不同剂量重离子辐照玉米自交系的生物学效应比较

用12C6+和 36Ar18+离子束分别辐照玉米自交系干种子和浸泡种子, 研究了M1—M3代重离子束辐照的生物学效应。 结果表明: 种子发芽势和发芽率随辐照剂量的增加而下降, 不同生理状态的种子对重离子辐照的敏感性也不同。 一般12C6+ 离子辐照干种子的适宜剂量为20—25 Gy; M1代叶型发生明显的变化, M2代植株在株高、穗位、单株穗数、雄穗花药颜色、粒质、穗行数、粒重和抗性等方面均发生了变化, 并产生了许多有益的变异,包括株高和穗位降低、同位多穗、穗行数和粒重增加、粒质由粉质变为硬粒以及抗锈病和红叶病的植株等, 有益突变的频率达7.0％—17.9％;在M3代出现能够稳定遗传的,并且光合效率增加的有益突变株。由此可见,重离子束辐照是玉米种质改良的一种高效手段。 In order to study biological effects of heavy ion irradiation on maize inbred lines, the agronomic traits and photosynthetic rates were investigated from M1 to M3 of maize seeds irradiated with 12C6+ and 36Ar18+ ions．The results showed that the germination rate and planting percent of maize seeds irradiated were decrease as dosage increasing of heavy ion irradiation. Different physiological status of seeds had disparate sensibility to heavy-ion irradiation and the suitable dosage of 12C6+ ion irradiation was 20—25 Gy for dry maize seeds. The leaf type of the plant happened visible changes in M1 generation. The plant height, spike position, spike number per plant, anther color of staminate,grain texture,spike row,grain weight and resistance had changes in M2 generation. Among them occurred some beneficial mutations that include degrading of plant height and spike position height, multi spike at same position in the plant, increasing of pike row and grain change of grain texture from powder seed to hard seed,resistance to rust disease and red leaf disease and so on. The frequency of beneficial mutation was 7.0％—17.9％. Those beneficial mutations could be stably inherited and mutant plants with high photosynthetic efficiency emerged in M3 generation. The study above showed that heavy ion irradiation is a high performance means for improvement germplasm of maize.     

Correlation between detrended fluctuation analysis and the Lempel–Ziv complexity in nonlinear time series analysis

We focus on the study of the correlation between the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and the Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) in nonlinear time series analysis in this paper. Typical dynamical systems including logistic map and Duffing model are investigated. Moreover, the influences of the Gaussian random noise on both DFA and LZC are analyzed. The results show a high correlation between DFA and LZC, which can quantify the non-stationarity and the nonlinearity of the time series, respectively. With the enhancement of the random component, the exponent α and the normalized complexity index C show increasing trends. In addition, C is found to be more sensitive to the fluctuation in the nonlinear time series than α. Finally, the correlation between DFA and LZC is applied to the feature extraction of vibration signals for a reciprocating compressor gas valve, and an effective fault diagnosis result is obtained.     

Viscosities and their correlations with structures of Cu–Ag melts

The viscosities of a series of Cu–Ag melts in a temperature range from 1473 K to nearly liquid temperatures are measured by using an oscillating viscometer. At the same temperature, the value of viscosity increases first with silver content increasing, and reaches a maximum value at the eutectic component Cu40Ag60, then decreases. All the temperature dependences of the viscosities of Cu–Ag melts conform with the Arrhenius equation. The parameters of correlation length D of the studied Cu–Ag melts are calculated according to the experimental results of x-ray diffraction. The temperature dependence of correlation length D shows an exponential decay function, which is similar to the Arrhenius equation. Based on the values of viscosities and correlation length D, a direct correlation between viscosity and liquid structure is found for the investigated Cu–Ag melts through comparative analysis.     

IDENTIFICATION OF MACHINE TROUBLE BY SPECTRUM CORRELATION METHOD

A method for identifying the troubles in a machine by its vibration is developed.Firstly thevibration of the machine to be analysed is transformed from time domain into frequency domainto get the logarithmic power spectrum N_(xx)(f).The correlation between two of these logarithmicpower spectra is derived.Before the correlation operation,N_(xx)(f) and N_(yy)(f) are normalizedwith their average values and the“DC component”1 is subtracted from their normalized values. The analysis of machine noise indicates that the spectrum correlation coefficient between themachine vibration and its original record when it was in good reduced,should some trouble bedeveloped.Furthermore,the spectrum correlation coefficient between the vibrations of the samemachine with different kinds of trouble is smaller than that for the same trouble but larger thanthat between the noises when the machine works normally and abnormally. Consequently,by selecting a certain threshold of spectrum correlation,identification of differenttro     

Enhanced Correlation of Electron-Positron Pair in Two and Three Dimensions

Early time electron-positron correlation in vacuum pair-production in an external field is investigated. The entangled electron and positron wave functions are obtained analytically in the configuration and momentum spaces. It is shown that, relative to that of the one-dimensional theory, two- and three-dimensional calculations yield enhanced spatial correlation and broadened momentum spectra. In fact, at early times the electron and positron almost coincide spatially. The correlation also depends on the direction of the applied field. For the spatial correlation, the transverse correlation is stronger than the longitudinal correlation.     

Influence of Laser Wavelength on Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Applied to Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Trace-Elements in a Plant Sample

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS） as a powerful analytical technique is applied to analyze trace- elements in fresh plant samples. We investigate the LIBS spectra of fresh holly leaves and observe more than 430 lines emitted from 25 elements and molecules in the region 230-438nm. The influence of laser wavelength on LIBS applied to semi-quantitative analysis of trace-element contents in plant samples is studied. The results show that the UV laser has lower relative standard deviations and better repeatability for semi-quantitative analysis of trace-element contents in plant samples. This work may be helpful for improving the quantitative analysis power of LIBS applied to plant samples.     

Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study on Nanostructures of Polyimide Films

Inorganic nanohybrid polyimide （PI） is widely applied in electrical and electronic devices for its outstanding insulating properties. Samples IOOCR and IOONH are made in Dupont. Among them, IOONH is a kind of pure PI films; however, IOOCR is a kind of inorganic nanohybrid PI films with excellent corona-resistance. The nanostructure of PI films is investigated with small-angle x-ray scattering technique and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The normalized volume fractions of the scatterers in the specimens are obtained with a tangent-by-tangent data analysis for the small-angle x-ray scattering data. The multi-hierarchical scatterers of IOONH can be divided into two dominant components, i.e., the sharp component and the wide component. The sharp component is corresponding to the contribution of PI molecular chains, and the wide component includes the aggregates formed by PI molecular chains and the film has nested dual-fractal characteristics, nevertheless the IOOCR film possesses three types of scale scattering made up of inorganic nanoparticles, molecular chains and aggregates. The present films have multi-fractal structures. The distribution and structure of scattering body of two kinds of PI films are analyzed. The results of SAXS agree well with those of TEM methods.     

Capillary Rise in a Single Tortuous Capillary

The impact of convolutedness of capillary on the capillary rise of wetting liquid in a single tortuous capillary is studied. By introducing tortuosity and fractal dimension for a tortuous capillary, analytical expression for time evolution of the height/weight of capillary rise is obtained. It is found that the accumulated weight of liquid imbibed into a single tortuous capillary is independent of the shape of a capillary in the early rising stage.     

New scaling for compressible wall turbulence

Classical Mach-number(M) scaling in compressible wall turbulence was suggested by van Driest(Van Driest E R.Turbulent boundary layers in compressible fluids.J Aerodynamics Science,1951,18(3):145-160) and Huang et al.(Huang P G,Coleman G N,Bradshaw P.Compressible turbulent channel flows:DNS results and modeling.J Fluid Mech,1995,305:185-218).Using a concept of velocity-vorticity correlation structure(VVCS),defined by high correlation regions in a field of two-point cross-correlation coefficient between a velocity and a vorticity component,we have discovered a limiting VVCS as the closest streamwise vortex structure to the wall,which provides a concrete Morkovin scaling summarizing all compressibility effects.Specifically,when the height and mean velocity of the limiting VVCS are used as the units for the length scale and the velocity,all geometrical measures in the spanwise and normal directions,as well as the mean velocity and fluctuation(r.m.s) profiles become M-independent.The results are validated by direct numerical simulations(DNS) of compressible channel flows with M up to 3.Furthermore,a quantitative model is found for the M-scaling in terms of the wall density,which is also validated by the DNS data.These findings yield a geometrical interpretation of the semi-local transformation(Huang et al.,1995),and a conclusion that the location and the thermodynamic properties associated with the limiting VVCS determine the M-effects on supersonic wall-bounded flows.     

晚霜冻影响下冬小麦冠层光谱特征与株高要素变化关系

冬小麦遭受晚霜冻害后,生理生态方面会发生显著变化,其中又以株高要素的变化最为显著。提取了包括红边位置、红边振幅在内的15个光谱特征参数,以及包括株高、穗长、穗下节间长和倒二节间长变化率4个株高要素,通过相关分析,筛选出与光谱特征相关性最好的株高变化率参数,并建立逐步回归模型。结果表明:仅有株高变化率在2013和2014年两期试验中均与光谱特征参数达到显著相关;将两期试验数据合并后,则穗长、穗下节间长和倒二节间长的变化率也均达到显著相关。综合考虑模型的Adj.R~2和显著性水平(Sig.)可知,模型拟合效果最好的是穗长变化率,其次是株高,穗下节间和倒二节间长变化率。比较模型的RMSE可知,模型预测精度最高的是穗下节间长变化率。该研究对在冻害胁迫条件下用光谱特征参数预测小麦株高各要素的变化提供了很好的参考,对研究晚霜冻害低温胁迫下冬小麦株高要素变化的规律具有指示性意义。     

基于无人机高光谱特征参数和株高估算马铃薯地上生物量

地上生物量(above-ground biomass,AGB)是评价作物长势及其产量估测的重要指标,对指导农业管理具有重要的作用.因此,快速准确地获取生物量信息,对于监测马铃薯生长状况,提高产量具有重要的意义.于马铃薯现蕾期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期、成熟期获取成像高光谱影像、实测株高(heigh,H)、地上...     

Intraspecific variability of carbon isotope discrimination and its correlation with grain yield in safflower: prospects for selection in a Mediterranean climate

The goals of the present study were to obtain a first estimate of intraspecific variability of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in safflower, a thistle-like herbaceous plant, and to determine the statistical relationship between Δ and grain yield as well as its components in a collection of 45 accessions of different origins. Grain yield and aboveground biomass, harvest index, average grain weight, and Δ (measured on the bulk leaf organic matter) were investigated in experimental field conditions. A large variability was noted for all traits but a principal component analysis (PCA) allowed to identify several homogeneous groups of accessions. Average grain yield per plant varied between 1 and 39 g. Δ varied between 21.3 and 25.2?‰, i.e. a large variation of 3.9?‰. In our experiment, the variation of Δ was not significantly related to that of grain yield in the whole accession sample. However, we found contrasting trends for this relation within accession groups. These initial results motivate further experiments to assess more in depth correlation between Δ and yield in safflower and are encouraging regarding the possibility of using Δ as an effective selection index in safflower to obtain genotypes that efficiently consume water. This study also highlighted one accession that combines the two characters required in the Mediterranean regions, i.e. high yield performance and high water-use efficiency.     

~(12)C~(6+)离子束辐照紫苏干种子当代效应

利用兰州重离子研究装置(HIRFL)提供的12C6+离子束辐照紫苏干种子(辐照剂量为40,80和120Gy,剂量率4Gy/min),探讨了重离子束辐照对紫苏M1代的生物学效应。结果发现,经不同剂量的12C6+离子束辐照后,紫苏种子的发芽率、发芽势、存活率、株高、分枝数、单株产量和千粒重等生物学性状均发生了变化,其中发芽势、单株产量和千粒重随辐照剂量的提高而降低,且有明显的剂量效应关系,但发芽率、大田成活率、株高和分枝数却随辐照剂量的增大,呈现出明显的"抛物线"趋势;紫苏幼苗根尖细胞的微核率和染色体畸变率随辐照剂量增加呈线性增加关系。这表明:12C6+重离子束辐照紫苏种子,具有明显的当代损伤效应,在本试验剂量范围内,低剂量辐照对发芽率和成活率有促进作用。     

Estimation of Atmospheric Dust Deposition on Plant Leaves Based on Spectral Features

Urban atmospheric dust is a significant problem and becoming a considerable pollution source in many cities. This study was based on a comparison of spectral reflectance on the surfaces of dusty and clean leaves. A significant linear relationship (r = 0.811) correlation between the dust weight and near-infrared band region (700–1000 nm) was found through analysis of the spectral data. This relationship obtained from near-infrared band regions, based on the main effects and cluster and interval analysis, was more distinct and stable than that of blue, green, red, and middle-infrared band regions. Thus, the use of near-infrared band data is a reliable method to estimate the amount of dust deposition on plant leaves. A regression model (R² = 64.3%) was constructed based on dust deposition on plant leaves and a near-infrared ratio. The model proved to be accurate as regards an estimation of dust weight, based on a comparison of residuals (normal distribution) and accuracy tests (slope = 0.8437). This model could provide a methodological basis for spatial dust distribution analysis and has the potential for evaluating air pollution levels.     

基于多时相TanDEM-X极化干涉SAR数据的水稻株高反演

水稻株高是水稻本身以及土壤、水文、气象等因素的综合反映,是水稻长势监测的重要指标。准确、高效、大范围的株高反演为水稻品种识别、物候监测、病虫害评估和产量预测等提供了可靠的依据。合成孔径雷达(SAR),具有全天时、全天候、穿透性的优势,成为水稻株高反演的重要手段之一。基于极化干涉测量(PolInSAR)的散射模型的反演算法具有严密的物理模型的支撑及较高的反演精度等特点,成为植被高度反演研究的热点。结合极化干涉SAR技术,构建了一种基于RVoG(Random Volume over Ground)模型的水稻株高反演算法,并利用2015年水稻生长季内9个时相的TanDEM-X极化干涉SAR数据,进行了水稻株高反演试验。首先基于每个时相下的极化干涉SAR数据分别得到8个复相干系数,利用这8个复相干系数在考虑卫星双站模式等情况下进行去相干处理,然后建立适用于水稻田特性的RVoG模型,接着构建基于该模型的水稻株高反演迭代算法,最后对9个时相下的TanDEM-X数据进行研究区的水稻株高反演及精度评定。结果表明,当水稻株高高于0.4m时,该方法的反演结果较好,决定系数(R^2)为0.86,均方根误差RMSE为6.79 cm;当水稻株高较低时(水稻株高小于0.4 m),反演误差在0.1~0.8 m之间,反演结果较差,被明显高估。通过分析认为,基于极化干涉理论,TanDEM-X数据在较好地反映出水稻植株的较大体散射量的前提下,利用所构建的基于RVOG模型的水稻株高反演算法,能够较好地反演株高在0.33~1.2 m的水稻株高。     

土壤表层湿度影响下冬小麦晚霜冻害及冠层光谱检测

为探究土壤表层湿度影响下冬小麦冠层光谱反射率响应晚霜冻害的特征,并检验敏感光谱波段预测小麦产量变化的能力,于2013和2014年小麦拔节期,分别设置了表层土壤含水量为10%(干)、10%~20%(中)和20%(湿)的三个湿度处理的冻前试验,并在低温室内进行降温处理。分析了不同土壤表层湿度下受冻冬小麦的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单株产量、冠层光谱反射率及其一阶微分值的差异,对冬小麦冻害产量变化率和高光谱特征参量进行了相关分析和一元线性拟合。结果表明:冬小麦穗粒数和单株产量总体上均随土壤表层湿度的降低而呈减少态势,在土壤表层干处理条件下冻害对冬小麦产量造成的影响最为显著(p0.05);在绿峰(523nm附近)、黄边(571nm附近)、红边(732nm附近)和近红外台的两个水分吸收带(952和1 145nm附近),干+冻害处理冬小麦冠层反射率的一阶微分值与中+冻害、湿+冻害处理的差值明显;剥离了土壤表层湿度对光谱的影响后,冬小麦冠层反射率一阶微分差值在以570nm为中心的黄边区域和以710nm为中心的红边区域对干、中和湿梯度处理下晚霜冻害响应的差异明显;两年试验中的黄边面积(SDy)和570nm处一阶微分值(d570)均与冻害产量变化率达到显著正相关(p0.05),说明黄边区域的高光谱特征参量可用于检测土壤表层湿度影响下的冬小麦晚霜冻害程度。本研究可为土壤表层湿度和晚霜冻害叠加影响下冬小麦产量变化预测方法的探讨提供参考。     

UV-B辐射增加对燕麦产量及其构成因素影响研究

在大田条件下通过采用人工UV-B灯管模拟来增加太阳光辐射量5%和10%对燕麦品种-巴燕4号的有关性状的影响进行了研究.结果表明,UV-B辐射增加能显著降低燕麦种子产量,产量下降的主要原因是每穗粒数和单位面积穗数下降.粒重的变化未达到显著水平.比较燕麦同一花位的粒苇,UV-B辐射增加导致燕麦粒重显著下降,同时导致粒重较低的高花位籽粒数减少.青藏高原上来自太阳紫外辐射量的增加可能会影响燕麦的繁殖能力.     

叶绿素荧光技术在植物表型分析的研究进展

作物优良品种选育是实现作物优质高产的关键。现代育种方法需要获取植株的大量表型信息，最终选育出性状稳定的优良品种。近年来，高通量植物表型分析技术因其快速、无损、高效等优势，为筛选优良作物品种提供了技术保障，已成为农学、工程、计算机科学等多学科交叉研究的热点。其中，叶绿素荧光技术作为植物光合作用的探针，是研究植物逆境胁迫表型的有力工具之一，能够实现植物生物与非生物胁迫的高效分析，加快作物优良性状的筛选。该文旨在阐述叶绿素荧光技术的研究进展和发展趋势，主要介绍了叶绿素荧光技术的基本原理和成像系统、叶绿素荧光参数的分析和处理方法，总结了在植物表型分析研究中的应用情况，探讨了该技术目前存在的问题和改进的方法，进一步展望了叶绿素荧光技术在植物表型分析中的应用前景。     

黄土丘陵区林草地枯落层盖度遥感估算研究

枯落层盖度的定量估算对于植被防蚀功效的评价具有重要作用。在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区选取典型落叶林和退耕草地作为光谱测试样地,通过室内和野外实验分析枯落层—土壤混合场景的光谱变化规律,研究高光谱指数NDLI(normalized difference lignin index)和CAI(cellulose absorption index)估算枯落层盖度的有效性。结果表明,受颜色及含水量等因素的影响,不同盖度枯落层—土壤混合场景的光谱反射率呈现不同的变化规律。干和湿状态下,随着枯落层盖度的增加混合场景的NDLI、CAI指数值均呈现增大的趋势,CAI与枯落层盖度的相关性高于NDLI,R2最高为0.98(阔叶林和退耕草地干的混合场景),CAI能够更有效地估算枯落层盖度。野外实测验证了室内实验结果,退耕草地混合场景的CAI值与枯落层盖度相关性最高(R2=0.90),野外条件下两种高光谱指数估算枯落层盖度的有效性均有一定程度的降低。该研究为枯落层盖度的遥感定量反演提供了基础与依据。