用于人眼视网膜成像照明的激光消散斑技术研究

以近红外激光(808 nm)作为人眼波前像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,液晶空间光调制器(LCOS)作为波前校正器,用哈特曼波前探测器探测人眼像差,构建了人眼像差自适应校正的视网膜成像系统.利用模拟眼分析了激光散斑对相机成像的影响和对哈特曼波前探测器进行像差探测的影响,同时验证了利用旋转散射体的方法消除激光散斑的可行性和有效性;用活体人眼进行了激光消散斑前后照明视网膜进行成像的对比实验,并进一步利用自适应光学技术实现了对人眼像差的动态校正和视网膜细胞的连续成像.校正后,系统波前像差的均方根值小于0.1λ.实验表明激光消散斑后可以同时作为人眼像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,从而可以进行连续自适应校正和成像.     

非球面透镜在两波长间的补偿检验

在检验光路中,采用补偿透镜来补偿口径为φ500mm的非球面透镜的使用波长(λ=1053nm)与检测波长(λ=632.8nm)之间的色差。给出补偿透镜的求解方法,得到非球面透镜的补偿检验光路,并就非球面透镜的检验精度进行分析。通过精度分析可以看出,在此种补偿检验光路下,非球面透镜的透射波前PV不低于0.2λ(λ=632.8nm),可满足元件的精度要求。     

用于活体人眼视网膜观察的自适应光学成像系统

利用自适应光学技术,研制了两套活体人眼视网膜高分辨力成像系统,在实时校正人眼波前误差的基础上,实现活体人眼视网膜细胞尺度的高分辨力成像。这两套系统分别采用19和37单元小型压电变形反射镜作为波前校正元件,哈特曼-夏克(Hartmann-Shack)波前传感器测量波前误差,用眼底反射的半导体激光作为波前探测的信标。在用计算机控制自适应光学系统实现人眼波前误差校正后,触发闪光灯照明视网膜,用CCD相机记录视网膜的高分辨力图像。校正后的残余波前误差的均方根值已分别小于1／6和1／10波长,相当于视网膜上成像分辨力分别为3．4μm和2．6μm,接近衍射极限。试验表明37单元系统的成像质量更好。     

应用折-衍射元件校正人眼色差

提出了采用两个折射-衍射元件对人眼系统在14°范围内进行色差校正的光学系统设计方法。基于系统光学性能的评价与单片折射-衍射元件色差校正系统的对比验证了本文提出的色差校正系统的性能。结果表明：两种色差校正系统都可以很好地校正人眼的轴向色差。但是,单片折射一衍射色差校正系统引入了横向色差,其由校正前的14．51μm增加到81．4μm,严重影响了边缘视场处的成像质量。而采用双片折射一衍射元件的色差校正系统可同时对轴向色差和横向色差进行校正,使横向色差降为1．64μm。设计的色差校正系统可有效提高视网膜的成像质量,并可用于视觉仪器。     

像质补偿在高分辨物镜精密装调中的应用

根据高分辨物镜各个光学元件的实测数据,应用轴向补偿和旋转补偿法,在仿真精密装调过程中得到了物镜轴向补偿器的最优值和各元件的最佳旋转角度。仿真结果表明,在97.7%的置信区间内,物镜各视场波像差RMS值从补偿前的0.087λ(λ=632.8nm)减小到了补偿后的0.040λ。依据获得的参数对物镜进行了装调实验,结果表明,激光干涉仪测得的物镜各视场波像差RMS值介于0.050~0.082λ之间,基本达到了衍射极限的分辨率要求,验证了像质补偿方法的有效性。     

液晶自适应光学视网膜校正成像技术研究

为了实现对人眼视网膜的高分辨率成像,解决偏振能量损失、成像视场小和普适性差等问题,对液晶自适应光学技术及其在人眼视网膜成像中的应用进行了研究。通过开环光路的设计方案,避免了闭环液晶自适应系统的偏振光能量损失;在光路中加入可变视场光阑,利用小视场照明进行波前探测、大视场照明进行像差校正和成像的方法扩大了成像视场;使用脉冲光照明的方案减小曝光量;通过偏振光照明提高能量利用率、等效无穷远视标配合补偿镜以及改进后的视标提高盯视稳定性等一系列方法,提高系统普适性。校正后成像的清晰度和对比度获得了明显提高;高分辨率眼底成像视场直径从200 μm扩大到500 μm;曝光量减小到原来的1/2~1/3;对前期难以获得清晰成像的样本,取得了效果良好的视网膜视觉细胞自适应图像。     

液晶自适应光学视网膜校正成像技术研究

为了实现对人眼视网膜的高分辨率成像,解决偏振能量损失、成像视场小和普适性差等问题,对液晶自适应光学技术及其在人眼视网膜成像中的应用进行了研究。通过开环光路的设计方案,避免了闭环液晶自适应系统的偏振光能量损失;在光路中加入可变视场光阑,利用小视场照明进行波前探测、大视场照明进行像差校正和成像的方法扩大了成像视场;使用脉冲光照明的方案减小曝光量;通过偏振光照明提高能量利用率、等效无穷远视标配合补偿镜以及改进后的视标提高盯视稳定性等一系列方法,提高系统普适性。校正后成像的清晰度和对比度获得了明显提高;高分辨率眼底成像视场直径从200μm扩大到500μm;曝光量减小到原来的1/2~1/3;对前期难以获得清晰成像的样本,取得了效果良好的视网膜视觉细胞自适应图像。     

高频采样下人眼波像差特性研究

为提高自适应光学人眼波像差校正和视网膜成像效果,研究了人眼动态波像差的特性。利用采样频率为300Hz、曝光时间为3ms的哈特曼传感器,搭建波像差探测系统。误差分析和模拟人眼实验表明,该系统对动态波像差的测量误差均方根(RMS)均值仅为0.01λ。人眼波像差探测结果表明,人眼存在150Hz以上的波像差,可能对自适应波像差校正造成影响。这种影响可通过延长探测和成像曝光时间的方法来抑制。为了达到衍射极限,对于稳定盯视状态下的人眼,3ms探测曝光、探测校正周期不超过45ms的自适应系统,其校正残差均方根在λ/14以下;当曝光时间增加到6ms时,该周期可放宽至62ms。研究了倾斜像差的波动对成像的影响,确定了高分辨率人眼眼底成像中,成像曝光时间最长不能超过9ms。上述结果表明,将自适应光学视网膜成像的探测曝光与成像曝光时间均定在6ms左右,可获得更好的校正和成像效果。     

开环双脉冲液晶自适应光学视网膜成像系统

为了获得高分辨率视网膜图像,利用液晶空间光调制器作为波前校正器建立了一套开环液晶自适应光学视网膜成像系统。与闭环模式相比,采用开环模式后,系统的能量利用率提高了1倍。系统采用双脉冲照明方式,以减少人眼曝光量,保护人眼安全。在照明光学系统中加入了大小视场切换装置使成像视场由之前的0.8°增至1.7°。同时优化了系统的时序控制流程,对人眼像差连续校正的同时快速调节成像相机的前后位置至最佳像面。对于开环模式对动态人眼像差的校正精度进行了测量,实验测得,经开环校正后,残差波面的均方根值约为0.09λ;相应的斯特雷尔(Strehl)比高于0.70,系统分辨率接近光学衍射极限的分辨率。对两名志愿者进行了实验,获得了清晰的眼底视网膜细胞图像。     

平行光管气流扰动的液晶自适应光学校正

利用液晶自适应光学技术,建立了一套验证系统.使用哈特曼传感器为波前探测器件,反射式的LCOS液晶器件为波前校正器件,以闭环控制校正方式工作.初步实现了波前PV值从1.02λ下降到0.37λ（λ＝633 nm）的校正准确度,成像质量明显提高.系统的调制传递函数由校正前的不到10 lp/mm提高到了校正后的超过50 lp/mm.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.