环境样品的热解-溶液吸收预处理及其汞同位素组成的测定

利用多道接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)可实现汞同位素的高精度测定,但对样品预处理的要求很高。目前,液态、固态、气态环境样品的预处理方式不一,存在一定的系统误差。该研究旨在尽可能统一各状态样品的预处理步骤。先将各样品中的不同形态汞富集转化为固体可吸附态,令其吸附在固态载体上,包括:采用金柱富集气体样品中的气态单质汞;以吹扫-金柱捕集法富集液体样品中的溶解气态汞和总汞;用膜过滤法收集大气中的颗粒态汞。最后以管式炉热解定量固态样品,采用高氧化效率的酸性高锰酸钾混合溶液吸收热解产生的Hg~0并氧化为Hg~(2+),保存于溶液中供MC-ICP-MS测定。优化了气体流速、吸收液体积及高锰酸钾浓度等参数,考察了方法空白、回收率及精密度等指标,并将建立的方法应用于大气气态单质汞、大气颗粒态汞、溶解气态汞、雨水总汞和土壤总汞等样品中汞同位素的分析。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定气态总汞

采用高锰酸钾-硫酸液体吸收和原子荧光光谱法测定了气态总汞,探讨并优化了气态总汞测定的条件。当采样体积为15 L时,方法检出限为0.018μg/m3。0.2μg/L和1.0μg/L标准溶液测量结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.5%和1.8%,实际样品测量结果的相对标准偏差为1.9%(n=11),样品加标回收率为88.5%～104.0%。     

粘土矿物吸附/热裂解原子吸收法测定固体废弃物焚烧烟气中的汞

建立粘土矿物吸附/热裂解原子吸收法测定固体废弃物焚烧烟气中的汞。研究了7种粘土矿物的吸附性能,其中硅藻土对氧化态汞具有良好的吸附效果,用过二硫酸铵改性的硅藻土能用于吸附气态元素汞,用檬酸–柠檬酸钠缓冲液改性的硅藻土可作为二氧化硫吸附剂。优化硅藻土改性工艺,将其对固废焚烧烟气中不同形态汞进行吸附,通过高温热裂解原子吸收法直接进样测定。汞质量在0～50 ng内与吸光度线性良好,相关系数不小于0.998。当采样量为30 L时,汞的检出限为0.001 5μg/m³,定量限为0.006 0 g/m³。测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.50%～3.34%(n=7),样品加标回收率为98.5%～103.8%。改性吸附剂质优价廉,重复利用率高,方法准确、可靠,简便、快捷。     

循环流化床燃煤锅炉中的汞迁移研究

采用美国环保署颁布的吸附剂吸附汞采样方法30B(USEPA 40 CFR Part 60 30B)采集燃煤烟气中汞。选择一循环流化床燃煤机组进行现场采样,吸附剂吸附烟囱处烟气中的汞、入炉煤样、锅炉底灰、静电除尘器飞灰等样品同时采集。对该机组中汞质量平衡率进行衡算,通过汞质量平衡率说明了汞采样方法的准确性和有效性。评价了汞在飞灰、底灰和烟气中的分布,循环流化床锅炉底灰中对脱汞的贡献率仅0.55%,飞灰脱除汞的效率高达83.37%,剩余的16.08%的汞排放入大气环境,表明循环流化床机组是有效控制汞的清洁煤燃烧技术。     

烟气及环境空气中汞的采集和测定

环境空气中汞的采集与测定已有报导。但采集速度、吸收液种类等各不相同,而烟气中汞的采集测定的报导却极少。当粉尘浓度、湿度大时,固体吸附或仪器直接测定有困难。本文选用液体吸收、冷原子吸收测定,因此对汞气的采集和测定进行各种条件试验,方法适应烟气,环境空气中汞的采集。采集效率为95     

镀金石英砂富集-冷原子吸收光谱法测定环境空气中的汞

建立镀金石英砂富集–冷原子吸收光谱法测定环境空气中的汞。利用大气采样器采集空气样品,优化镀金石英砂工艺,使其与空气中的汞发生金汞齐反应,将大气中的汞进行富集,通过电热蒸发–直接进样,采用冷原子吸收光谱法测定。环境空气中汞含量在0~20 ng范围内与吸光度有良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999。采样量为60 L时,方法的检出限为0.001 3 ng/L,测量下限为0.005 2 ng/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.7%~4.5%(n=7),样品的加标回收率为94.7%~102.8%。该方法操作简单,干扰小,检测效率高,适用于空气中汞的测定。     

大气中二价汞(Hg2+)的测定

用ＫＣｌ涂层的扩散管（ＫＣｌｃｏａｔｄｅｎｕｄｅｒ）测定了大气中的二价汞（Ｈｇ２＋）。实验结果表明：扩散管对Ｈｇ２＋的吸附率＞９５％;对Ｈｇ０的吸附率＜５％,实验所用的扩散管对Ｈｇ２＋最大吸附量不超过３０ｎｇ,所吸附的Ｈｇ２＋可以用１ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＨＣｌ定量解吸,冷原子荧光测定Ｈｇ,回收率＞９８％。选择贵州某汞矿区冶炼车间,测定的Ｈｇ２＋含量为５４～７３ｎｇ·ｍ－３,约占大气总汞浓度的１０％～１５％。     

有机-无机介孔材料对痕量汞的吸附性能的研究

研究了一种有机-无机介孔材料在分离富集和测定痕量汞中的应用,探讨了溶液pH、温度、洗脱条件及干扰离子对汞分离富集的影响,结果发现该材料对Hg的吸附具有较高的选择性和较大的吸附容量。在pH 3.2、温度为20±1℃条件下,汞可被该材料定量吸附。其静态饱和吸附容量为119.15 mg/g。吸附的汞可用浓HCl洗脱,用原子荧光法测定洗脱下来的汞。该方法测定汞的检出限达1.89×10-9g/L(3σ),相对标准偏差为2.7%(n=11,ρ=0.5 ng/mL),线性范围为0.005~5 ng/mL,加标回收率95.3%~104.5%。此法已应用于环境水样中痕量汞的测定。     

410t/h煤粉锅炉的汞排放及其NID系统除汞特性研究

对配备有NID系统的410t/h燃煤电站锅炉的煤、底渣、飞灰进行取样,测定了样品中汞的含量。采用Ontario Hydro方法测定了NID前和ESP后烟气中汞的形态。实验结果表明,汞主要以飞灰形式排放,占总汞量的90%,烟气汞占10%。NID前和ESP后的烟气中,汞的浓度分别为21.3μg/m3~22.4μg/m3和1.93μg/m3~3.67μg/m3,说明该NID系统对烟气中汞具有相当高的脱除效率,达到83.6%~90.9%。对汞的化学形态研究表明,NID前烟气汞主要以Hg2+形式存在,占气态汞量的67%;ESP后烟气中Hg2+占气态汞量的71.8%~85.1%,Hg0的含量为零,说明烟气中Hg0在NID系统中经历一系列的氧化还原反应后,被氧化成Hg2+并吸附脱除。     

固体进样-直接测汞仪法测定银精矿汞量

建立了固体进样-直接测汞仪法测定银精矿中汞的分析方法。试样无需进行样品前处理,将银精矿试样直接称量于样品舟中,在氧气气氛中,试样在分解炉中经历干燥和高温热分解,汞被还原成汞原子,再被氧气流带进汞齐化管中进行汞齐化反应,其中的汞被选择性吸附,于900℃加热释放出汞蒸汽,,汞蒸气被氧气流带入单波长光学吸收池进行原子吸收测量,方法检出限为0.007μg/g,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.77%~3.07%(n=11),加标回收率为98.08%～102.43%。方法操作简单、快速稳定、重现性良好,适合于银精矿中微量汞的测定。     

Thermogravimetric studies of benzoylthiourea-modified MCM-41 after adsorption of mercury ions from aqueous solutions

High-resolution thermogravimetry (HR TG) was used to study the adsorption of mercury(II) ions by modified MCM-41 material and regeneration of the loaded adsorbent with mercury ions by using different eluents. The weight change curves were measured for MCM-41 samples modified with 1-benzoyl-3-propylthiourea ligand loaded with mercury ions. The differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were analyzed to investigate the adsorption of mercury ions by the aforementioned multifunctional ligand and to monitor the decomposition of the metal-ligand complexes. A series of experiments performed for different Hg(2+):ligand ratios allowed us to correlate the adsorption data for mercury ions measured by means of UV spectrophotometry with those obtained by HR TG analysis. The DTG results provided additional information about mercury-ligand interactions as well as the thermal stability of mercury-ligand complexes. This study shows that HR TG is a very attractive technique for studying the adsorption of mercury ions on modified nanoporous silicas and monitoring their regeneration. Since the samples used are small, this method seems to be promising for studying adsorption systems of environmental significance.     

Thiol-functionalized hierarchical zeolite nanocomposite for adsorption of Hg2+ from aqueous solutions

A thiol-functionalized hierarchical zeolite nanocomposite was synthesized and investigated with a view to remove mercury from aqueous solutions. The hierarchical zeolite was prepared by the use of a beta zeolite and of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB). The ligand, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane containing thiol (–SH) groups, was then immobilized on the surface of the hierarchical zeolite through grafting with surface silanol groups. FTIR, XRD, SEM, TG-DTG, and N₂ adsorption–desorption techniques were used to characterize the nanocomposite before and after functionalization. Adsorption experiments showed that this adsorbent was an excellent one to bind mercury with high selectivity; an adsorption capacity of 8.2 mequiv·g⁻¹ of adsorbent was obtained. Furthermore, the adsorbent retained most of its capacity after regeneration with nitric acid and thiourea solutions. The adsorption data was fitted to the Freundlich isotherm.     

Aqueous mercury adsorption in a fixed bed column of thiol functionalized mesoporous silica

The aim of this work was to investigate the aqueous mercury adsorption in a fixed bed of mesostructured silica SBA-15 functionalized with propylthiol by co-condensation (SBA-15-SH). Powdered synthesized adsorbents were used to prepare pellets with sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1 mm. The physicochemical properties determined from N₂ adsorption and chemical analysis were compared for powder and pellets. Batch static experiments were carried out to obtain the equilibrium mercury adsorption isotherms, resulting that although the maximum adsorption capacity was reduced from powder to pellets, the materials maintained high efficiency for mercury removal even at very low aqueous metal concentration. Dynamic experiments were carried out in a fixed bed column by modifying the volumetric flow rate, bed length, inlet concentration, and amount of propylthiol groups incorporated to the adsorbent, and analyzing the temporal scale and the mercury adsorption capacities. The elution of the fixed bed was carried out chemically by circulating an aqueous 2 M hydrobromic acid stream for 2 h so achieving a complete recovery of the mercury previously adsorbed. Simplified dynamic equations of Bohart–Adams and Wolborska were used for modeling the breakthrough curves.     

The synthesis of mesoporous aluminosilicate using microcline for adsorption of mercury(II)

An economical mesoporous aluminosilicate was synthesized with microcline as starting material and the precursor 13X zeolite as seed for crystal structure on mesoporous walls. In this method, a mixture of microcline and Na2CO3 with a molar ratio of 1:1.05 was first calcined at 1093 K for 2.5 h. The calcined materials were mixed with 35 ml C16TMABr aqueous solution (containing 8.2 g C16TMABr) and the precursors of 13X zeolite, resulting in mesoporous aluminosilicate after crystallization of the solution at 378 K for 48 h and calcination of the powder at 823 K for 5 h. The as-synthesized sample has a uniform pore diameter distribution centered at 3.7 nm. The as-synthesized sample had BET surface area of 725 m2/g and BJH mean pore diameter of 3.7 nm. The FT-IR results revealed that the building units of 13X zeolite were inserted into the pore walls of the as-synthesized sample. The adsorption ratio of mercury(II) onto the as-synthesized adsorbent was about 95%. The adsorption process was found to be spontaneous and can be explained by particle diffusion and chemical ion-exchange mechanisms. The equilibrium concentration of mercury(II) using the as-synthesized sample as the adsorbent was under 1 microg/L, making the concentration of mercury meet the limit for drinking water in China as recommended by the World Health Organization.     

Silver modified magnetic carbon nanotubes composite as a selective solid phase extractor for preconcentration and determination of trace mercury ions in water solution

A magnetic composite of silver/iron oxides/carbon nanotubes (Ag/Fe₃O₄/CNTs) was synthesized and used as an adsorbent for the preconcentration of mercury ions in water solutions at room temperature (25°C) in this study. The silver nanoparticles were supported on the magnetic CNTs. The modification enabled the composite had not only a high adsorption capacity for mercury ions (Hg²⁺) but also the magnetic isolation properties. A fast, sensitive, and simple method was successfully developed for the preconcentration and determination of trace amount of Hg²⁺ in water using the synthesized nanocomposite as adsorbent. The mercury concentration was determined by an atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). The experimental conditions such as pH value, extraction temperature, extraction time, sample volume, eluent composition and concentration, sorbent amount, and coexisting ions were investigated for the optimization. A 500 mL of sample volume resulted in a preconcentration factor of 125. When a 200 mL of sample was employed, the limit of detection for Hg²⁺ was as low as 0.03 ng mL^?1with relative standard deviation of 4.4% at 0.1 ng mL^?1 (n = 7). The ease of synthesis and separation, the good adsorption capacity, and the satisfactory recovery will possibly make the composite an attractive adsorbent for the preconcentration of ultratrace Hg²⁺ in waters.     

Ordered Mesoporous Silicas with 2,5-Dimercapto-1,3,4-Thiadiazole Ligand: High Capacity Adsorbents for Mercury Ions

This work reports two-step synthesis of novel ordered mesoporous silicas (OMS), which contain mercury-specific multifunctional ligand and have high surface area and well-developed porosity. One pot co-condensation synthesis was employed to introduce chloropropyl functionality on the mesopore walls of hexagonally ordered silica. In the next step, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was reacted with chloropropyl groups during template-displacement process, which resulted in high affinity adsorbent towards mercury ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of this adsorbent for mercury ions from aqueous solutions was as high as 1.7 g/g, which is about three times higher than the concentration of surface ligand. This study shows that the surface properties of OMS can be tailored by proper choice of chemical modification method, which affects the ligand bonding density and determines the adsorbent capacity and affinity towards heavy metal ions. Three methods, one-pot synthesis, template-displacement and post-synthesis modification, were used for the introduction of surface ligands into MCM41 and SBA15 mesostructures to prepare mercury-specific adsorbents. In addition, adsorption properties of these adsorbents as well as their effectiveness for mercury removal from aqueous solutions were comparatively studied.     

离子液体吸附剂对木犀草素的富集及CARS变量筛选的近红外光谱分析方法

该文以咪唑型离子液体作为原料制备吸附剂富集稀溶液中的木犀草素,利用竞争性自适应权重(CARS)变量筛选的方法建立了一种快速测定木犀草素的近红外光谱分析方法。考察了吸附剂用量、pH值、振荡时间对吸附效果的影响,并探究了吸附剂的吸附能力;富集木犀草素的吸附剂经近红外漫反射光谱检测,采用CARS变量筛选的方法结合偏最小二乘回归(PLS)建立了木犀草素的定量校正模型。结果表明,吸附剂用量为0.15 g、pH值为7、振荡时间为20 min的最佳条件下,吸附率达90.9%,且该吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,最大吸附量为7.1 mg/g。近红外光谱建模中,与未经CARS变量筛选处理作为对照,对比发现经CARS变量筛选的方法结果更优,并采用连续小波变换(CWT)的光谱预处理进行验证,结果表明经CWT处理后,预测残差(RPD)值增大,说明了模型的可靠性。该方法可有效富集稀溶液中的木犀草素,采用CARS变量筛选结合CWT光谱预处理的近红外光谱方法可实现对稀溶液中木犀草素的灵敏、快捷检测。     

溴化铵改性膨润土脱除气态单质汞的特性及机理分析

采用溴化铵对钠基膨润土进行改性制得脱汞吸附剂,在固定床实验装置上对所制备的吸附剂进行脱汞性能测试。脱汞实验结果表明,钠基膨润土较钙基膨润土在脱汞性能上提高不大,而溴化铵改性的钠基膨润土(Br-Ben/Na)脱汞性能得到明显提高,脱汞效率达到97.7%。吸附温度的升高有利于对Hg0的脱除,在140℃下,10%Br-Ben/Na吸附剂的脱汞率能长时间保持在90%以上,说明在此吸附过程中化学吸附占主导性作用。通过N2吸附/脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、元素分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析等结果表明,改性后的膨润土比表面积下降,平均孔径增大;铵根离子进入到膨润土的层间置换出层间钠离子,煅烧活化过程中层间的铵根离子并未分解,而在层间与膨润土结合为某吸附活性组分协助Br-与Hg0反应,提高了膨润土的脱汞性能。     

磷酸铝吸附除水中氟的研究

采用静态吸附法研究了比表面为308m2/g的无定形磷酸铝吸附除氟性能,研究了接触时间、pH值、吸附剂量等对吸附的影响。结果表明,磷酸铝吸附除氟高效、迅速,30min内可以接近最大吸附量。对含氟50mg/g的溶液,优化条件下的最大除氟率约93%。研究了吸附与溶液pH的关系,得到了优化pH值并解释了吸附机理。吸附的最佳pH值约为5.5。用拟二级动力学方程描述了吸附速率并计算了速率常数。用Langmuir方程拟合了吸附等温线,计算的饱和吸附量为53.5mg/g。吸附剂量对分配系数的影响表明吸附剂表面是不均匀的。     

A comparison on efficiency of virgin and sulfurized agro-based adsorbents for mercury removal from aqueous systems

Mercury adsorption by sulfur impregnated adsorbents seems to be one of the most efficient ways for removal of this toxic metal ion from wastewater and atmosphere. The aim of this work was to develop a method for preparation of low-cost sulfurized adsorbent from agricultural wastes; this approach combines two stages of (i) chemical activation with phosphoric acid and (ii) impregnation with powdered sulfur, in one step only. The physico-chemical properties of sulfurized adsorbent (AC-S) were determined with BET, FT-IR, Eschka method and pH_PZC measurements, and compared with those of the virgin sample (AC). It was found that sulfurization according to this method can introduce about 8 wt.% sulfur into the structure of adsorbent, in the forms of C–S, S–H, S–S and S=O functional groups. Although during the sulfur introduction processes, a decrease in surface area and micropore volume of the sulfurized adsorbent is to be expected, not only such decrease did not occur in this work, but a large increase in microporosity was seen. Thereupon, both the sulfur functionalities and extended microporosity of AC-S lead to higher capability of this sample for mercury adsorption rather than AC. Finally, the kinetics and equilibrium of mercury adsorption from aqueous solutions were studied for AC and AC-S.