各向同性弹性损伤本构方程的一般形式

直接从不可逆热力学基本定律出发,推导出弹性各向同性损伤材料本构方程的一般形式,克服了由应变等效假设建立的经典损伤本构方程的缺陷,并阐明了两种各向同性弹性损伤模型(单标量模型与双标量模型)之间的联系.研究表明,采用单标量描述的损伤模型,在材料损伤本构方程中含有两个“损伤效应函数”,反映损伤对于两个弹性常数的不同影响.应变等效假设给出的损伤本构方程,是该文方程的一个近似形式,常常不能满意地描述实际材料的损伤行为.     

单轴作用下岩土材料的双重介质本构模型

基于弹塑性力学和损伤力学理论,将岩土材料视为孔隙-裂隙双重介质,假设孔隙介质不发生损伤,而裂隙介质随应变的增加发生损伤,建立了单轴作用下岩土类材料的双重介质本构模型隐式表达式,并利用Newton迭代法得出了材料的全程应力-应变曲线．分析结果表明,岩土材料中裂隙空间展布的多态性（均匀展布、集中展布和随机展布）是岩土材料本构关系千变万化的根本原因．由于双重介质本构模型将岩土材料的弹性主体（孔隙介质部分）和损伤主体（裂隙介质部分）分化开来,对于研究岩土或含损伤材料的破坏具有实用价值和理论意义．     

混凝土材料的粘塑性损伤本构模型

基于不可逆热力学,引入运动硬化、等向硬化和损伤内变量,构造了相应的自由能函数和流动势函数,推导出了混凝土材料的粘塑性损伤本构模型．数值模拟的结果表明,该模型能够避开屈服面和破坏准则的基本假设来描述混凝土材料的以下特性:压缩载荷作用下的体积膨胀现象;应变率敏感性;峰值后由损伤和破坏引起的应力软化和刚度退化现象A·D2由于此模型避开了根据各种变形阶段选择与其相应的本构模型的繁琐计算,因此更便于纳入复杂工况下应力分析有限元程序中．     

Ⅰ阶梯度损伤理论

从热力学基本定律出发,将应变张量、标量损伤变量、损伤梯度作为Helmholtz自由能函数的状态变量,利用本构泛函展开法在自然状态附近作自由能函数的Taylor展开,未引入附加假设,推导出Ⅰ阶梯度损伤本构方程的一般形式．该形式在损伤为0时可退化为线弹性应力-应变本构方程,在损伤梯度为0时可退化为基于应变等效假设给出的线弹性局部损伤本构方程．一维解析解表明,随着应力增大,损伤场逐步由空间非周期解变为关于空间的类周期解,类周期解的峰值区域形成局部化带．局部化带内的损伤变量将不同于局部化带外的损伤变量,由此可以反映出介质的局部化特征．损伤局部化并不是与损伤同时发生,而是在损伤发生后逐渐显现出来,模型的局部化机制开始启动;损伤局部化的宽度同内部特征长度成正比．     

韧性材料中的一个新的动态孔洞增长模型

本文提出了一个可用来描述韧性材料动态断裂过程的新模型.基体是由具有过应力形式的弹-粘塑性本构关系的材料构成.文中给出了在常等效应变率下的含孔洞材料的动态加载面及其相应的近似解析表达式.当材料单元经受球对称载荷作用时,本文的模型将退化为Carroll-Holt-Johnson模型.当材料的应变率敏感参数趋于零时,本文模型将退化为Gurson模型.本文的研究还表明,在一般情况下正交性法则是不成立的.最后,将本文模型与近年来Pan,Saje,Needleman和Perzyna等人所提出的含孔洞材料的粘塑性本构模型进行了比较.     

岩土材料弹塑性正交异性损伤耦合本构理论

在不可逆热力学框架内建立了岩土材料的正交异性损伤塑性耦合宏观唯象本构理论。主要结果有：1）给出了耦合的塑性和损伤的演化律;2）从对含裂纹单元的细观分析入手,通过均匀化（Homogenization）处理,将损伤引入到Mohr-Coulomb条件下,模型同时考虑了损伤对剪切强度及摩擦角的影响,扩容现象则通过损伤应变来计算。     

高温作用下混凝土热-水-力耦合损伤分析模型

以混合物理论为基础建立了高温作用下混凝土的热-水-力耦合损伤分析模型．将混凝土视为由固体骨架、液态水、水蒸气、干燥气体和溶解气体共5种组分构成的混合物,模型的宏观平衡方程包括各组分的质量守恒方程、整体的能量守恒方程及动量守恒方程,模型所需的状态方程及本构关系全部给出,最后给出基于4个主要参数（固体骨架位移、气压力、毛细压力和温度）的控制方程．模型考虑了混凝土在高温作用下,水分的蒸发与冷凝、胶结材料的水化及脱水、溶解气的溶解与挥发等相变过程;从材料变形破坏过程中能量耗散特征入手,基于Lemaitre应变等价性假说和能量守恒原理得到力学损伤演化方程,并考虑了高温引起的热损伤对材料力学性能及力学损伤演化规律的影响,建立了热-力耦合损伤本构模型．     

一个新的形状记忆合金模型

借助于Tanaka用一维形核动力学方程导出的指数形式的相变百分数,建立了一个新的形状记忆合金本构模型.提出了不同相变条件下的可恢复形状记忆应变的表达式;考虑了材料在变形过程中马氏体的重定向作用;克服了Tanaka系列模型不能描述当材料为完全马氏体状态时的力学行为的缺点.本模型较现有的形状记忆合金本构模型均简单,便于应用,实验证明了模型的正确性.     

有限变形下的混凝土动态本构关系研究

讨论有限变形和小变形假设下本构关系的区别,并将其运用于混凝土的弹-粘塑性本构关系研究,提出了一个应变率相关的动态力学模型．模型基于Ottosen的4参数屈服准则,分别考虑混凝土在硬化阶段和软化阶段加载面的不同变化规律,建立冲击荷载下的混凝土本构关系．该模型可以应用于冲击载荷下混凝土材料响应的模拟．引进Green-Naghdi客观率建立有限变形的混凝土模型．根据大量实验结果对应变率和材料强度的关系提出合理假设,使模型可以反映混凝土大变形的动态力学行为,为相关工程问题的研究提供有益的思路和有效的工具．     

关于损伤张量的阶次

本文首先讨论了较为广泛的连续介质材料的应力变形本构关系,得到了通常以泛函表示的应力变形本构关系的张量表达式.以此为基础,研究了各向异性材料各向异性损伤时,无论从连续介质力学模型出发还是从缺陷模型出发,描述损伤的张量都存在最高阶次的限制;指出了在什么条件下,损伤变量可用低于最高阶次的张量来描述.     

Micro-mechanical analyses of the effect of stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter on ductile damage and failure

The paper deals with the effect of different stress states on plastic deformations, damage and fracture of ductile materials. To be able to model these effects a continuum damage model has been introduced taking into account the dependence of stress-state on the constitutive equations. The model is based on the introduction of damaged and fictitious undamaged configurations. All parameters appearing in the constitutive equations are stress-state-dependent which can be characterized by the stress intensity, the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter. Only experiments are not adequate enough to determine all constitutive parameters. Thus, additional series of three-dimensional micro-mechanical simulations of representative volume elements have been performed to get more insight in the complex damage mechanisms. These simulations cover a wide range of stress triaxialities and Lode parameters in tension, shear and compression domains. After all, the results from the micro-mechanical simulations are used to suggest the damage equations and to identify corresponding parameters. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

考虑损伤的修正梯度弹性理论

梯度弹性理论在描述材料微结构起主导作用的力学行为时具有显著优势,将其与损伤理论相结合,可在材料破坏研究中考虑微结构的影响.基于修正梯度弹性理论,将应变张量、应变梯度张量和损伤变量作为Helmholtz自由能函数的状态变量,并在自然状态附近对自由能函数作Taylor展开,进而由热力学基本定律,推导出修正梯度弹性损伤理论本构方程的一般形式.编制有限元程序,模拟土样损伤局部化带的发展演化过程.结果表明,修正梯度弹性损伤理论消除了网格依赖性;损伤局部化带不是与损伤同时发生,而是在损伤发展到一定程度后再逐渐显现出来.     

A constitutive model for thermoplastic materials subjected to high strain rates

Reliable prediction of the behaviour of structures made from polymers is a topic under considerable investigation in engineering practice. Especially, if the structure is subjected to dynamic loading, constitutive models considering the mechanical behaviour properly are not available in commercial finite element codes yet. A constitutive model is derived including important phenomena like necking, strain rate dependency, unloading behaviour and damage. In particular, different yield surfaces in compression and tension and strain rate dependent failure, the latter with damage induced erosion, is taken into account. With the present formulation, standard verification tests can be simulated successfully. Also, an elastic damage model can be used to approximate the unloading behaviour of thermoplastics adequately. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A three-dimensional progressive damage model for fiber reinforced composites with an implicit-explicit integration scheme

This contribution proposes a fully three dimensional “continuum damage model” (CDM) to describe the interlaminar and intralaminar failure mechanisms of transversely isotropic elastic-brittle materials under static loading. The constitutive model is derived from an energy function with independent damage variables for each damage mode. The evolution law is based on energy dissipation within the damage process, taking into account the critical energy release rate to weaken the effect of mesh dependent outcome. The onset of damage can be predicted with Cuntze's failure mode concept [1] as well as with Hashin's failure criteria. In this model linear stress decreasing is assumed. In addition, an implicit-explicit integration scheme, first proposed by Oliver [3] for isotropic damage models, is adapted to increase the stability and robustness of numerical simulations and to decrease the computational cost of material failure analyses. By comparing the results from implicit-explicit integration schemes and standard implicit integration schemes, a high level of agreement is found. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Influence of structural hypotheses on the elastic-viscoplastic response of shock wave-loaded plates

If circular metal plates are subjected repeatedly to impulsive loadings, damage and failure of the structures can occur. In order to predict the damage evolution in finite element simulations, a structural theory combined with viscoplastic constitutive equations acounting for damage is used. However, different structural hypotheses, used in the theoretical model, can lead to variations in the numerical result. Therefore, first- and third-order shear deformations theories are applied in a finite element code. Moreover, local and non-local damage approaches are used. The aim is to determine the numerical model, which leads to the most accurate results compared to experiments. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A viscoelastic constitutive modeling of rubber-like materials with the Payne effect

This paper aims to present a viscoelastic constitutive model of rubber-like materials, which can capture the Payne effect under dynamic cyclic loadings. The Payne effect is induced by a damage process of bond rupture inside the rubber-like materials, which leads to the storage and loss moduli changing with the dynamic strain amplitude. A viscoelastic constitutive relation is established based on the nonequilibrium thermodynamics for the rubber-like materials by constructing the Helmholtz free energy as the superposition of a hyperelastic model and a convolution viscous model. The neo-Hookean hyperelastic model and the convolution viscous model in terms of the Prony series are then employed in a modification that the material parameters concerned are treated as internal variables and can be identified through a simple but effective approach. At last, the Payne effect is effectively predicted in a good agreement with experimental results.     

An internal-variable theory of thermo-viscoelastic constitutive relations at finite strain

Based on the nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory, a new thermo-viscoelastic relation at finite strain is proposed. Under the assumption that the specific heat at a fixed strain and fixed internal variables can be regarded as a constant, a new expression for the free energy which decouples the mechanical and the thermal effects is derived. Through an analysis of the mesoscopic deformation mechanism of solid polymers, a set of internal variables is introduced, and an internal-variable constitutive theory in thermo-viscoelasticity at finite strain is formulated. An explicit expression of a thermoviscoelastic constitutive relation is obtained for solid polymers in the case where their molecular network has a randomly oriented distribution function at reference configuration. Moreover, the relationship between the relaxation time and the temperature is also discussed. The viscoelastic constitutive theory proposed in reference is only a linear approximation of the present theory.