不同溶剂制备的聚乳酸多孔微球的形成机理

利用改进的双乳液溶剂挥发法制备了多孔聚乳酸( PLA)微球.通过采用具有不同沸点和水溶性的有机溶剂制备得到不同多孔结构的PLA微球.结果发现以二氯甲烷、氯仿和甲苯为溶剂制备的微球具有相似的均匀多孔结构,而以乙酸乙酯制备的微球却具有中空结构和多孔的壳层.通过进一步的实验研究了溶剂种类对于微球多孔结构的影响.结果表明溶剂的...     

贯通多孔聚合物微球的制备及其应用

采用高内水相双重乳液模板法制备贯通多孔聚合物微球,并将其应用于催化剂负载和Cu2+吸附.首先,通过增加水相,使单一小分子表面活性剂12-丙烯酰氧-9-油酸(AOA)稳定的反相高内相乳液(W/O HIPEs)发生相转变,一步制备出高内水相双重乳液;然后以此为模板,采用辐射法和引发剂引发聚合两种方式制备聚(苯乙烯-二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯)微球.通过扫描电镜观察发现,采用辐射法聚合能够得到贯通多孔的聚合物微球,而化学法聚合只能得到中空的封闭微球.将贯通多孔微球水解使其羧基化,用于铜离子的吸附.结果表明水解后多孔微球对Cu2+的吸附量随p H值的增加先增后减,在p H=5时达到最高值175 mg/g(2.75 mmol/g).此外,利用原位生成的方式,在贯通多孔微球上负载Pd纳米粒子,并将其用于催化肉桂醛加氢反应.结果表明水解多孔微球比未水解多孔微球具有更高的催化效率;热重分析和透射电子显微镜观察显示,水解多孔微球比未水解多孔微球能够负载更多的Pd纳米粒子,且纳米粒子分散更均匀.     

膜乳化-溶剂挥发法制备表面羧基功能化苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物微球

以苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(PSMA)为原料,利用膜乳化-溶剂挥发法,成功制备了表面光滑、尺寸均一的表面羧基功能化聚合物微球.研究表明:将膜乳化法和溶剂挥发法相结合,可以有效提高微球粒径的均一性,乳化剂种类及浓度、连续相流速、分散相中聚合物浓度等参数对微球粒径及粒径分布有显著影响.此外,利用盐酸使微球酸酐基团水解,可以得...     

微乳液成核-离子交联制备阿司匹林/壳聚糖纳米微球及其体外释放行为

以自制阿司匹林为药物模型,壳聚糖(CS)为载体源,采用微乳液成核-离子交联法制备了阿司匹林/壳聚糖纳米缓释微球.分别用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、动态激光光散射(DLLS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等表征了纳米微粒的化学组成、外观形貌、平均粒径和粒径分布、微球中壳聚糖的晶体结构以及阿司匹林的分布形态.结果表明,利用微乳液成核-离子交联法制备的阿司匹林/壳聚糖微球平均粒径约为88nm且粒径分布均匀,成核后壳聚糖结晶形态基本未变,阿司匹林以分子形态分布于微粒中,分子间未形成堆砌,为无定形态.采用UV-Vis分光光度计考察了微球的药物包封率、载药量,并对微球在生理盐水和葡萄糖溶液中的释药行为进行跟踪.结果表明,微球的载药量可达55%,药物包封率可达42%,实验条件下具有较好的药物缓释作用.     

聚酰亚胺的微球化

依据缩聚反应的特点, 提出了一条聚酰亚胺微球的有效制备路线, 通过在缩聚溶液和沉淀剂中加入聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)改变体系特性. 探讨了PVP及沉淀剂对微球形貌、粒径及分布的影响. 结果表明, 在二胺与二酐缩聚溶液中加入PVP可以得到较好的球形聚合物颗粒; 增加PVP含量, 微球粒径减小且分布均匀, 而分子量有所降低; 以水为沉淀剂所得微球的形貌优于乙醇沉淀剂, 并且随着PVP用量的增加, 微球粒径减小, 均匀性亦随之提高. PVP在制备过程中分别呈现出成核、成球及分散稳定的作用, 从而实现了聚酰亚胺材料在微米尺度上的微球化.     

多肽修饰的纳米金加速油-水界面酶促反应

用固相合成法制备阳离子氨基酸组成的多肽,再将其连接到巯基化合物上,用于纳米金表面配体交换,制备阳离子多肽修饰的纳米金,并研究了这种纳米粒子对油-水(O/W)乳液界面酶促反应速度的影响.结果发现,将含有荧光底物的乳滴同酶直接混合时,45 min内溶液中未检测到荧光信号变化,但向该溶液中加入纳米粒子后溶液中荧光信号立即增强.出现该现象的主要原因是,当乳液界面酶促反应体系中含有纳米粒子时,纳米粒子表面的阳离子多肽同时吸附带负电荷的酶和乳液,迅速屏蔽酶与乳液之间的电荷排斥,使酶与乳液中的底物能有效接触,加速酶促反应进行;通过选用不同的油相制备乳液,调控纳米粒子与乳液之间的氢键作用,还可使酶促反应速度进一步提高.     

磁性微球的制备及应用

磁性微球在生物医学和分离工程等多个领域都有广泛的应用,如固定化酶、靶向药物载体、核磁共振成像、细胞标记及分离、核酸和蛋白质分离纯化、环境治理等.近年来随着纳米新材料及制备工艺的不断创新,磁性微球的制备及应用都取得了大量进展.磁性微球的制备方法主要可以分为4类:(1)包裹法,在微球生成的同时将磁性纳米颗粒包裹在微球基质内,又可以细分为异质聚合法、乳化-溶剂挥发法、膜乳化和微流控技术、反相悬液-交联法、Stober法、聚合诱导胶体聚集法等;(2)模板组装法,在模板微球内部或表面组装磁性纳米颗粒,包括溶胀法、吸附法和静电自组装法等;(3)模板原位生成法,在模板微球的内部或表面原位生成磁性纳米颗粒,包括共沉淀、沉淀-氧化法、有机前驱体热分解法等;(4)溶剂(水)热法,以有机溶剂或水为介质,密闭体系中的反应物在一定的温度和溶液的自生压力下反应得到磁性微球.本文按照制备方法对近几年来磁性微球领域的研究进展进行了总结,包括反应原理、磁性微球的性质、表面功能化和应用介绍.     

包埋苯甲酸钠微球的制备及在海洋防污涂料中的抑菌研究

用溶剂挥发法制备了可以包埋海洋防污剂苯甲酸钠的聚苯乙烯聚合物微球,并实现了防污剂在海洋防污涂料中的的缓慢释放.讨论了影响微球性能的一些因素,聚合物微球的粒径分别随着温度的降低,分散剂浓度的升高以及搅拌速度的提高而减小.采用标准曲线法,对防污剂释放速度进行了分析,并与未用微球包埋的苯甲酸钠释放速度进行对比,缓释效果明显....     

磁性聚苯乙烯微球的制备与性能研究

以聚苯乙烯和二氯甲烷为油相,十二烷基苯磺酸钠 (SDBS) 为表面活性剂,采用溶剂挥发法制备了磁性聚苯乙烯微球.研究了温度、搅拌速度、Fe3O4用量和pH值等操作因素对磁性微球的形貌、粒径和磁学性能的影响.结果表明,采用溶剂挥发法可以制备含有磁性颗粒Fe3O4的磁性微球.磁性微球的粒径,磁响应性能与制备磁性微球的温度、搅拌速率、水溶液的pH值、磁粉用量等操作参数有关.综合考虑微球的粒径大小、分布以及磁响应性得出,在本实验体系中,20℃的操作温度、1000r/min的搅拌速率、弱碱性的水相溶液以及1.5:10 (磁粉:聚苯乙烯) 的比例是制备磁性微球的适宜操作条件.     

超声辐照乳液聚合制备聚丙烯酸正丁酯空心微球

利用超声辐照引发包覆乳液聚合制备了聚丙烯酸正丁酯(PBA)空心微球.TEM和DLS结果显示,空心微球粒径均一,壳层厚度均匀.FTIR结果显示,壳-核物质间以物理吸附相结合,没有形成化学键.同时,利用TEM和DLS研究了空心微球的形成机理,阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)在CMC浓度以下首先吸附在纳米SiO2粒子表面形成双层结构,然后丙烯酸正丁酯(BA)单体增溶进入CTAB层间,在超声辐照引发、分散作用下包覆聚合形成均一的PBA-SiO2壳-核粒子,再利用HF溶液去除无机核,得到PBA空心微球.     

Preparation of porous polylactide microspheres by emulsion‐solvent evaporation based on solution induced phase separation

Porous polylactide (PLA) microspheres were fabricated by an emulsion‐solvent evaporation method based on solution induced phase separation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations confirmed the porous structure of the microspheres with good connectivity. The pore size was in the range of decade micrometers. Besides large cavities as similarly existed on non‐porous microspheres, small pores were found on surfaces of the porous microspheres. The apparent density of the porous microspheres was much smaller than that of non‐porous microspheres. Fabrication conditions such as stirring rate, good solvent/non‐solvent ratio, PLA concentration and dispersant (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) concentration had an important influence on both the particle size and size distribution and the pore size within the microspheres. A larger pore size was achieved at a slower stirring rate, lower good solvent/non‐solvent ratio or lower PLA concentration due to longer coalescence time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of nucleating agent on the formation and enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene adipate) polymorphic crystals

The effects of nucleating agent multimethyl-benzilidene sorbitol (TM6) on crystallization and morphology of poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) with polymorphic crystal structures were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and polarized optical micrographs (POM). In addition to the heterogeneous nucleation, TM6 changes the formation conditions of PBA polymorphic crystals. The addition of TM6 is favorable for the formation of PBA α-form crystals, resulting in the morphological changes from spherulites to interpenetrated fibrils. The influences of TM6 on enzymatic degradation of PBA were studied in terms of the morphological change and weight loss. The results indicate that the α-form crystals induced by TM6 show much slower degradation rate. This work provides an efficient method to control the polymorphic crystal structure and further to regulate the biodegradation rate of polymer materials through modulating the homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation modes by adding nucleating agents.     

Aerogel microspheres based on cellulose nanofibrils as potential cell culture scaffolds

Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hybrid aerogel micro-spheres with two different particle sizes were fabricated via a combination of the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification process and the freeze-drying process. The aerogel micro-spheres were highly porous with a bulk density as low as 0.0047 g/cm³ for the large microspheres. The pore size of the microspheres ranged from nano- to micro-meters. Preliminary biocompatibility assays of the aerogel microspheres were investigated with NIH 3T3 cells to explore their potential application as cell culture scaffolds. The highly crosslinked aerogel microspheres were robust and were able to maintain their shape during the cell culture process. The live/dead assay showed that the cells could be seeded, attached, and proliferated on the surface of PVA/CNF aerogel microspheres. The fluorescence images showed that some of the cells migrated into the inner pores of the microspheres. Moreover, the large microspheres with larger average pore sizes had a higher cell count than that of the small microspheres. This study confirms that the PVA/CNF aerogel microspheres fabricated in this work are nontoxic and biocompatible. Furthermore, the interconnected, highly porous nanofibrous structure of the microspheres can successfully facilitate cell attachment, differentiation, and proliferation.     

A facile one-step route to synthesize titania hollow microspheres with incontinuous multicavities

The titania hollow microspheres with incontinuous multicavities were successfully fabricated via an oil/ water(O/W) emulsion process accompanied by sol–gel reaction in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP). In the one-step route, the addition of PVP to the tetrabutyl titanate(TBT) 1-octanol solution as the oil phase of the O/W emulsion clearly expands the size of the cavities inside the microspheres. The and atoleine alters the polarity of the oil phase to affect the interior structure significantly. The Span 80 is used as a stabilizer to preserve spherical shape. A preliminary mechanism based on phaseseparation for the structural evolution of titania hollow microspheres with multicavities is suggested. Zirconia and alumina hollow microspheres with incontinuous multicavities can also be prepared by this one-step route successfully.     

水包油包固体乳化法制备蛋白药物缓释微球

以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为模型药物, 研究了一种新型载药微球的水包油包固体(S/O/W)乳化法. 用纳米尺寸的SiO2吸附溶液中的BSA, 得到粒径约为30 nm的含药粒子, 再用PLGA包裹含药粒子. 考察不同制备条件对载药量和包封率的影响, 并与传统的双乳法(W/O/W)进行了对比, 发现该制备方法提高了药物的载药量(由2.5%到3.1%)和包封率(由72%到90%以上), 同时提高了药物活性.     

Photocrosslinked poly(ester‐anhydride) microspheres with macroporous structure

In this work, the new method of preparation biodegradable microspheres with macroporous structure is presented. Typical methods used for generation of porous structures in microspheres obtained from preformed polymers require the use of additional substances acting as porogens. In this study, the porosity was achieved as the effect of photocrosslinking, without porogens. Microspheres were prepared using emulsion solvent evaporation technique from functional poly(ester‐anhydride)s with different amount of allyl groups in the side chains. The crosslinking was carried out by UV irradiation during the solvent evaporation (photoinitiator was introduced to polymer solution). The size of microspheres obtained was in the range of 1.7 – 4 µm (small microspheres) or 31 – 50 µm (large ones) and depended on the conditions used in emulsion formulation process. Effectiveness of the crosslinking was characterized by the content of insoluble part of samples, and it was in the range of 42–89%. The content of insoluble part of sample of microspheres and their porosity were dependent on functionality of poly(ester‐anhydride)s, the amount of photoinitiator used, and also on size of microparticles. The small particles were always more crosslinked than the large ones, but the latter were more porous than the small ones. Crosslinked microparticles indicated higher loading efficiency of model compound and appeared to degrade faster than uncrosslinked ones, probably due to their high porosity. The high porosity of microspheres obtained would enable their eventual use in pulmonary drug delivery systems or in construction of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

催化剂对乳液模板法制备碳材料形貌的影响

以液体石蜡为油相,间苯二酚和甲醛的水溶液为水相,吐温80和司班80为乳化剂,获得油/水(O/W)型乳状液.将该乳状液聚合、碳化去除模板后制得了碳材料,研究了不同催化剂对所得碳材料形貌的影响.结果表明:选择NaOH为催化剂时,制得的碳材料是一种具有孔壁和孔洞的多孔碳泡沫,典型样品的孔径约为1-2μm;当氨水为催化剂时,所得碳材料是由微球或者相互缠绕的蠕虫状粒子组成的块体材料,这些微球或粒子的直径主要集中在1-2μm,与NaOH为催化剂时所得碳泡沫的孔径尺寸相当.研究发现,氨水的加入使得乳液体系发生了相转化,由原来的O/W型乳液逐渐转变为W/O型高内相乳液.从分子间氢键出发,应用内聚能理论探讨了催化剂导致的乳液相变以及不同形貌碳材料的形成过程.     

Chitosan modified poly(L-lactide) microspheres as cell microcarriers for cartilage tissue engineering

The surfaces of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) microspheres were modified by chitosan via a method of hydrolysis and grafting-coating to improve their compatibility to chondrocytes. The PLLA microspheres with a diameter of 74-150mum were fabricated by an oil/water emulsion solvent evaporation method, followed by hydrolysis in alkaline solution to produce a larger number of carboxyl groups. Using water-soluble carbodiimide as a coupling reagent, chitosan was covalently grafted onto the microspheres. Due to the physical entanglement and insolubility at neutral pH, unbonded chitosan molecules were stably remained to yield a large amount of coated chitosan. Biological performance of the control PLLA and the chitosan-coated PLLA microspheres were assessed by in vitro culture of rabbit auricular chondrocytes. After 24h and 7d culture, the chitosan-coated PLLA microspheres, especially the ones with larger chitosan amount, exhibited stronger ability to promote cell attachment and proliferation, and maintain the secretion function of the chondrocytes. Therefore, the chitosan-coated PLLA microspheres can be potentially used as the injectable cell microcarriers for chondrogenesis in cartilage tissue engineering.     

Highly Biocompatible Nanofibrous Microspheres Self‐Assembled from Chitin in NaOH/Urea Aqueous Solution as Cell Carriers

In this work, chitin microspheres (NCM) having a nanofibrous architecture were constructed using a “bottom‐up” fabrication pathway. The chitin chains rapidly self‐assembled into nanofibers in NaOH/urea aqueous solution by a thermally induced method and subsequently formed weaved microspheres. The diameter of the chitin nanofibers and the size of the NCM were tunable by controlling the temperature and the processing parameters to be in the range from 26 to 55 nm and 3 to 130 μm, respectively. As a result of the nanofibrous surface and the inherent biocompatibility of chitin, cells could adhere to the chitin microspheres and showed a high attachment efficiency, indicating the great potential of the NCM for 3D cell microcarriers.