锐钛矿(001)与(101)晶面在光催化反应中的作用

采用水热法制备了(001)和(101)晶面暴露的单晶锐钛矿TiO₂颗粒. 利用光还原沉积贵金属(Au, Ag, Pt)和光氧化沉积金属氧化物(PbO₂, MnO_x)的方法研究了暴露的锐钛矿(001)和(101)晶面在光催化中的作用. 通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(STM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的表征, 发现发生光还原反应生成的贵金属粒子主要沉积在暴露的锐钛矿(101)晶面上, 而发生光氧化反应产生的金属氧化物颗粒主要沉积在暴露的锐钛矿(001)晶面上. 此结果表明光激发产生的电子与空穴主要并分别分布在单晶锐钛矿TiO₂的(101)与(001)晶面上, 并在其上参与光催化还原反应和氧化反应. 同时也表明暴露的不同晶面对光生电荷具有分离效应. 基于本研究可以认为同时暴露分别进行氧化和还原反应的晶面可以有效促进光催化反应.     

Pt 改性的高结晶度 TiO2 晶须的光催化性能

 以二钛酸钾 (K₂Ti₂O₅) 为前驱体, 通过离子交换和 800^oC 焙烧制备了 TiO₂晶须 (TiO₂(800^oC)), 并采用乙二醇胶体法, 在 TiO₂(800^oC) 样品上负载 1% Pt 纳米颗粒制成了 Pt/TiO₂(800^oC 催化剂. 采用 X 射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X 荧光光谱和低温 N2 吸附-脱附等技术对催化剂进行了表征, 并考察了该催化剂光催化降解苯酚活性及稳定性. 结果表明, TiO₂(800^oC)样品为结晶度较高的纯锐钛矿 TiO₂, 载 Pt 后催化活性提高到原来的 2.3 倍, 具有很高的单位比表面积活性. 催化剂经 10 次重复使用后, Pt 流失量仅为 6%, 活性为新鲜催化剂的 91%. 而低结晶度的纯锐钛矿或混晶的 TiO₂ 负载 Pt 催化剂的活性和稳定性均不及 Pt/TiO₂(800^oC).     

溶胶-凝胶-水热晶化法制备锐钛矿TiO2纳米膜的耐蚀性能

以钛酸正丁酯为前驱体, 采用溶胶-凝胶-水热晶化法在不锈钢(SS)表面制备TiO₂纳米膜. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、Raman光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)表征了TiO₂纳米膜的晶型、表面形貌和表面化学组成. 通过极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了TiO₂纳米膜的耐蚀性能. 170 °C下水热晶化制备的锐钛矿TiO₂与450 °C焙烧制备的锐钛矿TiO₂的结晶度类似, 但两种TiO₂薄膜的表面结构存在明显差异, 水热晶化法制备的TiO₂纳米膜在3.5% (w) NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性能优于焙烧法制备的.     

单斜与锐钛矿双晶相TiO2/MWNTs复合材料的制备及其可见光光催化活性

以超强耐酸碱的表面活性剂-丁基封端脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚作为晶型调节剂,利用钛酸丁酯和氢氧化钠的水热反应制备了单斜相与锐钛矿相双晶相TiO₂/多壁碳纳米管(简称MWNTs)复合材料,并考察了复合材料的可见光光催化活性。结果显示:MWNTs的加入可调控TiO₂的晶相组成,增强TiO₂的光催化活性,其中含5%MWNTs的样品具有较高的催化降解效率;随煅烧温度的升高,样品的光催化活性大幅提升。其机理归因于(1)促进单斜相和锐钛矿相双晶相结构的形成;(2)碳纳米管优良的导电作用及碳纳米管/TiO₂间的异质结效应;(3)高温下碳纳米管分解产生的碳元素掺杂作用。     

TiO2-MoO3复合纳米管阵列薄膜的制备及其可见光活性

通过阳极氧化的方法制备TiO₂纳米管薄膜, 在MoO₃存在的条件下对该薄膜进行热处理得到TiO₂-MoO₃复合纳米管阵列薄膜. 利用X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), X射线光电子能谱(XPS), 电化学阻抗谱(EIS), Mott-Schottky 及光电化学方法对得到的薄膜进行了表征. XRD结果表明, TiO₂-MoO₃复合纳米管薄膜中的TiO₂主要为锐钛矿晶型. SEM实验证实了薄膜纳米管结构的存在, 样品中的MoO₃均匀地分散在TiO₂纳米管表面. 利用XPS方法分析了TiO₂-MoO₃复合纳米管薄膜元素的组成, 结果表明, MoO₃在TiO₂表面形成TiO₂-MoO₃复合纳米管薄膜. 研究了热处理温度以及热处理时间对样品的光电化学性能的影响, 相对于单纯TiO₂纳米管薄膜, 适量引入MoO₃提高了样品在可见光区的光电响应能力, 样品的平带电位负移. 在450 °C热处理60 min制得的TiO₂-MoO₃复合半导体纳米管阵列薄膜光电响应活性最高.     

TiO2纳米薄片的合成及其光催化降解苯酚性能

以钛酸纳米管为前驱体,通过添加NaF高温水热合成了(001)面暴露的TiO₂纳米薄片,并对其催化苯酚光降解行为进行了研究。结果表明经水热反应后,钛酸型TiO₂纳米管(NT)转晶成锐钛矿型TiO₂纳米薄片(NS),且具有高(001)暴露面。和NT相比,NS对苯酚的光催化降解活性显著提高,其活性随水热温度升高而增加。NS光催化去除苯酚符合一级动力学,其中200 ℃合成的NS反应速率常数k最高,为0.083 min^-1。同时,苯酚的光催化反应初活性与其初浓度的关系符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型,表明苯酚的光催化降解受吸附控制。     

氟掺杂TiO2纳米管的可见光催化活性及第一性原理计算

作为光催化技术的核心, 提高TiO₂的光催化活性和对可见光的利用率是当前光催化研究中最重要的研究课题. 为了提高TiO₂纳米管的可见光催化活性, 采用化学气相沉积法对TiO₂纳米管进行了氟掺杂. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明退火温度对于TiO₂纳米管的形貌完整性有较大影响, 当样品在550和700 °C下退火, 氟掺杂TiO₂纳米管结构受损; X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明氟掺杂对TiO₂由锐钛矿相转化为金红石相有阻碍作用; X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试表明化学气相沉积能有效地对TiO₂纳米管进行非金属掺杂, 且该方法安全、操作简单. 氟掺杂TiO₂纳米管对甲基橙有较高的可见光催化降解活性. 第一性原理计算结果表明氟掺杂对TiO₂带隙无显著影响, 费米能级附近的F 2p轨道电子位于价带底部, 与O 2p交联作用较小, 因此对TiO₂光吸收带边影响不大. 氟掺杂能促进表面氧空穴的产生, 增加表面酸度与Ti³⁺, 有利于减少电子-空穴复合率, 从而提高其光催化活性.     

纳米TiO2的制备及对三甲胺气体的敏感性能

用硬脂酸凝胶法制备纳米TiO₂材料,并用XRD、TEM、IR对纳米晶的晶型、晶粒大小及形貌进行表征；用XPS分析不同晶型的纳米TiO₂表面吸附氧的情况，发现锐钛矿型纳米TiO₂比金红石型纳米TiO₂有较多的表面吸附氧. 检测了不同晶型纳米TiO₂对三甲胺（TMA）气体的敏感性能.结果表明锐钛矿型纳米TiO₂对TMA有较高的灵敏度. 对敏感性能的机理进行了讨论.     

二氧化钛催化超声波损伤牛血清白蛋白的研究

利用紫外可见(UV-Vis)光谱和荧光(FL)光谱研究了二氧化钛(TiO₂)催化超声波照射对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的损伤作用，同时对金红石型和锐钛矿型TiO₂的催化性能进行了比较，并探讨了照射时间，TiO₂加入量，溶液酸度，超声波功率和离子强度等因素对BSA分子损伤的影响。结果表明，金红石型TiO₂的催化效果明显好于锐钛矿型TiO₂。在一定条件下，BSA分子的损伤程度随着照射时间的延长、照射功率和溶液酸度的增大而增大，而TiO₂的加入量和离子强度对BSA分子损伤的影响则较为复杂。     

SnCl4对纳米二氧化钛晶相结构的低温转变控制研究

采用二种方法制备了低温下晶相结构可控制转变的纳米二氧化钛。一种方法是采用乙醇作溶剂的溶胶-凝胶法,通过控制SnCl₄的添加量,便可在450℃热处理下实现纳米TiO₂从纯锐钛矿到不同比例的复合相直至纯金红石相的转变。另一种方法是采用钛酸丁酯为原料直接低温水解,通过加入不同量的SnCl₄,制备了具有晶态结构的二氧化钛复合溶胶,在120℃下干燥处理便可实现TiO₂从锐钛矿到不同比例的复合相(金红石型、锐钛矿型和板钛矿型)直至纯金红石相的转变,制备所需晶态结构的纳米TiO₂。所有样品进行了透射电镜与XRD表征,制备的纳米TiO₂及其TiO₂-SnO₂纳米复合材料颗粒小、分布均匀、分散性好,没有检测到SnO₂晶体的X-衍射特征峰。     

{001} facets dominated anatase TiO2: Morphology, formation/etching mechanisms and performance

Controllable growth of anatase TiO2 crystals with exposed high reactive crystal facets has aroused great attention in the fields of science and technology due to their unique structure-dependent properties. Recently, much effort has been paid to synthesize anatase TiO2 crystals with exposed high reactive {001} facets. Herein, we review the recent progress in synthesizing {001} facets dominated anatase TiO2 crystals with different morphologies by various synthetic methods. Furthermore, our review is mainly focused on the formation/etching mechanisms of {001} facets dominated anatase TiO2 crystals based on our and other studies. The extensive application potentials of the anatase TiO2 crystals with exposed {001} facets have been summarized in this review such as photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, solar energy conversion, lithium ion battery, and hydrogen generation. Based on the current studies, we give some perspectives on the research topic. We believe that this comprehensive review on anatase TiO2 crystals with high reactive {001} facets can further promote the relative research in this field.     

Synthesis of {100} Facet Dominant Anatase TiO2 Nanobelts and the Origin of Facet‐Dependent Photoreactivity

Sword‐like anatase TiO₂ nanobelts exposed with 78 % clean {100} facets were synthesized and the facet‐dependent photoreactivity of anatase TiO₂ was investigated. By quantitative comparison with the reference {001} facets, the {100} facets possessed about ten‐times higher active sites density than that on {001} facets, resulting in higher photoreaction efficiency. After the active sites density normalization, the {100} and {001} facets exhibited distinct wavelength‐dependent photocatalytic performance, attributed to the anisotropic electronic structures in TiO₂ crystals.     

Facet-Control versus Co-Catalyst-Control in Photocatalytic H2 Evolution from Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystals

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and, in particular, its anatase polymorph, is widely studied for photocatalytic H₂ production. In the present work, we examine the importance of reactive facets of anatase crystallites on the photocatalytic H₂ evolution from aqueous methanol solutions. For this, we synthesized anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals with a large amount of either {001} facets, that is, nanosheets, or {101} facets, that is, octahedral nanocubes, and examined their photocatalytic H₂ evolution and then repeated this procedure with samples where Pt co-catalyst is present on all facets. Octahedral nanocubes with abundant {101} facets produce >4 times more H₂ than nanosheets enriched in {001} facets if the reaction is carried out under co-catalyst-free conditions. For samples that carry Pt co-catalyst on both {001} and {101} facets, faceting loses entirely its significance. This demonstrates that the beneficial role of faceting, namely the introduction of {101} facets that act as electron transfer mediator is relevant only for co-catalyst-free TiO₂ surfaces.     

Graphite-like carbon deposited anatase TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> single crystals as efficient visible-light photocatalysts

Graphite-like carbon deposited single-crystal anatase TiO₂ with exposed {001} facets was fabricated through a two-step solvothermal process by using glucose as carbon source. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, transmission electron microscopy, Raman, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface photovoltage spectroscopy. These results demonstrated that graphite-like carbon layers were deposited on the surface of TiO₂ single-crystal nanosheets with exposed highly reactive {001} facets via the dehydration of glucose during the process of hydrothermal treatment. The loading of the graphite-like carbon layers could effectively extend the light absorption edge of the single-crystal anatase TiO₂ nanosheets to visible light region and accelerate the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes, contributing an excellent visible-light driven photocatalytic performance to the graphite-like carbon deposited single-crystal anatase TiO₂ nanosheets for the degradation of methyl orange.     

Effects of anatase TiO2 morphology and surface fluorination on environmentally relevant photocatalytic reduction and oxidation reactions

Aiming at clarifying the interplay on TiO₂ photoactivity between particle morphology and surface fluorination, the photocatalytic performance of anatase nanocrystals, characterized by a pseudo-spherical shape or a nanosheet structure, is investigated in both a reduction and an oxidation reaction, either in the absence or in the presence of added fluoride anions. Cr(VI) photocatalytic reduction is strongly favored by a large exposure of anatase {001} facets; however, surface fluorination leads in this case to a morphology-independent photoactivity decrease, due to the decreased adsorption of the reaction substrate. More interestingly, a beneficial synergistic effect between the platelet-like anatase morphology and TiO₂ surface fluorination is clearly outlined in Rhodamine B photocatalytic degradation, possibly resulting from the intrinsic ability of fluorinated {001} anatase facets of boosting ^?OH radical mediated oxidation paths, due to their larger amount of surface –OH groups, as revealed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.     

Effect of amines on the peroxo-titanates and photoactivity of annealed TiO2

The aim of this study was to explore the influence of various n-propylamines (mono, di, and tri) and tert-butylamine on the properties of prepared peroxo-titanates and annealed TiO₂. Detailed structural characterization (SEM, TEM with EDX, XRD) confirmed the 2D-foil morphology of TiO₂ nanocrystals and the CHNS analysis together with XPS showed presence of carbon (under 1 wt%). The annealed TiO₂ showed excellent photocatalytic activity and up to four times higher decomposition rate constant upon UV irradiation than the P25. Favourable growth of TiO₂ crystals was observed especially when propylamine and tert-butylamine were used (as precursors for the peroxo-titanates). Increased photocatalytic efficiency of the highly crystalline nano-TiO₂ was confirmed due to high-reactive anatase facets and the morphology composed of microsheets formed by interconnected nanocrystals. The photoinduced electron transfer was confirmed via EPR spectroscopy. This synthesis’ procedure offers a novel preparation method of highly photoactive C-doped TiO₂ achieved relatively easily after annealing of lyophilized amino-peroxo-titanate.     

Morphology‐Engineered Highly Active and Stable Ru/TiO2 Catalysts for Selective CO Methanation

Ru/TiO₂ catalysts exhibit an exceptionally high activity in the selective methanation of CO in CO₂‐ and H₂‐rich reformates, but suffer from continuous deactivation during reaction. This limitation can be overcome through the fabrication of highly active and non‐deactivating Ru/TiO₂ catalysts by engineering the morphology of the TiO₂ support. Using anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals with mainly {001}, {100}, or {101} facets exposed, we show that after an initial activation period Ru/TiO₂‐{100} and Ru/TiO₂‐{101} are very stable, while Ru/TiO₂‐{001} deactivates continuously. Employing different operando/in situ spectroscopies and ex situ characterizations, we show that differences in the catalytic stability are related to differences in the metal–support interactions (MSIs). The stronger MSIs on the defect‐rich TiO₂‐{100} and TiO₂‐{101} supports stabilize flat Ru nanoparticles, while on TiO₂‐{001} hemispherical particles develop. The former MSIs also lead to electronic modifications of Ru surface atoms, reflected by the stronger bonding of adsorbed CO on those catalysts than on Ru/TiO₂‐{001}.     

Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO2 by Improving the Specific Facet‐Induced Spontaneous Separation of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes

Recently, it has been proven that directional flow of photogenerated charge carriers occurs on specific facets of TiO₂ nanocrystals. Herein, we demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals in both photoreduction and photooxidation processes can be enhanced by selectively depositing Pt nanoparticles on the {101} facets, which strengthens spontaneously surface‐induced separation between photogenerated electrons and holes in the photocatalysis process. An optimal ratio of the oxidative {001} facets to the reductive {101} facets exists with regard to the photocatalysis of the faceted TiO₂ nanocrystals, and this is crucial for balancing the recombination and redox reaction rates of photogenerated electrons and holes. The present work might help us gain deeper insight into the relation between the specific surface of semiconductor photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activities and provides us with a new route to design photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity.     

Particulate sol–gel synthesis and optical and electrical properties of CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanocomposite

CeO₂/TiO₂ nanocomposite was synthesized by particulate sol–gel method. The X-ray diffractogram shows the presence of cubic CeO₂ and anatase TiO₂ in the composite. The high resolution scanning electron micrographs reveal the nanoparticulate nature of the prepared composite. The composite absorbs UV light and exhibits near-band gap emission corresponding to TiO₂ and deep level emission due to crystal defects. The Nyquist plot displays two semicircular arcs indicating the material heterogeneity. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposite are in favour of its application as an ingredient of sunscreen formulations; under UV light the photocatalytic activity of CeO₂/TiO₂ composite, tested through the degradation of rhodamine B, is very much less than that by pristine anatase TiO₂. Reduced adsorption of moisture by the nanocomposite is a possible reason for the observed very low photocatalytic activity.