Reduction of CuO-containing catalysts, CuO: I: TPR and TGA

For CuO/ZnO reduction has been shown [M. S. W. Vong et al., Catal. Lett.,4, 15 (1990)] to be faster and more extensive with CO than by H₂ and here this is shown to be the case for CuO itself, this being so then it may be preferable to characterize CuO-containing catalysts by temperature-programmed reduction with CO than with H₂. The activation energies of reduction (57–82 kJ/mol) are those expected for chemical reduction, but it is an important finding that the order with respect to hydrogen partial pressure (0.04) is extremely low and far removed from the value of unity often assumed. Different samples of CuO exhibit different reduction characteristics.

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CuO/ZnO, (Vong, M. S. W. et al., Catal. Lett. (in press)), CO, H₂. , CuO. CO , CuO, . Cu₂O , . . . (57–82 /) , . ,

     

Effect of the roughness factor on the surface oxidation of ruthenium catalysts

The surface oxidation of ruthenium catalysts with different roughness factor values has been analyzed. It is shown that electro formation of oxidized species on the exposed surface of ruthenium is strongly affected by the rougher characteristics of the surface. This effect has been explained through the addition and removal of protons to and from the oxidized species.

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. , . .

     

Thermal decomposition of calcium sulphate in carbon monoxide

Simultaneous TG and DTA studies were performed on analytical grade calcium sulfate and on samples of natural gypsum and phosphogypsum in carbon monoxide atmosphere. The decomposition temperatures and mechanism are influenced by the mineral impurities of the sample and the heating rate as well as the CO content of the gas atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Simultane TG- und DTA-Untersuchungen von analytisch reinem Calciumsulfat und Proben von natürlichem Gips und Phosphogips wurden in Kohlenmonoxidatmosphäre ausgeführt. Temperatur und Mechanismus der Zersetzung werden durch mineralische Verunreinigungen der Probe, durch die Aufheizgeschwindigkeit und durch den CO-Gehalt der Gasatmosphäre beeinflußt.

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. - , , .

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The authors are indebted to Professor M. Veiderma for fruitful discussions and continuous support. The scholarship from Finnish Government to one of us (R. K.) is gratefully acknowledged.     

Selective hydrogenation of fatty oils on alloyed Ni?Al catalyst. I. Kinetic model

On the basis of literature data concerning the reaction mechanism, a kinetic model for the selective hydrogenation of cotton-seed oil on the S-3 commercial alloyed Ni–Al catalyst is suggested. Its parameters have been identified according to the experimental data obtained in an agitated slurry reactor at T=140–200°C and P=0.2–0.8 MPa.

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, C-3. , , t=140–120°C, P=0.2–0.8 .

     

Determination of liquid adsorption and desorption on and from solids by means of the derivatograph

This paper presents a method for calculation of the adsorption and immersion heats of water on a silica gel surface from the DTA curve obtained with a modified derivatograph. The adsorption and desorption heats have also been determined. The relationship between the adsorption heat and the amount of water adsorbed is presented.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Berechnung der Adsorptions- und Immersionswärmen von Wasser an Silikagel aus den mit einem modifizierten Derivatographen gemessenen DTA-Kurven wird beschrieben. Adsorptions- und Desorptionswärmen wurden bestimmt. Die Beziehung zwischen der Adsorptionswärme und der Menge des adsorbierten Wassers wird angegeben.

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, , . . .

     

Determination de la purete des substances chimiques par analyse calorimetrique differentielle (A. C. D.)

Purity determination by DSC is possible if the impurity concentration lies within the limits 0.01 to 20 mole%. The thermodynamic equation of Schröder-Van Laar was used.This equation takes into account the effect of the departure of solutions from ideality, and the difference between the heat capacities in the solid and molten states.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Reinheitbestimmung mittels DSC ist möglich, wenn die Konzentration der Verunreinigung zwischen 0.01 und 20 Mol-% liegt. Es wurde die thermodynamicshe Gleichung von Schröder-Van Laar angewandt. Diese Gleichung berücksichtigt den durch die Abweichung der Lösungen vom idealen Zustand bedingten Effekt und den Unterschied der Wärmekapazität im festen Zustand und in der Schmelze.

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, 0.01–20 %. --, .

     

Effect of zeolite support on catalytic activity of Nio clusters

Zeolite Y, partially dealuminated under hydrothermal conditions, is used as a support for nickel clusters. The effect of the zeolite structure and of the means of applying the Ni²⁺ cations on the reactivity of dispersed nickel in CO methanation has been studied. The highest conversion was obtained on samples with developed secondary porosity, impregnated with the nickel ammine complex, [Ni(H₂O)₂ (NH₃)₄]Cl₂. The data obtained are discussed from the point of view of the effect of secondary porosity and the means of introducing the parent Ni²⁺ ions on the localization and thermal stability of Ni^o clusters.

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. Ni²⁺ Ni^o CO. , Ni, [Ni(H₂O)₂(NH₃)₄]Cl₂. , .

     

Determination of hydroxyl groups and/or water on the surface of oxide catalysts by a pulse chromatographic method

A pulse chromatographic method based on the reaction of gaseous dimethylzinc tetrahydrofura nate was developed for the determination of surface hydroxyl groups and/or adsorbed water in solid porous materials. The procedure is rapid and gives results comparable to other methods. Some heterogeneous catalysts and supports have been analyzed.

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, , / , . , . .

     

Reduction of CuO-containing catalysts: CuO/ZnO

CO reduction of CuO in CuO/ZnO samples at 423 K isnot retarded by the support and occurs with no evidence of Cu₂O formation as reported (Porta et al. 1989). The positive order with regard to CO concentration varies with the precise range of CO partial pressure.

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CuO CO CuO/ZnO 423 Cu₂O , (Porta etal Solid State Ionics 32–33, 1019, (1989)). CO CO.

     

Ramanspektroskopie an Oxidschichten auf Reineisen im Elektrolyten

Zusammenfassung In situ durchgeführte ramanspektroskopische Messungen an Reineisen in 1 M KOH ergaben nach Oxidations-Reduktions-Cyclen (ORC) Ramanspektren der gebildeten Oberflächenfilme, die dem -FeOOH zugeordnet werden können. Durch fortgesetztes Cyclieren erfährt das -FeOOH — wie aus dem Ramanspektrum ersichtlich — eine Umwandlung in Magnetit, der an den Oxidations- und Reduktionsprozessen nicht mehr teilnimmt. Bei Benutzung hoher Potentialänderungsraten bilden sich sekundäre rostbraune Schichten blättriger Natur, deren Spektrum hauptsächlich dem des -FeOOH entspricht. Wir vertreten die Auffassung, daß das primär gebildete -FeOOH Bestandteil der Passivschicht sein könnte bzw. dieselbe repräsentiert.

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Raman spectroscopy of oxide layers on pure iron in electrochemical environment

Summary In situ Raman spectroscopy of the oxide films formed on pure iron in 1 M KOH electrolyte after special oxidation-reduction cycles (ORC) shows a Raman spectrum of -FeOOH. By subsequent cycling the -FeOOH is converted to Fe₃O₄, which further on does not take part in the oxidation and reduction processes. By higher potential sweep rates a brown rusty layer of a nearly non-adhesive material is formed, which was identified by Raman spectroscopy as mainly -FeOOH. We tentatively assign the -FeOOH-signal to the passivation layer.

     

Relaxation of the rate of o-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride on vanadium catalysts

Based on numerical analysis of experimental data, the main ideas of the reaction mechanism have been confirmed and kinetic principles of the non-steady=state reaction have been determined.

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, .

     

Activation of magnesia by hydrogen spillover

Magnesia aerogel activated by hydrogen spillover at 430 °C or at 200 °C becomes a catalyst for the hydrogenation of ethylene. This catalytic activity, observed already at 50 °C, is further enhanced by a treatment in oxygen at 430 °C.

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, 430 200°C, . 50°C 430°C.

     

Thermal analysis of carbon anti-burn-on disperse systems used in foundries

Anti-burn-on disperse systems for foundry use, containing carbon (graphite or anthracite after different pretreatments, or mixtures thereof) in carboxymethylcellulose-water, were studied by TG-DTA. Thermal effects are attributed to the evaporation of water, the evolution of other volatiles and the beginning of ignition. TG is useful for determination of the water content.

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Zusammenfassung Oxidationshemmende Dispersionen für die Giesserei, die aus Kohle (Graphit, Anthrazit verschiedener Vorbehandlung bzw. Gemische daraus), Carboxymethylcellulose und Wasser bestehen, wurden durch TG-DTA untersucht. Die thermischen Effekte werden der Verdampfung von Wasser, dem Entweichen anderer flüchtiger Produkte und der beginnenden Verbrennung zugeordnet. Der Wassergehalt kann mittels TG bestimmt werden.

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(, ), , - — . , . .

     

Studies on catalytically active surface compounds, VIII. On the reaction of VCl4 with aerosil

The preparation and hydrolysis of silica supported vanadium catalysts have been investigated using VCl₄ as a paramagnetic probe. Chemical analysis shows the possibility of the VCl₄ molecule to react one, two, or three hydroxy groups of the surface. The type of reaction is influenced by the temperature of pretreatment of aerosil (TPA). ESR measurements show distortions of the tetrahedral coordination of the (SiO)_nVCl_4–n surface complex, which is strongest for the threefold attachment (n=3) of VCl₄ to the surface. Hydrolysis is accompanied by an increase of the coordination number and leads to highly mobile vanadium species.

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, VCl₄ . , VCl₄ , . . (SiO)_nVCl_4–n, VCl₄ (n=3). .

     

New data obtained by thermomagnetometry,on the phase transitions in Ni,Co, Pt,Cu and Fe-C alloys

On the basis of thermomagnetic and DTA measurements, together with data from the literature, it may be concluded that in some f.c.c. metals a phase transformation occurs just before melting.

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Zusammenfassung Auf Grund thermomagnetischer und differentialthermoanalytischer Messungen sowie Literaturangaben wird geschlossen, dass in manchen kubisch-flächenzentrierten Metallen wenig unterhalb der Schmelztemperatur eine reversible Phasenumwandlung, wahrscheinlich in eine kubischraumzentrierte oder amorphe Phase, stattfindet.

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, , , .

     

Liquid phase CO+H2 reactions in presence of ruthenium catalysts

Several effects on the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide in propanol in presence of ruthenium catalysts are examined. The homologation reaction is not observed, only propyl formate and propyl acetate are produced with any ruthenium catalyst. The pH-value is an important parameter: in acid media, the yield of propyl formate is noticeably increased indicating different catalytic active species. The addition of cesium salts is also benefitial for formate formation. This is not the case when water is associated with propanol as solvent. Finally, no ethylene glycol is detected. The process is found to be homogeneous and methanol seems to be the precursor of methyl formate.

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, . , . : , . . , . . , -, .

     

Fossil age determination by thermal analysis

Subsequent to a comparative examination of recent bone material the author has recently completed the paleobiogeochemical evaluation of classical Quaternary and Pliocene terrestrial fossils of vertebrata from Hungary. A derivatograph (MOM) has been used to determine two thermoanalytical parameters which are closely associated with the passage of geological time: the total bound organic-matter content of the fossil and the fossilization cofficient.Derivatographic measurement of the organic matter in the bones is supplemented by fine-structure analysis of bone-tissue slides.Sample material of unknown age from several provenances was evaluated with the new dating method. The importance of the procedure is even greater in cases when only indefinite sporadic finds can be obtained from the sediments.

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Zusammenfassung Nach einer vergleichenden Untersuchung an neuzeitlichem Knochenmaterial hat der Autor kürzlich die paleobiogeochemische Auswertung der klassischen Quaternären und Pliocenen terrestren Fossilien von Vertebraten aus Ungarn ergänzt.Ein Derivatograph (MOM) wurde zur Bestimmung zweier thermoanalytischer Parameter eingesetzt, die eng mit dem Fortschreiten der geologischen Zeit verbunden waren: dem Gesamtgehalt an gebundenem organischem Material und dem Fossilisationskoeffizienten.Die derivatographische Messung der organischen Substanz in den Knochen wurde durch die Feinstrukturanalyse von Knochengewebeschnitten ergänzt.Probenmaterial unbekannten Alters verschiedener Herkunft wurde mit der neuen Methode ausgewertet. Die Bedeutung des Verfahrens ist in den Fällen noch grösser, wenn aus den Sedimenten nur unbestimmte sporadische Funde erhalten werden können.

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, . (MOM) , : . - . . , .

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The author wishes to thank the staff of the Department of Experimental Physics of L. Kossuth University for the neutron activation measurements and the Computer Center of the University for the calculation work.     

Effect of preparation method of nickel-zeolite catalysts on their catalytic properties

The effect of the carrier-gas (H₂, N₂, CO₂ and air) and the influence of additives (H₂S and water vapors) in the activation of Ni- and Cr-containing zeolites on their catalytic activity have been studied in toluene disproportionation.

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- (H₂, N₂, CO₂ ) (H₂S ) , Ni Cr, .

     

Pt catalyst for the liquid-phase epoxidation of cyclohexene with an O2/H2 mixture

Conditions are found for the preparation of Pt catalysts providing the formation of epoxy-derivative in the reaction of cyclohexene with an O₂/H₂ mixture.

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Pt .

     

Kinetics of Co?Mo/Al2O3 catalyst reduction

According to kinetic studies on the reduction of commercial Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ and model catalysts in H₂ at 523–773 K, the kinetic curves for the reduction process have been determined. The reduction rate is shown to be higher for the commercial catalyst. Activation energies E_act for the reduction of several forms of Mo and Co in Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts are presented.

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H₂ 523–773 . , : Mo Co .