparata. The variation of the Curie temperature with the sintering temperature of Zn₂-Y has been correlated with different cation distributions of Zn²⁺ among the two tetrahedral sublattices present in the Y-structure.

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Riassunto Utilizzando tecniche M?ssbauer si è analizzato il ruolo della distribuzione cationica sulle proprietà magnetiche dell’esaferrito Ba₂Zn₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ (Zn₂-Y). A questo scopo è stato messo a punto un apparato a basso costo controllato da microcomputer per analisi termiche che utilizza l’effetto M?ssbauer. L’apparecchiatura consente misure di temperatura di Curie con tempi di misura inferiori a quelli di apparecchiature simili descritte in precedenza. La variazione della temperatura di Curie al variare della temperatura di sinterizzazione osservata nell’esaferrito Zn₂-Y è stata correlata con la distribuzione del catione Zn²⁺ tra i due siti tetraedrici presenti nella struttura Y.

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Резюме Используя технику эффекта Мессбауэра, анализируется роль распределения катионов на магнитные свойства гексаферрита Ba₂Zn₂Fe₂O₂₂(Zn₂-Y). Для этой цели предлагается недорогостоящая установка, контролируемая компьютером для тырмического анализа, которая исрользует зффект Мессбауэра. Предложенная установка позволяет точно измерять температуру Кюри, причем времена измерений оказываются существенно меныше, чем у родобных установок, орисанных в литературе. Изменение температуры Кюри в завицимости от температурм спекания Zn₂-Y коррелирует с различными распределениями катионов Zn²⁺ между двумя тетраздрическими подрешетками, присутстствующими в Y-структуре.

     

Spinodal decomposition of Fe−Cr−Ni alloys studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy

Summary A thermodynamic calculation of the Fe−Cr−Ni phase diagram suggests that the composition 30 at.%Cr-5 at.%Ni is expected to be found inside the spinodal line, whereas 16 at.%Cr-5 at.%Ni is expected outside at 723 K. These two alloys have been thermally aged for time periods up to 40 minutes at 723K. A significant broadening of the magnetic-hyperfine-field distribution indicates that Fe-30 at.%Cr-5 at.%Ni undergoes typical spinodal decomposition in agreement with the calculation. Spinodal decomposition is distinguished from nucleation-growth by a detailed analysis of the magnetic-hyperfine-field distribution. Paper presented at ICAME-95, Rimini, 10–16 September 1995     

The futility of observing stimulated gamma-ray emission from a long-lived isomeric state

Summary We reveal the fallacies in recent gamma-ray laser schemes that propose to obtain gain by stimulating transitions from a long-lived upper to a short-lived lower nuclear state. We point out the errors in recent derivations of the stimulated-emission coefficients, derive the correct formulae, and submit an alternative explanation for an experiment purported to observe stimulated emission from a long-lived isomer.     

Anomalous isomeric shifts in Mössbauer spectra of substituted leucites (K,Rb, Cs)(Al,B, Fe)Si2O6

Summary A systematic investigation on the properties of synthetic iron-substituted leucite-like silicates has been performed by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. The obtained data on the isomeric shifts indicate that along the chains of tetrahedra present in the anionic framework of these silicates a readjustement of the bond lengths takes place, due to the large ionic radius of iron which exceeds those of silicon and aluminum.     

How to do resonant nuclear experiments with synchrotron radiation

Summary The use of synchrotron radiation to excite low-lying nuclear resonances is a rapidly developing field showing great promise for hyperfine spectroscopy, phonon spectroscopy and kinetic studies, crystallography, and fundamental physics experiments. Recent technical advances in synchrotron sources, optics, and fast detectors have drastically increased signal rates and expanded the range of samples that can be studied. A typical experiment today uses a high-brightness synchrotron source having X-ray pulses well-separated in time, a meV-bandpass monochromator using perfect crystals of silicon or germanium, a sample containing resonant nuclei, and an avalanche photodiode timing detector. Both coherent and incoherent scattering can be observed; the coherent scattering is used for hyperfine spectroscopy and studies of diffraction interference phenomena, and the incoherent-scattering signal promises to be very useful for phonon spectroscopy and other studies of excitations in condensed systems. At this point seven nuclear isotopes have been used to resonantly scatter synchrotron radiation, but the number is rapidly increasing. Paper presented at the ICAME-95, Rimini 10–16 September 1995.     

125m Te (109.3 keV) stimulated emission and gamma lasers

Summary Proceeding from the drastic discrepancy between experimental data and theory, we show (contrary to other authors) that the relations between the Einstein's coefficients are true for transitions from any of the excited levels and theground state of the quantum system only. The relations connecting those coefficients are derived for transitions betweenany two states; the corresponding cross-sections are calculated and it is shown (contrary to other authors) that the stimulated emission cross-section may be large enough for the creation of gamma lasers. The new relation for Einstein's coefficients (and the corresponding cross-sections) are fundamentally different from those known so far (74 years after Einstein). The results are compared with experiment and the coincidence is very good. These investigations can lead to progress in the study of physical processes in star atmospheres. The author of this paper has agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

Antiferromagnetism in double-layered perowskitic oxides SrLa2Fe2O7 and BaLa2Fe2O7

Il Nuovo Cimento D - Two double-layered perowskitic compounds have been investigated by XRD analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The experimental data allow the conclusion that magnetization...