非对称蛇形旋转通道换热及流场数值研究

为了深入了解空冷涡轮动叶的冷却机理和冷气流动特性,采用商业软件CFX5对旋转状态下某涡轮动叶的非对称蛇形内冷通道模型中的湍流流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟.得到了各主要换热面的换热系数分布,分析了通道内的流动规律.发现肋片结构与旋转因素引起了通道内的横向二次流,使整体的换热能力得到了增强,其中非对称因素及旋转因素导致了各个壁面的换热性能的差异.     

不同纳米流体在微通道内的流动传热特性研究

采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同工质在微通道内流动传热特性的差异。对比了去离子水、纳米流体Al₂O₃/Water、CuO/Water、TiO₂/Water、Cu/Water等工质在微通道内的流动传热特性,并研究了纳米颗粒的浓度对流动换热特性的影响。结果表明：CuO/Water作为冷却工质时的对流换热系数比水增加了9.6%,微通道底面平均温度降低了2.6 K,换热性能明显优于其他几种纳米流体。由于纳米颗粒的加入,纳米流体的粘度比水大,进出口的压降比水大。纳米颗粒的体积分数越大,对流换热系数越大,纳米流体在微通道内的换热性能越好。     

三角通道对流换热的数值分析与实验研究

本文对等腰三角形通道内气体的流动与换热问题进行了实验研究和数值分析计算,测量了顶角为30°和60°角的四种通道的气体速度,温度和壁温分布,获得了三角形通道的阻力系数和换热系数,研究了边壁厚度和强化换热粗糙元对换热的影响.为了把有限的实验资料推广到其它三角形通道,对任意顶角的等腰三角通道内的湍流换热问题作了数值计算,计算中考虑了边壁导热影响和壁面粗糙元影响,计算结果和实验结果吻合良好. 三角形通道在航空发动机叶片的冷却,化工设备和换热器的生产设计中都有很重要的应用。在文献报告中有关三角通道对流换热的研究主要是对小顶角等腰三角通道和等边三角形两种情况而做的,因此对三角形通道对流换热问题作进一步的研究是很有意义的.     

U型通道内部流动与换热的数值研究

应用数值方法研究了燃气轮机叶片内部U型通道内流动与顶部换热特性.采用SST k-ω模型,分析了U型通道内光滑和带凹坑顶部结构以及不同Re数和旋转数对U型通道内部流动和顶部换热的影响。结果表明:在静止条件下,带凹坑结构的通道顶部Nu数较高,并且随着凹坑深度的增加,通道顶部换热能力增强;并且凹坑结构对通道压降的影响较小。随雷诺数增大,凹坑对通道顶部换热增强的幅度降低。在旋转状态下,随着旋转数的增加,通道顶部换热能力增强,但通道压降增大。     

纵向涡强化换热的M-Z干涉流动显示技术

本文采用M-Z干涉测量的方法,研究了半三角形翼片纵向涡发生器强化换热方案对矩形通道内气体流动换热的影响,获得了安装纵向涡发生器前后对流换热温度场的M-Z干涉图像.通过对实验获得的干涉图像进行分析处理,表明安装纵向涡发生器后,通道内入口段流动的热边界层明显变薄,反映了纵向涡对流动换热的强化作用,验证了将M-Z干涉测量方法应用于纵向涡强化换热研究的可行性.     

超临界反应堆子通道流动传热数值分析

目前国际上对超临界水冷堆进行了大量的研究,但对其堆芯内超临界流体流动传热的认识还十分欠缺.本文采用CFX对超临界水冷堆典型子通道内的流动传热特征进行了CFD研究,对比分析了四边形和三角形布置的两类子通道流动传热特征.计算结果表明二阶SSG湍流模型能较好地模拟子通道内的超临界流体流动和传热特征.流动特征的分析表明四边形子通道内的二次流比三角形子通道内的复杂,强度也更大.两类子通道内的湍流脉动特征类似,当栅距较小时其间隙处的湍流交混系数都在0.02～0.025之间.四边形子通道的周向温度和换热不均匀性比三角形子通道的强烈.     

肋片间距对环形通道流动和换热的影响

本文用稳态层流模型对几种具有不同肋片间距的环型通道内的流动和换热进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明:长直肋片截断后,流动和换热沿长度方向具有周期性的入口段效应,从而增强了换热.与长直肋片通道相比,βL=13/7时,换热增强了27%,而阻力仅增加6.8%.对于带肋环形通道,Re数增大,换热增强.     

几何参数对低波纹通道流动与换热特性的影响

本文对几种不同几何模型的低波纹通道进行了传热及阻力性能数值研究,在一定的流速范围内得出了传热和阻力的特性曲线.分析了通道高度、波纹波峰高度、通道宽度对流动与换热的影响.结果表明,通道高度越小,换热越强,同时压降也增加;波纹波峰高度越大,换热加强,压降也相应增加;通道宽度越大,换热几乎不变,但压降随之降低.     

涡轮叶片冷却通道高性能微小肋湍流传热的数值研究

为了提高涡轮叶片内冷通道的换热性能,针对分别带有直肋、斜肋、V肋和W肋这四种微小结构肋的冷却通道进行了数值计算并。通道宽高比为6,肋间距与肋高比为10,肋高与水力直径比为0.029。采用低雷诺数AKN k-ε模型研究了雷诺数范围从36700到60000时四种带肋通道的换热与流动特性并与实验结果相比较,发现通道换热性能和压力损失与稳态实验结果较一致。研究表明,W肋换热性能最优,其平均努塞尔数是流动充分发展的光滑通道的2.2到2.4倍,摩擦因子是光滑通道的3.7～4.0倍。其次是V肋、直肋,斜肋最低。分析流场发现直肋下游回流区最大,壁面努塞尔数在横向上较均匀,而斜肋、V肋和W肋因为二次流的存在回流区较小,壁面努塞尔数沿着肋展方向降低。     

两种波纹板通道内的流动及换热比较

采用非稳态算法,计算了周期性正弦型和三角形两种波纹板通道内的流动和换热,比较了它们的平均阻力系数和平均努赛尔数.结果表明:在较大流量下,两种通道内的流动均出现了自维持振荡现象,但是两者相比正弦型通道波纹板的换热和压降均较大.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.