土壤和沉积物中不同形式有机质的表征

从北京通州地区3个河流沉积物和天津渤海湾地区4个土壤样品中提取胡敏酸(HA)和非水解碳(NHC),并进行了元素分析、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和固态13 C核磁共振(13 C NMR)等一系列定性定量的研究。结果显示:同一来源的NHC中H/C和O/C比值低于HA的H/C和O/C比值;NHC和HA表面含氧官能团的含量分别为7.6%～10.7%,40.9%～46.7%;13 C NMR和FTIR显示NHC主要由脂肪碳和芳香碳组成;从土壤中比从沉积物中提取的NHC的芳香度高。研究结果表明,与HA相比,NHC的热成熟度高,疏水性强。     

生物质和污泥轻度热解的两步反应动力模型

本文对比研究了典型木质纤维生物质和非木质纤维索类生物质的轻度热解特性,并基于多步反应动力学原理,建立了生物质轻度热解的两步反应动力学模型。结果表明:在同样的停留时间下,木质纤维类生物质的失重明显大于非木质纤维类生物质的;两步反应模型能够很好地预测两类生物质的轻度热解过程,并能预测得到平衡失重百分比。     

纤维素、木质素含量对生物质热解气化特性影响的实验研究

本文采用化学方法测定了六种生物质中纤维素和木质素的含量,通过热重研究了实际生物质及用纤维素、木质素按一定比例混合模拟生物质的热解和气化特性,并结合电子扫描电镜(SEM)对焦样进行了微观形貌分析.结果表明:在本文所选择的生物质中纤维素的含量高于木质素,两者一般在55%～85%和10%～35%.生物质热解分为纤维素热解和木质素分解两个阶段,应于气化过程中挥发份析出和焦炭气化.在热解过程中,首先纤维素发生热解呈现快速失重过程,接着木质素缓慢热解.实验发现生物质中纤维素含量越高,热解反应速率就越大;反之,木质素含量越高,热解反应速率越小.通过对焦形貌与气化研究,发现气化特性与生物质中纤维素和木质素的含量有着密切联系.因此纤维素、木质素含量是影响生物质热解气化特性的重要因素之一.     

K+,Ca2+,Fe2+催化β-O-4木质素多聚体模型化合物的快速热解特性研究

为揭示Cα官能团和金属离子对木质素热解过程的影响机制,本研究合成了两种β-O-4型木质素多聚体模型化合物(Cα上分别连接羰基和羟基官能团),开展了在不同温度(500℃、650℃、800℃)和不同金属离子(K+、Ca2+、Fe2+)醋酸盐催化的Py-GC-MS快速热解实验.实验结果表明,Cβ-O键比Cα-Cβ键更容易断裂发生均裂反应产生较多的酚类化合物;添加K+、Ca2+、Fe2+金属离子均能降低热解时所需温度,促进酚类产物的生成,抑制茴香基(醛)类和乙酰苯基类产物的生成.     

生物质定向热解制取高品质液体燃料、化学品和碳材料研究进展

生物质定向热解制备高品质液体燃料、化学品和碳材料是目前全球研究的前沿和热点.本文首先综述了生物质定向热解机理和目标产物富集机制等方面的最新研究进展.然后分别针对生物质定向热解制备高品质液体燃料(芳烃类、醇醚类和酯类)、高附加值化学品(左旋葡聚糖、左旋葡聚糖酮、糠醛和4-乙烯基苯酚)和高性能碳材料(特殊生物质、改性生物炭和生物油等为原料制备)等三类高值产品的研究现状进行了系统的概述.最后对生物质定向热解未来发展方向进行了展望,为其高效转化利用提供了一定的依据和借鉴.     

陕北侏罗纪富镜煤和富惰煤分子结构的FTIR，XPS和13C NMR表征

侏罗纪优质煤炭资源为煤制油、制气等清洁高效利用提供了丰富的物质基础,其显微组分以富集惰质组为特征,而镜质组与惰质组大分子结构在很大程度上决定了煤的物理化学性质和工艺性能,进而决定了煤炭资源的综合利用效率及附加值。采集并制备了陕北侏罗纪煤田小保当煤矿和柠条塔煤矿的原煤(XR)、富镜质组煤(XV、NV)和富惰质组煤(XI、NI)样品,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、固体13C核磁共振谱(13C NMR)等手段,结合煤质分析结果,定量表征了不同显微组分富集物分子结构的差异。研究结果表明：XI和NI煤中芳烃结构芳环取代程度低,主要以3个相邻、4~5个相邻的氢原子形式存在,苯环上氢原子较少被其他官能团取代,同时其结构中芳烃C═C骨架振动明显,脂肪结构中亚甲基伸缩振动强度较低,并且甲基含量略高于富镜煤,C═O基团相对含量略高,表明富惰煤有较多含氧桥键相连的芳香结构,其结构中脂族链、脂环基团脱落、断裂以及芳烃富集,支链相对较少且长度较短,芳碳率、芳香度、芳环缩合程度及成熟度较高。XV和NV煤中表面结构中碳的赋存形态“C—C,C—H”,“C—O”的相对含量高于富惰煤,反映其结构中应含较多的芳环取代的脂肪族侧链,XI和NI煤表面结构中氧的赋存形态以“C—O”为主,“C═O”和“COO—”明显高于富镜煤。XV和XI煤的芳碳率分别为57.91%和66.02%,脂甲基碳分别为10.02%和7.84%,质子化芳碳为非质子化芳碳的两倍,XV煤的羰基和羧基碳相对含量较高,两者桥碳和周碳之比分别为0.25和0.40,芳香核结构平均缩合环数分别为2.68和3.03,平均尺寸分别为0.448和0.676 nm,XI煤结构中芳香核以萘和蒽为主,支链化度L_γ分别为0.22和0.19,表明XV比XI存在较多脂肪侧链、饱和环结构,生烃(油)潜力大。     

近红外光谱技术检测植物木质素纤维素研究进展

近红外光谱技术可用来检测植物木质素、纤维素及半纤维素含量,与传统的湿化学方法相比具有快速、操作简单、准确、无损等优点,是一种新型的测定方法,近年来在检测木本植物及草本植物木质纤维素组成成分中被广泛应用。综述了国内外利用近红外光谱技术快速检测木本植物(用作造纸原料的木材、竹材以及潜在的可用作生物质能源的木材)及草本植物(饲草及草类能源植物)木质素、纤维素、半纤维素含量的研究进展,并从样品前处理、光谱预处理及波长选取方法、化学计量学方法三个方面对利用近红外光谱技术快速检测植物木质素、纤维素方法研究上的进展进行了总结,并结合国内木材、牧草及能源草行业发展现状提出了四点展望: 建立适用性更强的模型;建立全面的草产品品质指标近红外光谱数据库;建立能源植物能用品质指标相关模型并对建模方法进行进一步的探索和完善;推动应用近红外光谱技术检测植物木质纤维素的方法从实验阶段走向实际应用。随着对近红外光谱检测植物木质纤维素方法的不断成熟和完善,它必将对造纸、饲草及能源草行业的发展产生巨大的推动作用。     

纤维素、木质素对生物质与煤混烧特性的影响

利用热重红外分析仪着重分析了生物质中纤维素和木质素含量对混合热解及混烧特性的影响.生物质与煤的混合热解相比于纯煤的单一热解失重明显较大较快,并且纤维素含量越高,混合燃料失重越大;木质素含量较高,则混合燃料失重较慢.当燃烧温度为300～400℃之间时,混合燃料中纤维素含量越高,质量下降幅度越大;当燃烧温度为500～700℃之间时,混合燃料中则是木质素含量越高,质量下降幅度越大.     

生物质焦脱硫性能实验研究

对玉米秆、树叶、棉花秆和稻壳等四种生物质在不同条件下热解制备的焦进行了脱硫性能实验。结果显示,在所研究的四种生物质中,玉米秆焦的脱硫性能最佳,而稻壳焦的脱硫性能最差。热解温度是影响生物质焦脱硫性能的一个重要因素,随热解温度从400℃到600℃,焦的脱硫效率增加,但热解温度进一步增加到850℃时,焦的脱硫效率降低。热解速度亦影响焦的脱硫性能。快速热解制得的焦的脱硫效率比慢速热解的高。随烟气温度的升高,脱硫效率表现出减少的趋势。     

油页岩热解过程中的光谱学研究

光谱学分析方法对分析物质结构及组成具有独特的优势。为了分析和认识油页岩及其干酪根的矿物结构特点,以及在不同热解温度下油页岩热解过程中矿物结构变化,分别采用偏光显微镜(POM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等光学和光谱学手段,研究了甘肃窑街油页岩和酸洗脱灰干酪根的矿物形态结构和组成以及在不同热解温度下(温度300～1 000 ℃,升温速率10 ℃·min-1)矿物质和干酪根的形态结构演化特性及其机理。结果表明,甘肃窑街油页岩富含石英、粘土矿和黄铁矿等无机矿物,干酪根呈条块状不规则地镶嵌于无机矿物中;干酪根的变质程度高,富含芳香族和脂肪族结构;在实验温度范围内,随热解温度的升高,油页岩中矿物质开始分解,300 ℃时高岭石因脱水转变成偏高岭石,在650 ℃时高岭石、蒙脱石等完全分解生成偏高岭石,当温度升高至1 000 ℃时偏高岭石分解生成Si—Al尖晶石和无定型SiO₂,SiO₂与含铁矿物在半焦表面析出了(FeO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂)低熔点共融物;干酪根随温度升高分解,半焦的芳香族和脂肪族C—H基团的强度降低,芳香碳的强度升高,分解后在半焦中形成“沟壑”状残炭印记。研究结果对油页岩热解过程矿物结构演化研究和油页岩矿物的资源综合利用具有重要的现实意义。     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.