非线性光学超构表面：基础与应用

光学超构表面是一种由亚波长尺度的超构单元在面内排布而构成的准二维人工结构材料。研究人员可以通过选择超构单元的材料组成、几何形状对光的振幅、偏振、相位和频率等光场自由度进行灵活调控。聚焦于超构表面在非线性光场调控领域的原理与应用。首先,概述了非线性晶体到非线性超构表面的发展历程。然后,讨论了对称性和几何相位在非线性光学超构表面中的重要作用。最后,介绍了非线性光学超构表面在波前调控、量子信息处理和太赫兹波的产生与调控等领域中的应用。     

非线性光学超构表面

非线性光学超构表面是一类由空间变化的超构功能基元组成的超薄非线性光学器件。通过合理选择超构功能基元的材料组成、空间对称性,人们可以在亚波长尺度上对超构表面上产生的非线性光波的偏振、相位、振幅等自由度进行多维度光场调控。文章介绍了在非线性光学超构表面上实现谐波、四波混频、太赫兹波辐射的设计与原理,并讨论了如何在非线性光学超构表面上实现非线性光的波束调控、全息成像、光学图像加密等功能。     

非线性光学超构表面

在线性光学范畴内,人们已经通过亚波长尺度的超薄超构表面成功实现了对光的众多新颖特性的调控功能.其主要理念是通过对具有亚波长尺度且空间方向变化的超构功能基元进行特定的排列,从而实现对光的偏振、相位和振幅的有效控制.近来,超构表面上的非线性光学特性也引起了大家的广泛关注.在本综述中,我们对非线性光学超构表面的设计、超构功能单元的材料和对称性选择、非线性手性光学、非线性贝里几何相位和非线性波前整形等内容进行了总结;最后对非线性光学超构表面在调控光与物质的相互作用中面临的挑战和前景进行了展望.     

光学超构表面中的复合相位调控

超构表面是一种二维的超构材料,能在平面上实现对光波相位、振幅、偏振等参数的灵活调控.相位型超构表面可突破经典折反射定律,使得光场调控不再依赖于曲面光学元件,为实现光学系统的平面化、集成化和多功能化提供了有效途径.特别地,通过对传输相位和几何相位协同调控,能够有效解决传统超构表面存在的功能单一、带宽受限、可调谐性差等原理...     

可形变光学超构表面及其动态调控

经过近10年的发展,超构表面作为一种新型的二维人工微纳结构,在光场特性调控方面展现出了巨大的研究潜力。但要实现小型化、集成化的超构表面光电子器件,还需要进一步发展具备动态调控功能的光学超构表面。本文综述了近年来发展的可形变超构表面的研究进展,简要概述了以纳米剪纸技术为基础的可形变超构表面的设计和实现方法,并重点介绍了其在相位、偏振、光学手性、非线性辐射等方面优异的调控性能及其应用。这种灵活的、易实现的可形变超构表面在光场动态调控方面具有独特优势,为设计和实现新型微纳光电子器件提供了新的策略,有望推动新兴的应变光电子学的发展。     

基于相变超构表面的全息相位开关

将相变介质的有源调控属性与基于广义斯涅尔定律的相位型超表面相结合,实现了可重构的近红外全息超构器件.当集成的锗锑碲化合物(GST)相变介质处于非晶态时,各向异性的超构单元可实现宽带范围内(1.55～2.8 μm)交叉极化转化率为～80％的几何相位调控,进而实现近场全息相位生成以及远场全息成像,即器件处于"开"态.当GS...     

超构表面的振幅调控及其功能器件研究进展

超构表面是一种具有亚波长特征尺寸的人工平面结构材料,可以在亚波长尺度上对入射电磁波的振幅、相位、偏振、频率、光谱等参量进行精密且灵活的调控,近年来备受关注。振幅是光波的基本参量之一,本文将从振幅调控的角度出发,对基于超构表面材料的振幅调控机理进行分析,主要包括通过改变纳米结构的尺寸和方向角对振幅进行调控,同时对基于振幅调控超构表面的功能器件的研究现状及其应用场景进行总结和讨论。研究表明,振幅调控超构表面具有设计灵活、加工简单、功能强大、可与其他参量调控相融合等特点,其在高分辨率图像显示、高密度信息存储、信息加密、信息复用、光束整形、光信息处理和安全防伪等诸多领域具有重要的研究价值和广阔的应用前景。     

非线性左手材料中的二次谐波

基于电磁场理论，推导了无耗非线性左手材料中二次谐波的曼利－诺关系，及相位匹配条件下正向基波与逆向二次谐波的能量转换过程及其空间分布.验证了可将无耗非线性左手材料的入射面作为反射镜，把能量以二次谐波的形式反射.同时分别给出有限厚度介质板中基波和二次谐波的场强分布数值结果，验证了结论的正确性.最后从相位失配角度说明了相位匹配是分析非线性左手材料二次谐波的重要条件.这为研究左手材料的非线性理论奠定了基础.     

超构光栅调控衍射光场的物理及应用

基于局域表面等离激元或电介质微纳结构米氏散射的超构光栅对衍射通道的直接调制为高效率、大角度光场调控提供了优良平台。对超构光栅调控衍射光场的物理机理及应用开发进行了概述。首先,从高衍射效率超构光栅的构建机理出发,分别介绍了反射式、透射式、对称型、非对称型及可重构超构光栅的典型实现方式;其次,介绍了通过结合高衍射效率超构光栅与位移编码型相位调制机制,实现任意大角度光波前高效调控的典型方法,概述了高数值孔径透镜、角度可调型多功能光器件、大角度全息超构光栅等方面的研究进展;然后,介绍了以超构光栅作为连接自由空间光与表面波的桥梁,自由空间光波前与表面光波前相互转化方面的集成光调控平台;最后给出了简要小结,并对超构光栅未来的发展趋势与应用前景进行了展望。     

基于偏振响应的双焦点超表面透镜设计

设计了一种在轴向能够实现焦点延长的双焦点超表面聚焦透镜.改变二氧化钛纳米微元的长宽比和旋转角度,对传输相位与几何相位进行同时调制,实现对一组正交偏振态入射光的分别独立控制.设计的超构表面能将左旋和右旋圆偏振光聚焦在轴向邻近位置实现焦点长度的轴向扩展.超表面在波长为650nm的线偏入射光照明下,可以在实现焦点长度2倍扩展的同时,较好地保持焦点的横向宽度.若入射光为椭圆偏振态,还能够实现最终生成的焦点形状优化或两个焦点的切换.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.