Source function extracted from single-event HBT correlation functions of hydrodynamical sources

We investigate the single-event two-pion correlation functions for the hydrodynamic particle-emitting sources with the fluctuating initial conditions generated by the Heavy Ion Jet Interaction Generator （HIJING）. Using a three-dimension fast Fourier transform （FFT）, we further extract the source functions from the single-event correlation functions. It is found that the inhomogeneity of the hydrodynamic sources with the fluctuating initial conditions lead to event-by-event fluctuations of the correlation functions and source functions.     

Fluctuations in a fluid under a stationary heat flux. I. General theory

We present the basic formulas for a unified treatment of the correlation functions of the hydrodynamic variables in a fluid between two horizontal plates which is exposed to a stationary heat flux in the presence of a gravity field (Rayleigh-Bénard system). Our analysis is based on fluctuating hydrodynamics. In this paper (I) we show that in the nonequilibrium stationary state the hydrodynamic fluctuations evolve on slow and fast time scales that are widely separated. A time scale perturbation theory is used to diagonalize the hydrodynamic operator partially. This enables us to derive the eigenvalue equations for the nonequilibrium hydrodynamic modes. Therein we take into account the variation of the macroscopic quantities with position. The correlation functions are formally expressed in terms of the nonequilibrium modes. In paper II the slow hydrodynamic modes (viscous and viscoheat modes) will be determined explicitly for ideal heat-conducting plates with stick boundary conditions and used to compute the slow part of the correlation functions; in paper III the fast hydrodynamic modes (sound modes) will be explicitly determined for stick boundary conditions and used to compute the fast part of the correlation functions. In these papers we will also compute the shape and intensity of the lines measured in light scattering experiments.     

Influence of shear viscosity on the correlation between the triangular flow and initial spatial triangularity

In a hydrodynamic model, with fluctuating initial conditions, the correlation between triangular flow and initial spatial triangularity is studied. The triangular flow, even in ideal fluid, is not strongly correlated with the initial triangularity. The correlation is largely reduced in viscous fluid. Elliptic flow on the other hand appears to be strongly correlated with initial eccentricity. Weak correlation between triangular flow and initial triangularity indicates that a part of triangular flow is unrelated to initial triangularity. Triangularity acquired during the fluid evolution also contributes to the triangular flow.     

Statistical mechanics of nonlinear hydrodynamic fluctuations

The paper studies nonlinear hydrodynamic fluctuations by the methods of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The generalized Fokker-Planck equation for the distribution function of coarse-grained densities of conserved quantities is derived from the Liouville equation and then is investigated by using the gradient expansions in the flux correlation matrix. We have obtained the functional-differential Fokker-Planck equation describing the nonlinear hydrodynamic fluctuations in spatially nonuniform systems to second order in gradients of coarse-grained fluctuating fields. An outline of the derivation of Fokker-Planck equations containing the Burnett terms is also given. The explicit coordinate representation for the hydrodynamic Fokker-Planck equation is discussed in the case of one-component simple fluid. The general scheme of a change of coarse-grained functional variables is developed for hydrodynamic Fokker-Planck equations. The corresponding transformation rules are found for “drift” terms, “diffusion coefficients” and thermodynamic forces. The dynamical equations and stationary conditions for averages of functions (functionals) of hydrodynamic fields are discussed by using the Fokker-Planck operators acting on such functions. The explicit form of these operators are found for various sets of fluctuating fields. As an application of the formalism the calculation of the stationary correlation functions is presented for a simple nonequilibrium steady state.     

Use of computer simulations to determine steady-state distributions in ion bombardment

Abstract

Computer simulations typically determine the particle-distribution function corresponding to a single-event point source. This distribution function contains all the information needed to determine the corresonding steady-state distribution. From the single-event point-source distribution one can also deduce the distributions resulting from plane and volume-homogeneous sources, both for single event and steady state. A formalism for making these deductions is developed, based on the observation that the distribution determined by computer simulation obeys the Boltzmann transport equation, and on the properties of the Green's functions solutions of that equation, particularly the consequences of space- and time-translation invariance. The treatment deals explicitly with a homogeneous target infinite in every direction, but is easily generalized to cases with boundary conditions, such as a beam bombarding a layered target in slab geometry.     

Numerical integration of the fluctuating hydrodynamic equations

An approach to numerically integrate the Landau-Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamic equations is outlined. The method is applied to one-dimensional systems obeying the nonlinear Fourier equation and the full hydrodynamic equations for a dilute gas. Static spatial correlation functions are obtained from computer-generated sample trajectories (time series). They are found to show the emergence of long-range behavior whenever a temperature gradient is applied. The results are in very good agreement with those obtained from solving the correlation equations directly.     

Fluctuating initial conditions and fluctuations in elliptic and triangular flow

In heavy ion collisions, event-by-event fluctuations in participating nucleon positions can lead to triangular flow. With fluctuating initial conditions, flow coefficients will also fluctuate. In a hydrodynamic model, we study the fluctuations in elliptic and triangular flow, due to fluctuating initial conditions. Both elliptic and triangular flow fluctuates strongly, triangular flow more strongly than the elliptic flow. Strong fluctuations greatly reduce the sensitivity of elliptic and triangular flow to viscosity.     

Computation of aeolian tone from a circular cylinder using source models

The generation of aeolian tones from a two-dimensional circular cylinder situated in a uniform cross-flow is investigated. The major emphasis here is placed on identifying the important noise generation mechanisms. Acoustic-viscous splitting techniques are utilized to compute modelled acoustic source terms and their corresponding acoustic fields. The incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation is used to compute the near-field viscous flow solution, from which modelled acoustic source terms are extracted based on an approximation to the Lighthill’s stress tensor. Acoustic fields are then computed with an acoustic solver to solve the linearized Euler equations forced by the modelled source terms. Computations of the acoustic field based on the approximated Lighthill’s stress tensor are shown to be in good agreement with those computed from the surface dipole sources obtained using Curle’s solution to the acoustic analogy. It is shown in this paper that the stress tensor source term in the streamwise direction makes a comparable, but slightly larger contribution to the overall radiated field, compared with that due to the stress tensor in the direction normal to the mean flow. In addition, it is shown that shear sources, which arise due to the interaction between the fluctuating velocity and the background steady mean velocity, make the greatest contribution to the acoustic field, while the self-noise sources, which represents the interaction between the fluctuating velocities, is shown to be comparably negligible.     

Fluctuating hydrodynamics for driven granular gases

We study a granular gas heated by a stochastic thermostat in the dilute limit. Starting from the kinetic equations governing the evolution of the correlation functions, a Boltzmann-Langevin equation is constructed. The spectrum of the corresponding linearized Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck operator is analyzed, and the equation for the fluctuating transverse velocity is derived in the hydrodynamic limit. The noise term (Langevin force) is thus known microscopically and contains two terms: one coming from the thermostat and the other from the fluctuating pressure tensor. At variance with the free cooling situation, the noise is found to be white and its amplitude is evaluated.     

颗粒相干发射源的2π和3π玻色-爱因斯坦关联

在假设由同一颗粒发射的π介子为相干发射的条件下, 给出了颗粒发射源模型的2π及3π关联函数, 发射源的混沌性随颗粒数目的增加而增大. 此外, 对颗粒相干发射源及部分相干高斯源的归一化纯3π关联进行比较, 发现当2π关联的混沌性参量小于0.8时, 两种发射源的归一化纯3π关联值在小Q₃区域有明显差别.     

柱形夸克-胶子等离子体演化源的π干涉学分析

本文对Bjorken柱形夸克-胶子等离子体演化膨胀源进行了2π Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT)干涉学分析.利用量子几率振幅的路径积分公式计算2π HBT关联函数并得到对膨胀和静态源的HBT半径. 研究发现，在冻结发射情况下的HBT半径要明显大于没有考虑多重散射吸收情况下的结果，源的膨胀速度导致HBT半径变小.对相变温度宽度为零的Bjorken柱形源，膨胀速度的影响要小于对应的球形源的结果.     

球形夸克-胶子等离子体演化源的π干涉学分析

本文对球形演化的夸克–胶子等离子体膨胀源进行了2π干涉学分析.夸克–胶子等离子体的演化由相对论流体力学和熵密度的物态方程描述,而2πHanbury-Brown-Twiss(HBT)关联函数由量子几率振幅的路径积分公式计算.研究结果表明,由2π干涉学得到的源的空间参量敏感地依赖于π介子发射源的相空间分布,源的膨胀速度导致HBT半径变小,并会改变HBT半径与冻结温度之间的关系.     

辐射定标的新型参考光源技术

参考光源是辐射定标系统中的关键设备之一。近年来不同光谱分辨率、不同工作方式光电探测器的发展,需要参考光源在具备稳定性、均匀性等基本特性的同时,能够实现光谱匹配、大动态范围调节和宽波段精细扫描等新的功能。结合以LED为发光单元的可调光谱参考光源和利用宽调谐激光器的单色面光源技术,介绍了新型参考光源的设计、主要性能和部分前期的应用效果。新型参考光源可以与近年发展起来的基于探测器的标准传递技术相结合,在保障和提高绝对定标精度的同时,满足特定的定标技术要求。     

A simplified approach to kinetic theory of dense fluids

Time correlation functions may be related to the fluctuating force correlation function in the sub-ensemble with fixed initial particle velocity. The latter may be evaluated by following the trajectories of particle pairs in the fluid.     

双扬声器近场声源重放实验研究

该文针对电子器件散热用的一款变速轴流风扇的气动噪声及其降噪方法进行实验研究。首先利用风扇旋转轴等高平面内圆周分布的传感器阵列测量风扇不同转速下远场噪声分布,总声压级与转速的对数关系验证散热风扇主要气动噪声属于偶极源噪声,频谱分析显示离散单音噪声为主要噪声影响因素。基于管道声学理论的管道模态截止方法,研究进出风口安装圆形短管对风扇气动噪声的影响,实验结果显示不同位置、不同长度的短管对风扇远场噪声影响不同。额定转速下,在进风口安装2 cm管道可以使远场1 m处平均总声压级下降4.1 dB(A),降噪效果显著。模态测量结果显示,此种情况下对应离散单音处的风扇主要模态幅值大大降低,风扇离散单音噪声降低从而噪声总声压级大幅减小。该方法为散热风扇降噪提供了一种新的途径。     

氢气扩散火焰中辐射源项湍流脉动特征的PDF模拟

采用κ-ε湍流模型、标量联合的概率密度函数(PDF)输运方程和层流火焰面模型相结合,模拟氢气自由扩散火焰中辐射源项湍流脉动特征.给出了主燃区内辐射源项湍流脉动的频率图.辐射源项的样本点分布集中,大约95%以上的样本落在其系综的±3倍方差以内,频谱图为单峰.     

以太网芯片重离子单粒子效应试验

为评估和研究工业以太网芯片KSZ8851-16MLLJ在空间环境中的适应性,利用重离子源对芯片进行了单粒子试验。根据以太网芯片的结构和功能制订了单粒子实验方案,得出了实验数据,并对实验数据进行了整理和研究。实验和研究表明:工业以太网芯片KSZ8851-16MLLJ具有一定的抗单粒子辐射能力;在不同网络传输条件下,发生单粒子翻转的机率也不相同;在持续的单粒子辐射下,以太网芯片会发生电流阶跃,第二次电流阶跃时产生单粒子锁定,在工程应用中可以利用电流阶跃监测芯片的辐射水平。     

Hydrodynamic Fluctuations in Laminar Fluid Flow. I. Fluctuating Orr-Sommerfeld Equation

In recent years it has become evident that fluctuating hydrodynamics predicts that fluctuations in nonequilibrium states are always spatially long ranged. In this paper we consider the application of fluctuating hydrodynamics to laminar fluid flow, using plane Couette flow as a representative example. Specifically, fluctuating hydrodynamics yields a stochastic Orr-Sommerfeld equation for the wall-normal velocity fluctuations, where spontaneous thermal noise acts as a random source.This stochastic equation needs to be solved subject to appropriate boundary conditions. We show how an exact solution can be obtained from an expansion in terms of the eigenfunctions of the Orr-Sommerfeld hydrodynamic operator. We demonstrate the presence of a flow-induced enhancement of the wall-normal velocity fluctuations and a resulting flow-induced energy amplification and provide a quantitative analysis how these quantities depend on wave number and Reynolds number.