Monte Carlo simulation of glandular dose in a dedicated breast CT system

A dedicated breast CT system (DBCT) is a new method for breast cancer detection proposed in recent years. In this paper, the glandular dose in the DBCT is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The phantom shape is half ellipsoid, and a series of phantoms with different sizes, shapes and compositions were constructed. In order to optimize the spectra, monoenergy X-ray beams of 5-80 keV were used in simulation. The dose distribution of a breast phantom was studied: a higher energy beam generated more uniform distribution, and the outer parts got more dose than the inner parts. For polyenergtic spectra, four spectra of Al filters with different thicknesses were simulated, and the polyenergtic glandular dose was calculated as a spectral weighted combination of the monoenergetic dose.     

X射线辐射剂量率的模拟计算与实验测量

利用C语言对钨反射式X射线管出射的X射线光谱公式编制计算机程序,对模拟计算得到的光谱的形状与理论及实验结果进行比较,对模拟计算结果的正确性加以验证.     

Analysis of phantom centering positioning on image noise and radiation dose in axial scan type of brain CT

ABSTRACT

This study examined the dose and image quality according to the position change of a human phantom in a CT scan. This study used an MDCT 128 Slice CT Scanner instrument. An axial scan was performed with a 16 cm CTDI phantom of a human phantom, and the dose was measured using a pencil chamber meter. The phantom was scanned 10 cm above and below the isocenter and 15 cm above the right and left. The position of the phantom is indicated by C-0 in the isocenter position, S-10 in the upper 10 cm, I-10 in the lower 10 cm, R-15 in the right 15 cm, and L-15 in the left 15 cm. The test was performed 30 times using the brain CT protocol to calculate the dose and the dose width product (DWP). The acquired images were analyzed using the ImageJ program. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS with one-way ANOVA (p < .05). The mean DWP values of the CT scanner were C-0 31.97 mGy·cm, S-10 24.52 mGy·cm, I-10 24.28 mGy· cm, R-15 17.95 mGy·cm, and L15 17.6 mGy·cm. Compared to the isocenter (C-0), the DLP values measured at each site were 23.3% for S-10, 24% for I-10, 43.8% for R-15, and 44.9% for L15. A significant difference in the one-way ANOVA statistical process was observed (p>0.05). C-0 was measured to be 7.42 HU, S-10 7.87 HU, I-10 8.4 HU, R-15 117 HU, and L-15 13.6 HU for evaluating the image quality. Compared to C-0, S-10 was 5.39%, I-10 was 13.2%, R-15 was 57.6%, and L-15 was 83.2%. The PSNR for S-10, I-10, R-15, and L-15 was 17.37, 17.5, 16.62, and 16.37 dB, respectively. A good quality image can be obtained by positioning the subject precisely in the isocenter in the axial scan, if possible, because the irradiated dose to the subject is low, which can lead to an increase in noise in image reconstruction.     

Optimal tube potential and tube current for radiation dose reduction in routine adult head computed tomography scanning

ABSTRACT

We proposed a new, optimised scanning parameter that can reduce the patient’s radiation dose while maintaining image quality in a head computed tomography (CT) scan. We evaluated the clinical CT scan parameters (tube voltage, tube current, slice thickness pitch, scan range, rotation time, and CT dose index) for brain CT examination in a total of 52 multi-detector row spiral CTs (SOMATOM Definition AS+, Siemens Healthcare, Germany). The data were analysed, and the range of valid scan parameters was determined clinically using quartile distribution within the 95% confidence interval. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine performance evaluation phantom was used to acquire images using these scan parameters, and new, optimised CT scan parameters were proposed by analysing CT number accuracy, noise, uniformity, spatial resolution, and contrast resolution. The new CT scan parameters proposed were determined as tube voltage 100?kVp and tube current 300?mAs. Compared with conventional clinical scan parameters, tube voltage was reduced by 16.7% and tube current was decreased by 33.3%. Loss in imaging accuracy and uniformity of CT number was less than 20%, loss in noise was less than 40%, and no change in resolution was observed. Conversely, the CT dose index and effective dose was 20%–50%. A new systematic method for clinically assessing the optimised CT scan parameters were proposed, and the effective dose was decreased, with changing exposure conditions.     

X射线管辐射剂量分布的理论分析与实验测量

简述了反射式X射线管与透射式X射线管的结构.理论分析了透射式X射线管不具有足跟效应.实验测量表明:在所研究的范围内透射式X射线管辐射剂量分布情况明显好于反射式X射线管的辐射剂量分布.     

基于切伦科夫辐射的核素治疗剂量测量可行性分析

针对现有核素治疗中内照射剂量测量缺乏简单、高效方法的问题,基于内照射剂量与切伦科夫辐射之间的关系,提出一种基于切伦科夫辐射的核素治疗内照射剂量测量的新方法。利用蒙特卡罗计算程序Geant4,模拟放射性核素131I在水体模型和甲状腺模型中产生切伦科夫辐射与剂量沉积的分布情况,并定量分析切伦科夫光子数与剂量之间的关系。计算结果表明：在水体模的半径方向上切伦科夫光子数与剂量之间有着相同的变化趋势,且两者有着相同的二维分布规律;核素131I在介质中产生的切伦科夫光子数与剂量两者之间存在一定的线性关系,且这种线性关系与核素的分布情况无关。研究结果证实,将这种放射性核素在介质中产生的切伦科夫辐射应用于内照射剂量学具有非常大的研究潜力和价值。     

Studies on the application of a low-voltage peak to the postsurgical follow-up CT scan in abdominal cancer patients in order to reduce the exposure of patients to radiation

This study examined the radiation dose, computed tomography (CT) number, contrast and image quality of patients requiring periodic follow-up abdominal CT examinations at various tube voltages. The subjects were divided into two groups. One group consisted of patients who underwent a clinical analysis and the other group was a phantom one. Somatom Sensation 16 (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) was used. Twenty patients who underwent a periodic follow-up examination by CT were selected randomly. The tube current was fixed to 150 mA, and the tube voltage was adjusted according to the appropriate value of each examination. The computed tomography dose index (CTDI) values were measured. The CT number of each organ was measured by setting up a 1 cm diameter return on investment (ROI) in the abdominal organs at the same height of the first lumbar vertebra using images of the arterial phase. Two radiologists in consensus graded the quality of the abdominal images into three groups. An abdomen-shaped acrylic phantom was used in the phantom study. An ion chamber was inserted into the holes located at the center and periphery of the phantom, where the radiation dose was automatically displayed on the reader. Tube voltages of 80, 100, 120 and 140 kVp were applied to the phantom (diluted contrast medium with water at 1:10 ratio) and the phantom was scanned. The CT number was measured from a 1 cm diameter ROI at the center of the image. The CTDI value decreased by 36% at 100 kVp (7.50 mGy) compared with that at 120 kVp (11.70 mGy). According to the radiologists’ evaluation, there were 17 equivalent, 3 acceptable and 0 unacceptable levels in the group of 20 subjects. The radiation dose in the phantom study decreased with increasing tube voltages from 80 to 140 kVp. The peripheral and central doses decreased by 38% and 41%, respectively. The CT numbers at 80, 100, 120 and 140 kVp were 1365.9±4.4, 1046.1±3.7, 862.8±3.2 and 737.5±3.0 HU, respectively. In conclusion, in a follow-up observation for the detection of a recurrence or metastasis after surgery or patients with chronic abdominal diseases, the exposure doses can be reduced using a low-voltage peak CT examination without greatly changing the image quality.     

同步动态随机存储器辐射效应测试系统研制

在分析同步动态随机存储器(SDRAM)辐射效应主要失效现象的基础上,研制了具备了读写功能测试、刷新周期测试及功耗电流测试三种功能的SDRAM辐射效应在线测试系统,并开展了SDRAM的总剂量效应实验研究。结果表明,总剂量效应会导致SDRAM器件的数据保持时间不断减小,功耗电流不断增大以及读写功能失效。实验样品MT48LC8M32B2的功能失效主要由外围控制电路造成,而非存储单元翻转。数据保持时间虽然随着辐照剂量的累积不断减小,但不是造成该器件功能失效的直接原因。     

辐射测量中的成像效应

明确了辐射的非成像测量和成像测量之间的差异并给出数学表述, 才能够把已经成熟的非成像辐射测量方法推广至成像测量. 本文从辐射测量的基本公式以及成像下目标微元与传感阵列像素的对应关系出发, 分别建立了关于辐射的非成像和成像测量式.根据成像面的存在不会改变辐射传输的事实, 比较非成像测量式和成像测量式后, 可得到成像效应的数学表述. 把成像效应与针孔和透镜两种成像技术结合后的分析指出: 成像效应的主因是成像光轴角, 辅因是测量天顶角; 辅因作用的大小取决于测量天顶角与发射天顶角的差异度. 关键词： 辐射测量 辐射测温 成像效应     

基于红外辐射特性系统实现对面目标测量

地基红外经纬仪是测量空间军事和科学目标红外数据的重要手段之一。随着现代武器技术在隐身上方面的快速发展,面源体测量越显重要,而辐射亮度是面源红外作战的关键性指标。因此研究可靠的面积分析方法和辐射亮度计算方法对测试航空目标的隐身性能以及研制面源红外假目标具有重要的意义。本文提出一种简单可靠的面目标的提取方法,并利用该面源提取方法在某600 mm口径的红外经纬仪上进行辐射测量,测量数据经大气修正后将与标准亮度值进行比较。实验结果表明,利用本文提出的方法反演的辐射亮度的最大误差为11.38%,均方根误差为7.36%。     

一种实时测温系统的反射辐射的抑制与水冷遮蔽板的优化设计

基于Kirchhoff定律,利用半导体激光器及钽酸锂热释电探测器设计了一种实用化的实时测温系统。在介绍系统测温原理的基础上,着重分析了反射辐射对该系统测温精度的影响。提出了利用水冷遮蔽板抑制反射辐射对该系统测温精度影响的方法,对水冷遮蔽板进行了优化设计。分析表明,采用优化设计的水冷遮蔽板之后,在要求的测温范围400～1200℃内,反射辐射对该系统测温精度的影响可以忽略不计。     

复合样品厚度参数同步辐射测量方法

 薄膜样品在实验研究领域要求样品的厚度测量精度非常高,但由于样品质量小,采用称重的方法,测量精度较差。在北京同步辐射装置的中能（4B7A）和低能（4B7B）束线上（光源能区为0.1～6.0 keV,能量分辨大于1 000）,采用材料对单能光子的透过率来确定样品的质量厚度,通过不同能点的测量值进行不确定度分析,提高测量精度,降低不确定度。利用该方法开展了复合样品厚度的测量方法研究,给出了有CH衬底的薄膜样品的厚度,通过不确定度分析得出,薄膜样品厚度的测量不确定度小于1％。     

瞬态光学渡越辐射测量系统的设计

针对在神龙一号上进行电子束瞬态发射度的测量要求,建立了一套利用光学渡越辐射原理进行电子束发射度测量的瞬态测量系统,该测量系统瞬态测量时间最快约10 ns,并获得了神龙一号发射的脉冲电子束的束斑及发散角,典型值分别为约9 mm和10.5 mrad,实现了电子束发散角和束斑的同时测量,为在神龙一号上进行的时间分辨测量系统的研究奠定了基础。     

蒙特卡罗技术在放射诊断剂量快速计算中的应用

采用蒙特卡罗（MC）技术研究放射性核素131I的放疗特性。给出了131I衰变过程的MC抽样表达式,实现了含电子和光子的混合抽样模拟。对水客体中131I衰变的MC模拟结果表明：131I能够有效地治疗甲状腺肿瘤而几乎不影响正常组织。变密度客体的MC模拟结果表明：沉积能量与面密度之间的关系与密度无关,满足卷积核自适应的要求;并且MC模拟能够提供剂量卷积核函数,为快速剂量计算提供数据。     

Study of total ionizing dose radiation effects on enclosed gate transistors in a commercial CMOS technology

This paper studies the total ionizing dose radiation effects on MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) transistors with normal and enclosed gate layout in a standard commercial CMOS (compensate MOS) bulk process. The leakage current, threshold voltage shift, and transconductance of the devices were monitored before and after $\gamma $-ray irradiation. The parameters of the devices with different layout under different bias condition during irradiation at different total dose are investigated. The results show that the enclosed layout not only effectively eliminates the leakage but also improves the performance of threshold voltage and transconductance for NMOS (n-type channel MOS) transistors. The experimental results also indicate that analogue bias during irradiation is the worst case for enclosed gate NMOS. There is no evident different behaviour observed between normal PMOS (p-type channel MOS) transistors and enclosed gate PMOS transistors.     

蒙特卡罗技术在放射诊断剂量快速计算中的应用

采用蒙特卡罗（MC）技术研究放射性核素131I的放疗特性。给出了131I衰变过程的MC抽样表达式,实现了含电子和光子的混合抽样模拟。对水客体中131I衰变的MC模拟结果表明:131I能够有效地治疗甲状腺肿瘤而几乎不影响正常组织。变密度客体的MC模拟结果表明:沉积能量与面密度之间的关系与密度无关,满足卷积核自适应的要求;并且MC模拟能够提供剂量卷积核函数,为快速剂量计算提供数据。     

双极线性稳压器电离辐射剂量率效应及其损伤分析

为了对双极线性稳压器在电离辐射环境下损伤变化特征及其剂量率效应进行研究,选择一组器件进行⁶⁰Co γ高低剂量率的辐照和退火试验. 结果表明线性稳压器的输出电压、最大负载电流、线性调整率、压降电压等多个关键参数都有不同程度的蜕变. 且各器件在高低剂量率下的辐照响应略有不同,表现出不同的剂量率效应. 文中通过多种形式的测试结果分析,系统地讨论了各参数变化的原因及其内部各模块对稳压器功能的影响. 结合电离损伤退火特性,探讨了各剂量率效应形成的原因. 这不但对工程应用考核提供了参考,而且为设 关键词： 双极线性稳压器 总剂量效应 剂量率效应 辐射损伤     

复合样品厚度参数同步辐射测量方法

薄膜样品在实验研究领域要求样品的厚度测量精度非常高,但由于样品质量小,采用称重的方法,测量精度较差。在北京同步辐射装置的中能（4B7A）和低能（4B7B）束线上（光源能区为0.1～6.0 keV,能量分辨大于1 000）,采用材料对单能光子的透过率来确定样品的质量厚度,通过不同能点的测量值进行不确定度分析,提高测量精度,降低不确定度。利用该方法开展了复合样品厚度的测量方法研究,给出了有CH衬底的薄膜样品的厚度,通过不确定度分析得出,薄膜样品厚度的测量不确定度小于1％。     

浮栅ROM集成电路空间低剂量率辐射失效时间预估

利用60Coγ射线开展了浮栅ROM集成电路（AT29C256）总剂量辐照实验， 研究了集成 电路功耗电流和出错数在不同剂量率下的辐射响应；按照定义的失效标准和外推实验技术， 探索了集成电路参数失效与功能失效时间随辐射剂量率的变化关系；根据失效时间与辐射剂 量率的函数关系，预估了浮栅ROM集成电路AT29C256(9911)和AT29C256(9939)空间低剂量率辐射失效时间. 关键词： 低剂量率 辐射损伤 失效时间 总剂量     

Reduction in radiation dose with reconstruction technique in the brain perfusion CT

The principal objective of this study was to verify the utility of the reconstruction imaging technique in the brain perfusion computed tomography (PCT) scan by assessing reductions in the radiation dose and analyzing the generated images. The setting used for image acquisition had a detector coverage of 40 mm, a helical thickness of 0.625 mm, a helical shuttle mode scan type and a rotation time of 0.5 s as the image parameters used for the brain PCT scan. Additionally, a phantom experiment and an animal experiment were carried out. In the phantom and animal experiments, noise was measured in the scanning with the tube voltage fixed at 80 kVp (kilovolt peak) and the level of the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) was changed from 0% to 100% at 10% intervals. The standard deviation of the CT coefficient was measured three times to calculate the mean value. In the phantom and animal experiments, the absorbed dose was measured 10 times under the same conditions as the ones for noise measurement before the mean value was calculated. In the animal experiment, pencil-type and CT-dedicated ionization chambers were inserted into the central portion of pig heads for measurement. In the phantom study, as the level of the ASIR changed from 0% to 100% under identical scanning conditions, the noise value and dose were proportionally reduced. In our animal experiment, the noise value was lowest when the ASIR level was 50%, unlike in the phantom study. The dose was reduced as in the phantom study.