垂直矩形窄缝流道内的过冷流动沸腾换热

本文研究了有压模化介质在垂直矩形窄缝流道内的过冷流动沸腾换热，考察了质量流速、断面平均过冷度和饱和压力对沸腾换热系数的影响，与Ｇｕｎｇｏｒ关系式进行比较，流道的换热强化因于在１３～２１之间．     

叶型几何设计弱化叶片外表面换热的作用

本文采用γ-Re_θ湍流转捩模型,数值模拟了两组不同叶型的涡轮叶栅表面的表面换热系数。结果证明:1)数值计算正确地预测了转捩发生位置,保证了表面换热系数模拟的可靠性;2)由于叶片型线的差异,叶片表面流动的转捩位置也不同。控制叶片表面边界层流动状态,推迟流动转捩,能够降低叶片热负荷。在相同进、出口气流条件下,选择不同的叶栅造型参数,可以调整所产生的涡轮叶型,从而增强或弱化叶片表面的换热。     

3ω法研究微尺度下铂丝自然对流换热

建立了测量微细丝表面空气自然对流换热系数3ω法模型。利用3ω法测量了直径为10.6μm水平和垂直方向铂丝表面室温下的空气换热系数。水平和垂直铂丝产生的三次谐波比较接近,结果说明,微尺度下空气的自然对流换热以导热为主,自然对流作用可以忽略。基于3ω线法原理,引入形状因子并提出了微尺度下铂丝表面换热系数的理论计算模型。空气自然对流换热系数远大于大尺度下的值,主要原因是铂丝的面积体积比值大。     

单根单壁碳纳米管导热系数随长度变化尺度效应的实验和理论

考虑纳米碳管与基体之间的热损失,采用四焊盘-3ω法测量了室温下基体表面不同长度单根单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)的导热系数.SWNT的导热系数在测试长度范围(05—7μm)内随长度的增大而增大,增加的幅度逐渐减小.考虑二阶3-声子过程的影响,采用改进的WV模型预测了SWNT导热系数随长度的变化规律.理论预测的声子平均自由程～175nm.导热系数的测量结果与室温下不同长度SWNT的实验结果相吻合.理论预测结果与实验结果均说明SWNT导热系数随长度变化具有尺度效应. 关键词： ω法')" href="#">3ω法 单壁碳纳米管 导热系数 二阶3-声子过程     

丁胞强化传热管内的流动与传热性能研究

以螺旋丁胞管为数值模拟对象,采用周期性边界条件,利用标准k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,研究了管内湍流的流动与传热性能。模拟结果表明,流体在流经丁胞前端时壁面附近有较大的径向速度分量,最大达主流速度的34.6%,有效地增强了湍流度。管内局部换热强度的分布对应于丁胞突起也呈周期性变化,最大换热系数是光管的2.48倍,而平均换热系数则是光管的1.7倍。丁胞的结构优化能使换热最大增强1.6~2.74倍,同时阻力系数(f/f_0)~(1/3)增加1.54~1.63倍;丁胞的相对深度h/d存在的最优值在0.20~0.25之间;具有较小排列密度的丁胞管减阻效果更显著。以无量纲参数h/d、Re和D~2/pl拟合的Nu数和阻力系数f的关系式误差均在10%以内。     

多排圆射流的冲击冷却实验研究

本文研究多排圆射流的冲击换热特性,以便模拟透平叶型前缘的冲击冷却,它是在单排圆射流研究的基础上进行的。文中分析了射流流态、冲击管的几何参数以及冲击管与凹面的间距等对平均换热系数的影响,特别对射流之间的弦向间距作了初步探讨。最后,整理成无因次准则关系式来表达整个实验结果。     

LED散热器三角槽扩展表面散热性能

对大功率LED太阳花散热器肋片三角槽扩展表面的散热性能进行了数值模拟与分析,并对肋片长度方向的温度分布进行了实验验证。在考虑自然对流和辐射模型的条件下,研究了肋片表面三角槽的顶角α、槽宽s和槽深d对散热器肋片顶部最高温升ΔTmax、平均对流换热系数h和对流换热热阻R的影响。结果表明:顶角α在90°～120°范围内、向肋片根部倾斜的三角槽在增加散热面积的同时,改善了流场分布,从而显著地增强了太阳花散热器的散热性能;相比于槽宽s,槽深d对平均对流换热系数h影响更为显著,较小或较大的槽深会因平均对流换热系数h的大幅降低而恶化散热效果。     

压气机级模化换算中雷诺数与粗糙度修正研究

压气机缩尺模化中,由于粗糙度与雷诺数无法严格满足相似准则,导致由模型机性能换算全尺寸机性能时存在偏差,需要对其影响进行修正。本文选择某燃机压气机前1.5级作为原型机,由缩尺模化生成一组模型机,采用数值模拟方法研究缩尺模化过程中雷诺数和粗糙度对性能换算的影响规律。结果表明,随着表面粗糙度增加,压气机的多变效率下降;缩尺模化中,压气机雷诺数减小,多变效率下降。通过缩尺模化性能换算研究,本文提出在Casey的多变效率修正方法中引入流量系数作为自变量,由此获得该方法中经验参数B_(ref)的新型高精度公式。它是雷诺数、粗糙度和流量系数的函数。将改进后的修正方法应用于全尺寸原型机多变效率换算,在稳定工况范围内,多变效率偏差小于0.1%。     

微通道中液氮单相流动和换热实验研究

对直径为0.531,0.834,1.042和1.931 mm的圆形微通道内液氮的单相流动和传热进行了实验研究.在10,000～90,000的高雷诺数范围内,测量了流动摩擦系数、局部和平均对流换热系数.结果表明,流动摩擦系数随微通道壁面粗糙度的增加而变大.微通道中局部对流换热系数受到液氮导热系数变化的影响沿管程逐渐下降约12.5%.传统的Gnielinski换热关联式经过流动摩擦系数的修正后与实验换热系数符合较好.     

R600a喷雾冷却系统换热过程

以R600a压力式封闭系统喷雾冷却过程为研究对象,对其换热过程进行分析。对液滴撞击热面后的状态进行建模,分析了其运动状态。通过忽略液膜的对流换热,引入韦伯数来简化并修正雾滴与热源表面的对流换热系数关联式;借鉴二次成核理论,通过单位时间内,单位面积上覆盖的雾滴数量对核态沸腾换热系数关联式修正。通过上述分析,以对流换热和核态沸腾换热两种机理为中心,建立了新的换热系数关联式。通过与其他文献的关联式、实验测量值进行比较、不同工质进行比较、不同实验系统比较,发现该式预测值和实验测量值偏差在±20%以内,能够很好地预测压力式封闭系统喷雾冷却过程的换热系数。     

Geometry and Elasticity of Strips and Flowers

We solve several problems that involve imposing metrics on surfaces. The problem of a strip with a linear metric gradient is formulated in terms of a Lagrangian similar to those used for spin systems. We are able to show that the low energy state of long strips is a twisted helical state like a telephone cord. We then extend the techniques used in this solution to two–dimensional sheets with more general metrics. We find evolution equations and show that when they are not singular, a surface is determined by knowledge of its metric, and the shape of the surface along one line. Finally, we provide numerical evidence by minimizing a suitable energy functional that once these evolution equations become singular, either the surface is not differentiable, or else the metric deviates from the target metric.     

单链核糖体失活蛋白的Raman和红外光谱

我们测定了两种单链核糖体失活蛋白(肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白)的FTIR和FTRaman光谱。利用FTIR光谱酰胺Ⅲ区域对蛋白质的二级结构进行定量分析,计算了各种二级结构的含量。从肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白的二级结构分析可见,二者在结构上具有某种相似性,为二者功能上的相似性提供了依据。     

Equation of state and thermal expansivity of LiF and NaF

The high-pressure and high-temperature behaviors of LiF and NaF have been studied up to 37 GPa and 1000 K. No phase transformations have been observed for LiF up to the maximum pressure reached. The B1 to B2 transition of NaF at room temperature was observed at ～28 GPa, this transition pressure decreases with temperature. Unit-cell volumes of LiF and NaF B1 phase measured at various pressures and temperatures were fitted using a P–V–T Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. For LiF, the determined parameters are: α₀ = 1.05 (3)×10^?4 K^?1, dK/dT = ?0.025 (2) GPa/K, V ₀ = 65.7 (1) Å³, K ₀ = 73 (2) GPa, and K′ = 3.9 (2). For NaF, α₀ = 1.34 (4)×10^?4 K^?1, dK/dT = ?0.020 (1) GPa/K, V ₀ = 100.2 (2) Å³, K ₀ = 46 (1) GPa, and K′ = 4.5 (1).     

受控核聚变两大途径的对比与结合

目前人们探索受控核聚变主要是从两个方向着手：磁约束受控核聚变和惯性约束受控核聚变，但目前还无法判定到底哪一种途径更为可取，文章首先对这两种途径进行对比，指出各自的特点和困难，在此基础上提出了一种结构相对简单，成本相对较低的三轴六极磁镜系统设想，希望能将磁约束和惯性约束和惯性约束结合起来，以实现受控核聚变反应。     

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of alkoxymethylidene malonate and malononitrile with hydrazines and anilines

The kinetics and mechanism of the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of dialkyl (alkoxymethylidene)malonates (alkyl: methyl, ethyl) and (ethoxymethylidene)malononitrile with substituted hydrazines and anilines R¹–NH₂ (R¹: (CH₃)₂N, CH₃NH, NH₂, C₆H₅NH, CH₃CONH, 4‐CH₃C₆H₄SO₂NH, 3‐ and 4‐X‐C₆H₄; X: H, 4‐Br, 4‐CH₃, 4‐CH₃O, 3‐Cl) were studied at 25 °C in methanol. It was found that the reactions with all hydrazines (the only exception was the reaction of (ethoxymethylidene)malononitrile with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine) showed overall second‐order kinetics and k_obs were linearly dependent on the hydrazine concentration which is consistent with the rate‐limiting attack of the hydrazine on the double bond of the substrate. Corresponding Brønsted plots are linear (without deviating N‐methyl and N,N‐dimethylhydrazine), and their slopes (β_Nuc) gradually increase from 0.59 to 0.71 which reflects gradually increasing order of the C–N bond formed in the transition state. The deviation of both methylated hydrazines is probably caused by the different site of nucleophilicity/basicity in these compounds (tertiary/secondary vs. primary nitrogen). A somewhat different situation was observed with the anilines (and once with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine) where parabolic dependences of the kinetics gradually changing to linear dependences as the concentration of nucleophile/base increases. The second‐order term in the nucleophile indicates the presence of a steady‐state intermediate ‐ most probably T^±. Brønsted and Hammett plots gave β_Nuc = 1.08 and ρ = ?3.7 which is consistent with a late transition state whose structure resembles T^±. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Infrared Spectra and Configuration of Anion Radical and Dianion of Benzil and Benzil-18o

Abstract

Infrared spectra of the products of one- and two -step reduction of both benzil and benzil-¹⁸0 have been investigated in dimethylsulfoxide-d₆ and tetrahydrofurane solutions. Anion-radicals have been obtained by electrochemical reduction of benzil and benzil-¹⁸0; dinegative ions have been prepared by reduction of the same ketones with potassium mirror in vacuo. The band assignment has been performed using the group vibrational concept and isotopic shift data. The previous assignment of the C[dbnd]O stretching band of benzil anion-radical-has been discussed and corrected. Two bands in the infrared spectra of benzil dianion have been found to be sensitive upon ¹⁸0 isotope labelling. This result certifies the presence of cis-configuration of benzil dianion in the investigated solutions. A decrease of ca. 290 cm-¹ has been found for vC[dbnd]O after the transformation of the neutral benzil into an anion-radical. Conversion of benzil anion-radical into dianion has been accompanied by an additional vC[dbnd]O downward shift of 105 cm^?1     

酸碱染料离子的缔合及等色化

本文阐述了等色染料离子对形成的实验方法,等色染料离子对的缔全机理及其形式,用吸收光谱的能级图,从电子理论角度论述了等色染料离子对的缔合效应等色化,溶剂效应等以化机理。列表示出等色染料离子对的高灵敏度,从而证明了等色染料离子对的萃取光度,浮选光度及萃取荧光光度法是高灵敏度和超灵敏度的新体系,为金属痕量和超痕量分析开辟了更为宽广的前景。     

“电路原理”、“信号与系统”和“自动控制原理”课程的整合与优化

"电路原理"、"信号与系统"和"自动控制原理"三门课程是光电信息科学与工程等专业的专业基础课。若分别采用各自独立的教学内容和方法,内容交叉、重复,浪费学时,没有从整个课程体系系统化的角度把握有关内容。因此,提出了适用于光电信息科学与工程等专业的以上三门课程的教学改革方案,从根本上系统地将这三门课程进行整合、优化为"电路、信号和控制系统"课程。在教学实践中,进行了有关内容的教学尝试,缩短了教学时间,提高了教学质量。     

Polarity of the Medium and Quenching of Fluorescence of Caratenoids and Phthalimides

The relation for the dependence of the rate of radiationless energy conversion of the S ₁ state k _q on the polarity of the medium, obtained previously by the author, has been used to interpret the known literature data on the lifetime of the S ₁ state of solutions of some caratenoids and phthalimides. It has been shown that in alcohols and water (normal and deuterated ones) the fluorescence quenching of 4-amino-, 4-methylamino-, and 4-dimethylamino-N-methylphthalimides (4AMP, 4MAMP, and 4DMAMP) as well as of peridinine in alcohols is due to H-bond formation. It has been established that a twofold increase in the number of amine atoms of hydrogen on passing from 4MAMP to 4AMP, as well as deuteration of solvents in the case of 4DMAMP, is followed by a decrease in k _q by a factor of 1.6 and 1.75, respectively. The mechanism of quenching in complexes formed with solvent molecules by means of the H-bond is discussed. It has been concluded that the quenching of fluorescence of phthalimides in such complexes is mainly due to the intersystem crossing initiated by the oscillations of the protons or deuterons of the H-bonds.